EFFECT OF SIMPLIFIED KUNDALINI YOGA ON BODY MASS INDEX AND FASTING BLOOD SUGAR AMONG MIDDLE AGED TYPE 2 DIABETIC WOMEN

*Vijayakumari. J, **Dr.R.Elangovan*Full-Time Ph.D Scholar in Yoga Science, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, K.K Nagar, Chennai -600078, Tamil Nadu, India, Email: vijayakumarij412@gmail.com**Professor & Head, Faculty of  Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, K.K. Nagar, Chennai - 600078, Tamil Nadu, India, Email: relangovantnpesu@gmail.com

 

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the effect of Simplified Kundalini Yoga on Body Mass Index and Fasting Blood Sugar among middle aged type 2 diabetic women.  For the purpose of the study, 30 middle aged women were selected randomly from Chennai, between the age group of 35 to 45 years and they were divided into two groups A and B having 15 subjects each.  It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences among the middle aged type 2 diabetic women due to Simplified Kundalini Yoga on selected Physiological and Biochemical variables such as Body Mass Index and Fasting Blood Sugar than the control group. Pretest was conducted for the two Groups (A and B) on the selected dependent variables before the start of the training program.  Group A was given Simplified Kundalini Yoga for 60minutes, Six days a week for a total period of eight weeks. Group B (Control Group) didn’t receive any specific treatment, but in active rest.  After the experimental period of eight weeks, the two Groups (A and B) were retested again on the selected dependent variables.  Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between experimental group and the control group.  The results of the study on the selected physiological and Biochemical variables proved that the Experimental Group showed significant differences than the Control Group on Body Mass Index (decreased) and Fasting Blood Sugar (decreased) due to Simplified kundalini yoga. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence Hence it was concluded that simplified kundalini yoga are beneficial to the middle-aged Type 2 diabetic women to maintain healthy Body Mass Index and Fasting Blood Sugar.

 

KEY WORDS: Type 2 Diabetes, Middle aged Women, Simplified Kundalini Yoga, Body Mass Index, and Fasting Blood Sugar.

 

INTRODUCTION

            Diabetes Mellitus is a constitutional disease with Genetical heritable tendencies. A disorder caused by decreased production of insulin, or by decreased ability to use insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that is necessary for cells to be able to use blood sugar. The medical name for diabetes, diabetes mellitus, comes with Greek and Latin roots. Diabetes comes from a Greek word that means to ‘Siphon’. The most obvious sign of diabetes is excessive urination. Water passes through the body of a person with diabetes as if it were being siphoned from the mouth through the urinary system out of the body. Mellitus comes from a Latin word that means “sweet like honey”.

The cause of diabetes mellitus is unknown, but heredity and diet are believed to play a role in its development. Diabetes results when the pancreas produces in sufficient amounts of insulin, but the cells are unable to efficiently use it that is, the cells have insulin resistance. Insulin is necessary for blood sugar to go from the blood to the inside of the cells and unless the sugar enters into the cells, the body cannot produce energy. The excess sugar remains in the blood. Diabetes mellitus is the commonest endocrine disorder.

According to World Health Organization, Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Blood glucose is the main source of energy and comes from the food we eat. Insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, helps to convers glucose in food get into energy for cells. It is also characterized by the three “polys” and inability to reabsorb the water, resulting in increased urine production (polyurea) excessive thirst (polydipsia) and excessive eating (polyphagia). TYPE 1 DIABETES: It is developed at any age that occurs most frequently in children and adolescents. TYPE 2 DIABETES: It is common in adults and accounts for around 90% of all diabetes cases. GESTATIONAL DIABETES (GDM): It consists of high blood glucose level during pregnancy and is associated with complications to both mother and child.

Diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India with more than 62 million diabetic individuals currently diagnosed with the disease. In 2000, India (31.7 million) topped the world with the highest number of people with diabetes mellitus followed by China (20.8 million) with the United States (17.7 million) in second and third place respectively. According to the prevalence of diabetes is predicted to double globally from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030 with a maximum increase in India. It is predicted that by 2030 diabetes mellitus may afflict up to 79.4 million individuals in India, while China (42.3 million) and the United States (30.3 million) will also see significant increases in those affected by the disease.

Yogiraj Shri Vethathiri Maharishi (14 August 1911 – 28 March 2006) was a Spiritual leader, World Peace Activist, Scientist, Philosopher, Ayurvedic and Homeopathic Practitioner, and founder-trustee of the World Community Service Centre in 1958 in Chennai, India. For this Swamiji had introduced Simplified physical Exercises & Kayakalpa technique to the humanity. Kayakalpa yoga is a rejuvenating technique Kaya means body and kalpa means immortal. In South India Vedic rishi Agasthiyar is said to be the father of kayakalpa.

