Vol: 1/Year: 2011/Article: 18

EFFECT OF MUSIC ON MALE COLLEGE PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS DURING A MAXIMAL TREADMILL TEST

by Kumar Sanjeev, Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education, India

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Music has been widely recommended as a technique to enhance the psychophysical state of the participant in sports and exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of listening to music on male college physical education students work output; rate of perceived exertion (RPE), maximum heart rate (MHR), time to exertion (TTE) during a maximal treadmill test was examined. Twenty male physical education students (age 21 3 yrs, height 170 5.1 cm, weight 68 5.5kg) were selected randomly for the study and divided randomly in two groups(group A & group B).Each group had ten participants and all participants ran to volitional exhaustion on two separate occasions. Participants of group A ran one trial (T1) while without listening to music and second trial (T2) ran listen to pre selected music. Though, group B participants ran without music on both the occasions. Dependent t-test was used to determine that there was significant difference found in all parameters at 0.05 level of significance in group A.As the calculated t-value of RPE=4.263, MHR=8.835 & TTE=6.851 in group A was found greater than tabulated t-value (1.833) at 0.05 level of significance. Whereas, calculated t value of RPE=1.398, MHR=0.681 & TTE=0.309 in group B was found lesser than tabulated t-value (1.833) to be insignificant at 0.05 level of significance. Evidence of this study suggests that music produce significant effect on RPE, MHR & TTE for male college physical education students.

EFFECT OF MUSIC ON MALE COLLEGE PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS DURING A MAXIMAL TREADMILL TEST

Kumar Sanjeev

^{Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education, India}

Abstract

Music has been widely recommended as a technique to enhance the psychophysical state of the participant in sports and exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of listening to music on male college physical education students work output; rate of perceived exertion (RPE), maximum heart rate (MHR), time to exertion (TTE) during a maximal treadmill test was examined. Twenty male physical education students (age 21 3 yrs, height 170 5.1 cm, weight 68 5.5kg) were selected randomly for the study and divided randomly in two groups(group A & group B).Each group had ten participants and all participants ran to volitional exhaustion on two separate occasions. Participants of group A ran one trial (T1) while without listening to music and second trial (T2) ran listen to pre selected music. Though, group B participants ran without music on both the occasions. Dependent t-test was used to determine that there was significant difference found in all parameters at 0.05 level of significance in group A.As the calculated t-value of RPE=4.263, MHR=8.835 & TTE=6.851 in group A was found greater than tabulated t-value (1.833) at 0.05 level of significance. Whereas, calculated t value of RPE=1.398, MHR=0.681 & TTE=0.309 in group B was found lesser than tabulated t-value (1.833) to be insignificant at 0.05 level of significance. Evidence of this study suggests that music produce significant effect on RPE, MHR & TTE for male college physical education students.

Introduction:

The interplay of exercise & music has been long discussed, crossing the discipline of bio mechanics, neurology and exercise physiology and sports psychology. People "automatically feel the beats" of the music they listen to and instinctively adjust their walking pace and heart rate to the tempo of the music. Listening to the music while exercise has been found in multiple studies to create an increased sense of motivation, distracting the mind while increasing heart rate. (Reynolds & Gretchen, 2010).Motivational music is defined as that which a rouses strong feeling or encourage physical activity and factors such as music tempo, rhythm and intensity which mainly influence physical performance, exercise work output or effort (Anshel & Marisi, 1978: Priest et. al., 2004). In a well designed study, Ellis & Brihouse (1952) noted that respiration rate increase significantly with the one set of Jazz music and tends to return to pre music levels with the cessation of music. Heart rate was only moderately affected by introduction of music. The average heart rate is between 72 - 80 beats per minute while music tempos may range from 70 to 170 beats per minute. A review of studies indicate that heart rate tends to only moderately follow the music ; increasing in response to fast music and decreasing in response to slow music. Heart rate increased by all types of music can be explained due to the fact that music does produce some kind of emotional effect,thus increasing the heart rate (Dainow,1977).

