12009

Vol.1/2009/36

S Muniraju¹ and Dr. Sundar Raj Urs²

Research Scholar, University College of Physical Education, Bangalore University

Email: muniraj7575@gmail.com

Reader, University College of Physical Education, Bangalore University

Email: sundarrajurs@yahoo.co.in

__________________________________________________________________

Introduction

"Sports can keep you physically healthy"

Sport is a universally spoken language and can be a highly effective means of providing a sense of structure in emergency situations which otherwise might appear chaotic. There is substantial evidence that engagement in sport can have a tremendous healing power for those suffering from physical and psychological trauma and stress-related anxiety. Through regular scheduled activity, children and adults can begin to regain a sense of security and enjoy periods of respite from the often-overwhelming challenge of reconstruction.

The relationship between the mind and the body has been studied from a dualistic perspective from the earliest of times in which the Greek and Hebrew philosophers viewing the mind and body as two very distinct entities. However, since then, most philosophers and researchers have taken a holistic perspective, considering the mind and the body to be interrelated, inseparable entities

The study throws a clear insight on the Physiological, Psychological & Socio-Psychological changes through sports participation in India.

Statement of the Problem:

The purpose of the study is to analyze the influence of participating in sports and games over the decade in society as a whole and individual in particular. The study further reveals the changes/transformation happened in the Indian society through sports participation and also the contribution of Physiological, Psychological & Socio-Psychological aspects in bringing about social transformation in Indian society.

Concepts Defined:

Sports:

1. "Sports is a reflection of society & in many respects, Society is a reflection of sports" According to Hopman P

2. Guttman defines; Sports as, "Playful contests which include an important measure of physical skill"

Reforms:

1. "A change for the better as a result of correcting abuses"

2. "A campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractice"

Social Reform:

"Make changes for improvement in the social order of life and eradicating social evils through sports education"

Objectives of the Study:

Ø To observe the Physical, Psychological & Socio-Psychological changes through sports participation

Ø To eradicate social inequality' through free and fair participation in sports.

Ø To develop social habits and attitudes through participation in sports

Limitations of the Study:

The study is limited to Physicall, Psychological, and Socio-Psychological changes, which have taken place in the field of sports in the past few years through sports participation.

Delimitations of the Study:

Ø The study is delimited to the literature available through primary and secondary data including, documentations, papers, journals, and media i.e., print & visual.

Ø The study is delimited to the data obtained from the respondents through questionnaire

Ø The study is also delimited to sportsmen, coaches, Physical directors, administrators and academicians

Hypothesis of the Study:

It is hypothesized that:

1. 'Social Equality' can be brought into one's life through participation in sports.

2. 'Sports' has influenced in bringing Physical, Psychological & Socio-Psychological changes of an individual through sports participation in Indian society.

3. Sports has influenced in bringing about Social, Tolerance, Acceptance, Behavioral, & Attitudinal changes through sports participation in India.

Methodology:

Information regarding sports participation and its contribution towards social transformation in the Indian society in the last few decades was studied in detail. In this section, the research design, selection of variables, selection of samples, construction of questionnaire, administration of the questionnaire, collection of data and statistical procedure adopted for the analysis of data have been depicted

Research Design:

The researcher, after careful and critical study of the available literature and discussions with the experts in the area of sports and physical education, decided to use a descriptive/survey method for the study

Selection of Samples:

Samples were chosen from different communities belonging to various sports disciplines in consultation with the experts in the field. The samples selected for the study were as below;

1. Sportsmen (Men & Women) of International, National, State, University repute etc

2. Coaches from various sports disciplines of International, National, State, University repute etc

3. Physical Directors of various colleges

4. Administrators and managers of various sports organizations & associations

5. Academicians of various sports and other institutes

6. Student community

Distribution of Samples:

It may be observed from the below table that, 925 questionnaires were distributed to the respondents out of which 570 filled in responses were received but only 500 samples were considered for the study

Table: Sample Distribution

S.N	Questionnaire Distributed to	No. of Questionnaire Distributed	No. of Filled in Responses Received	No of Samples Considered for the Study
1	Sportsman	200	110	100
2	Coaches	80	58	50
3	Physical Directors	95	55	50
4	Academicians	110	52	50
5	Administrators	90	60	50
6	Students	350	235	200
TOTAL		925	570	500

Table: Age Wise Distribution of Samples

S.N	Age-Wise Distribution of Respondents	N	P
1	Below 20years	176	35.20
2	21 to 25years	95	19.00
3	26 to 30 years	46	09.20
4	30 to 35 years	50	10.00
5	35 to 40 years	36	07.20
6	40 and above	97	19.40
	Total	500	100.00

S.N = Serial Number, N = No of Respondents, P = Percentage

Age group to which the respondents belong has clearly been shown in the table 4.1.2. It is clear from the table that most of the respondents are in the age group of below 20 years representing 35.20%. Nearly 95 respondents(19.00%) belong to 21-25years age group, a few respondents (46) are in the age group of 26-30years representing 9.20%, while 50 respondents are between the age group of 30-35years representing 10.00%, just 36 respondents belong to 35-40 years category with 7.20% and 97 respondents fall under 40 and above age group scoring 19.40% Thus, a majority of the respondents covered for the study belong to the age group below 20years (35.20%), 21-25years (19.00%), and 40 and above (19.40%) representing an overall percentage of 73.6%

Selection of Variables:

For the purpose of the study survey method was employed and the variables used for the study have been listed below;

1. General Factors 2. Physical, Psychological & Socio-Psychological Factors

Each variable comprised of a required number of questions with options for the respondents to answer. Based on which the tabulation and analysis were done using the percentile technique followed by interpretation of the data.