 

The SKY practices among Obesity middle aged men. They start yogic practice:

• Simplified Physical Exercises for Health, Meditation Practices for Inner

 Peace

• Kayakalpa Yoga for Anti-Aging & Introspection for Happiness.

SKY also control the Insulin Hormones, It is concluded that Simplified Kundalini Yoga (SKY) is beneficial for middle-aged Diabetic womens.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on selected physiological variable such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Biochemical Variable such as Fasting Blood Sugar due to Simplified Kundalini Yoga Practices among middle aged Type 2 diabetic women.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Simplified Kundalini Yoga on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Fasting Blood Sugar among middle aged Type 2 diabetic women.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected physiological variable such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Biochemical Variable such as Fasting Blood Sugar among middle aged Type 2 diabetic women due to Simplified Kundalini Yoga than the control group.

DELIMITATIONS

· The study was delimited to the middle-aged women from Chennai city only

• Age of subjects was ranged from 35 to 45 years only.
• The subjects were middle aged Type 2 diabetic women only.
• Independent variables were Simplified kundalini yoga only.
• The dependent variables were restricted to Body Mass Index (BMI) and Fasting Blood Sugar only.

 

REVIEW OF RELATTED LITERATURE

 

Subbulakshmi, K& Selvalakshmi.S., (2019) conducted a study to find out the Effect of Vethathiri Maharishi’s Simplified Physical Exercises on selected Biochemical Variables among middle aged type2 diabetic homemakers. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences in Biochemical Variables such as Blood Sugar among type2 diabetic homemakers due to the influences of Practice of Vethathiri Maharishi’s Simplified Physical Exercises. To achieve the purpose of the study, 40 Type2 Diabetic Homemakers from Chennai city aged between 35 and 45 years were selected randomly and they were divided into two groups namely experimental and control groups of 20 subjects each. Experimental Group underwent Practice of Vethathiri Maharishi’s Simplified Physical Exercises for the period of 12 weeks, six days per week for the maximum of an hou in the morning. The control group was not exposed to any specific training but they participated in the regular activities. The pre-test and post-test were conducted before and after the training for both the groups. The blood sugar was measured by using Blood test. The data pertaining to the variables collected from the two groups before and after the training period were statistically analyzed by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The results of the study showed that blood sugar reduced significantly as a result of Practice of Vethathiri Maharishi’s Simplified Physical Exercises. Hence, the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. The conclusion is that the practice of Vethathiri Maharishi’s Simplified Physical Exercises helped to reduce the blood sugar among type2 diabetic homemakers.

Nagarasan. Kand Saradha,M (2018) conducted  study was to find out the effect of Simplified Kundalini Yoga on selected psychological variables of college women students. To resolve the purpose of the study 40 college women students were randomly selected from Kumaraguru college of Technology, Coimbatore. Their age ranged between 18 and 22 years. The selected subjects were randomly divided into two groups consisting of twenty each. No attempt was made to equate the groups. Experimental Group I underwent Simplified Kundalini Yoga group (SKY) for a period of 16 weeks. Group II acted as control group (CG) and were not engaged in any training programme other than their work. The subjects were free to withdraw their consent in case of feeling any discomfort during the period of their participation but there was no dropout during the study. The psychological variables namely Depression, Stress and Anxiety were selected and taken though DASS inventory. Pre and post tests were conducted in all the variables. Simplified Kundalini Yoga group (SKY) was imparted to the experimental group for a period of 16 weeks. Dependent‘t’ test was used to determine the significant difference between the treatment means. Simplified Kundalini Yoga had significantly decreased in Depression, Stress and Anxiety whereas the control group had no significant decrease in all the variables.

METHODOLOGY

To achieve the purpose of the study, 80 came forward, 45 were screened and 30 type 2 middle aged diabetic women were selected randomly from Chennai, between the age group of 35 to 45 years and they are equally divided into two groups A and B with 15 subjects in each group. Preliminary test was taken for the two groups (A and B) on the selected dependent variable before the start of the training program. Group A was given Simplified kundalini yoga for 60 minutes Six days for a total period of eight weeks. Group B (control group) was permitted to undergo their routine and normal life style during the course of experiment without any specific training. After eight weeks, the two groups were rested again on the same selected dependent variable, the selected physiological variable and biochemical variable such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Fasting Blood sugar. Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between experimental groups and the control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence.

SKY practices were given for six days a week for eight weeks. Each day Morning one hour and Evening half an hour practices was given.