The effect of music on physical performance is well-documented .Rating of perceived Exertion(RPE) has been shown to be lower in physically active & untrained individuals when listening to music compared to non music when performing sub maximal exercise ( Potteiger et. al. , 2000; Boutcher & Trenske, 1990). Music seems to affect RPE at moderate exercise intensities ( eg. 60- 75% of maximum heart rate ), but once intensity reaches 85% of maximum heart rate, RPE is unaffected by music ( Boutcher & Trenske, 1990; Copeland & franks 1999).

Rejeski (1985) provide an explanation of why music affects RPE at lower exercise intensities but not higher intensities. The parallel processing model which suggests that external stimuli, such as music, can distract the person from the painful & exertive physical sensations they are feeling at that moment and instead they focus on the external stimuli such as music. It is important to note that once the fatiguing sensation go beyond the destruction capabilities of the external stimulus, perceptual threshold has been met ( Tenenbuum et. al., 2004). Once the person reaches perceptual threshold, the individual will shift attention from the external stimulus of music to internal sensation of pain, fatigue and exertion. At this point, the focus on the acute stress, result in cessation of exercise. (Tenenbuum et. al., 2004, Yamashita et. al., 2006).

Anshel & Marisi (1978) found that individuals could exercise longer if listening to music they enjoy, suggesting that their nervous system has the capabilities of attending to limited environmental stimuli at any given moment, while at the same time, eliminates other painful stimuli. A study using highly trainrd individuals found that listening to music did alter heart rate among other physiological variables ( Szmedra & Bacharach 1998). Thus, it is possible that the effect of music on physiological variables is dependent on training status. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of listening to music on university male physical education students work output; RPE, Max. heart rate &time to exhaustion during a maximal tread mill test.

Methods:

Twenty university male physical education students from Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education, Gwalior (age 21 3 yrs, height 170 5.1 cm, weight 68 5.5kg) were selected randomly for the study and divided randomly in two groups (Group A & Group B). Each group had 10 participants. All participants ran to Volitional exhaustion on two separate occasions. Participants of Group A ran one trial (T₁) without listen to music & (T₂) ran while listening to preselected motivational music with medium intensity at 95db.Karageorhes et. al., (2006) define motivational music "at that which stimulate or inspire physical activity". Though Group B participants ran without music on both the occasions. The 15-point rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale was used during each trial. The RPE scale was used during each trial. The RPE scale is a reliable indicator of the participants physical discomfort, has sound psycho metric properties and has a strong co-relation with several other physiological measures of exertion (Borg, 1982). A free motion treadmill was used for testing at LNUPE Fitness Centre. All the participants were required to wear a polar chest pulse sensor. No additional encouragement or any other type of communication was given to participants of the groups while they ran the treadmill test.

Following a general warm-up on the treadmill, participants were given time to stretch before beginning the treadmill test. Each participant in both trials used the following test protocols for running to the point of exhaustion; the treadmill protocol began 11kms per hour with a 0% incline and it remained same on both occasions. Participants were instructed to run to exhaustion. Heart rate was monitored through out the test and maximum heart rate was recorded. The Borg RPE scale was explained to each participant prior to testing, a large hand written of the Borg RPE scale on chart paper was placed in front of the participants through out the duration of the tests and participants were asked to call out the number on the Borg scale at the end of each stage. RPE was recorded at the end of each stage until the participants reached his point of exhaustion and could no longer continue. Time to exhaustion, maximum heart rate and RPE were recorded at the point of exhaustion.

Participants refrained from all food and beverage consumption 2 hours prior to each treadmill test and they were instructed not to use any stimulated substances prior to testing. The participants were instructed to sleep at least 6-8 hours the night before each test and did not participate in any strenuous activity 24 hours prior to each treadmill test.

RESULTS:

Dependent t-test was used to determine the significant difference in RPE, maximum heart rate and time to exhaustion at 0.05 level of significance. The Statistical analysis of data related to RPE, Maximum Heart Rate &Time to Exhaustion is given below.

Table: 1.Rating Perceived Exertion of Group A in T₁ &T₂

Trials	Mean	S.D.	Calculated-t	Tabulated-t
T₁	15.50	1.58
			4.263	1.734
T₂	12.8	0.92

d.f(18) at 0.05 level.