• Hand & Leg Exercises, Breathing Exercises & Eye Exercises,
• Kapalabhathi, Makarasana, Acu Pressure, Massaging & Relaxation.
• Meditation Practices (Nine chakra, Panchentria, Pancha Bootha Navagrah).
• Kaya Kalpa Yoga for Anti-Aging.
• Introspection for Self-Analysis and Happiness

Yoga is likely a healthful addition to a treatment plan. However, it is important to remember that yoga may be a complementary therapy. It is not a replacement for treatments and medications that a healthcare professional recommends.

People with high blood pressure should not stop taking their medications to follow an alternative or complementary therapy. It is important to follow the doctor's instructions and discuss any changes with a health professional.

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

• The data pertaining to the variable collected from the groups before and after the training period were statistically analyzed by using analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and the hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of confidence.

· The results are shown in the tables below

                                                   

                                                    TABLE I

ANALYSIS OF CO-VARIANCE OF THE MEANS OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUP AND THE CONTROL GROUP IN BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) (WEIGHT (KG) / HEIGHT (M) 2)

Test	GR-I	GR-II	S V	Degrees of    Freedom	Sum of Squares	Mean Sum of Squares	F- Ratio
Pre	31.35	30.25	B	1	8.97	8.97	1.00
			W	28	249.89	8.92
Post	23.91	31.11	B	1	389.52	389.52	57.73*
			W	28	188.93	6.75
Adjusted Post	23.67	31.35	B	1	426.48	426.48	80.47*
			W	27	143.09	5.30

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for df 1 and 28 = 4.20,    1 and 27 = 4.21).

 

The obtained F value on pre test scores 1.00 was lesser than the required F value of 4.2 to be significant at 0.05 level. This proved that there was no significant difference between the groups a pre-test and post-test and the randomization at the pre-test was equal. The post test scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups, as obtained F value 57.73 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that the differences between the post test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores were calculated and subjected to statistical treatment. The obtained F value 80.47 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to eight weeks of practice of SKY on Body Mass Index (BMI) in line with the study conducted by Subbulakshmi,K (2019).

 

The ordered adjusted means on Body Mass Index (BMI) were presented through bar diagram for better understanding of the results of this study in Figure - I.

 

Figure I

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE

GROUPS ON BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)(Scores in KG/Height in m2)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for df 1 and 28 = 4.20, 1 and 27 = 4.21).

 

TABLE II

COMPUTATION OF MEAN AND ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF  FASTING BLOOD SUGAR OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUP AND THE CONTROL GROUP

Test	GR-I	GR-II	SO V	Degree of    Freedom	Sum of Squares	Mean Sum of Squares	F Ratio
Pre	131.93	133.13	B	1	10.80	10.80	0.49
			W	28	620.67	22.17
Post	122.53	132.13	B	1	691.20	691.20	41.58*
			W	28	465.47	16.62
Adjusted Post	122.88 `	131.78	B	1	583.86	583.86	62.06*
			W	27	254.02	9.41

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (The table value required for significance at 0.05 with df 1and 28  and 1 and 27 are 4.2 and 4.21 respectively)

The obtained F value on pre test scores 0.49 was lesser than the required F value of 4.2 to be significant at 0.05 level. This proved that there was no significant difference between the groups a pre-test and post-test and the randomization at the pre-test was equal. The post test scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups, as obtained F value 41.58 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that the differences between the post test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores were calculated and subjected to statistical treatment. The obtained F value 41.58 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to eight weeks of practice of SKY on Fasting Blood Sugar in line with the study conducted by Nagarasan. K (2018).

 

Figure II

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON FASTING BLOOD SUGAR

 *Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (The table value required for significance at 0.05 with df 1and 28 and 1 and 27 are 4.2 and 4.21 respectively)

 

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

 

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Physiological variable such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Biochemical variable such as fasting blood sugar due to Simplified kundalini yoga among middle aged Type 2 diabetic women than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on Body Mass Index (BMI) (Decreased) and Low Density Lipoprotein (Decreased) due to Simplified kundalini yoga than the control group among middle aged Type 2 diabetic women. The Hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of Significant.

 

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that yogic practices decreased Body Mass Index (BMI) and Fasting Blood Sugar significantly among middle aged Type 2 diabetic women. Hence, yogic practices are beneficial to middle aged Type 2 diabetic women to maintain healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) and glucose levels.

REFERENCES

• Subulakshmi, K and Selvalakshmi, S"The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis Volume XI, Issue X, October/2019 ISSN NO: 0886-9367 (Page No:2080)
• Nagarasan. Kand Saradha,M,“International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)” ISSN: 2319-7064 ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426