The Physical, Psychological & Socio-Psychological section contains 02 Questions (1-2). Q.N 1 and 2 are Y/N type with 2 sub questions 1a and 2a. Q.N. 1a.contains 6 statements and Q.N. 2a. contains 4 statements. The sub questions have varied no of answers. Against each statement 3 point scale has been given. The respondents have marked (Ö) against the option they agree most to give their reply on a 3 point scale.

99.80% of the respondents accepted that sports bring about behavioral changes in an individual whereas 92.40% of the respondents agreed that sports play a very prominent role in the psycho-sociological wellbeing of an individual.

Flow Chart of the Questionnaires Administered

Construction of the Questionnaire:

To obtain data pertaining to the study, a questionnaire was constructed. The questionnaire consisted of 26 questions pertaining to the study to obtain relevant information. For the construction of questionnaire, standardized procedure was adopted by using following steps:

Ø Initial Framing of the Questionnaire

Ø Trial Run

Ø Tabulation of the Questionnaire

Ø Re-writing of the Questionnaire

Data Analysis and Interpretation:

The data received from 500 respondents were analyzed with percentile technique and each variable observed were clearly depicted in the respondents table with, suitable graphical representation.

Table 1

S.N	Do you agree that sports bring about behavioral changes in an individual?	T	P
	Yes	499	99.80
	No	1	0.20
	No response	0	0.00
	Total	500	100.00

S.N = Serial Number, T = Total, P = Percentage

It is clearly observed from Table 1. Do you agree that sports bring about behavioral changes in an individual, about 499 (99.80%) respondents answered 'YES' and just 01 (0.20%) respondent replied 'NO'

Table 1a

S.N	If yes, what are the changes brought about?	NA	PA	FA	T/P
(i)	Physical changes	7 (1.40)	174 (34.80)	318 (63.60)	499 (99.80)
(ii)	Psychological changes	16 (3.20)	181 (3.20)	302 (60.40)	499 (99.80)
(iii)	Social changes	16 (3.20)	215 (43.00)	268 (53.60)	499 (99.80)
(iv)	Attitudinal changes	14 (2.80)	202 (40.40)	283 (56.60)	499 (99.80)
(v)	Changes in his visions and ideas towards the democratic life	18 (3.60)	205 (41.00)	276 (55.20)	499 (99.80)
(vi)	Any Other Pls. Specify __________

Note: The figures in the parenthesis represent percentage .

S.N = Serial Number, NA = Not Accepted, PA = Partially Accepted, FA = Fully Accepted, T = Total, P = Percentage

Significant associations have been observed for Tables 1 and 1a. Do you agree that sports bring about behavioral changes in an individual?

For the option 'Physical Changes', 318 (63.69%) of the respondents opined 'Fully Accepted' followed by 174 (34.80%) who opted 'Partially Accepted' and a meager 1.40% of them replied 'Not Accepted.

From the statement 'Psychological Changes' it is clearly evident that, 60.40% of the respondents opted 'Fully Accepted' while 36.20% opined 'Partially Accepted' whereas only 3.20% of the respondents chose 'Not Accepted'

Table 2

S.N	Do you agree that sports helps in psycho-sociological wellbeing of an individual?	T	P
	Yes	462	92.40
	No	38	7.60
	No response	0	0.00
	Total	500	100.00

S.N = Serial Number, T = Total, P = Percentage

It is clear from Table 2. Do you agree that sports helps in psycho-sociological wellbeing of an individual? 92.40% of the respondents answered 'YES' while 7.60% of the respondents replied 'NO'

Table 2a:

S.N	If yes, is it by protecting an individual from?	NA	PA	FA	T/P
(i)	Anti social elements	46 (9.20)	254 (50.80)	162 (32.40)	462 (92.40)
(ii)	Unfair play	38 (7.60)	241 (48.20)	183 (36.60)	462 (92.40)
(iii)	Drug abuse	35 (7.00)	225 (45.00)	202 (40.40)	462 (92.40)
(vi)	Any Other Pls. Specify _________

Note: The figures in the parenthesis represent percentage .

S.N = Serial Number, NA = Not Accepted, PA = Partially Accepted, FA = Fully Accepted, T = Total, P = Percentage

It is clearly shown in the table significant associations have been observed for Table 2. Do you agree that sports helps in psycho-sociological wellbeing of an individual? and Table 2a, if yes, is it by protecting an individual from?

For the statement, 'Anti Social Elements', 50.80% of the respondents have opined 'Partially Accepted' followed by 32.40% who replied 'Fully Accepted' while only 9.20% of the respondents marked 'Not Accepted'

The Table clearly depicts that, for the statement 'Unfair Play', 48.20% of the respondents marked 'Partially Accepted' while 36.60% of them answered 'Fully Accepted' whereas 7.60% replied 'Not Accepted'

Significant differences have been observed for the statement 'Drug Abuse' Nearly 45.00% of the respondents opined 'Partially Accepted' followed by 40.40% who answered 'Fully Accepted' and few respondents replied Not Accepted'

Findings & Discussion:

1. It is evident from the present study that 99.80% of the respondents accepted the Table No. 2. 'Do you agree that sports helps in psycho-sociological wellbeing of an individual? The question concurs with the opinion of Loy John Wed, The author accounting the range of questions that arises is very broad in such a social field as physical culture and sport believes that Sports sociology will in such a way with the help of socio-psychological knowledge be able to contribute substantially to the discovery of social laws governing the behavior of individuals, teams and sports groups of various branches. Hence, it is clearly evident from the above statement that, the second hypothesis is accepted.

2. It is also seen from the present study that 97.00% of the respondents accepted the fourth statement of the Table No. 1a. 'Attitudinal changes' This statement correlates with the statement of the writer, who points out that, like religion people turn to sports when they need something to believe in if they are feeling down and hopeless. He also says, a perfect parallel can be drawn from religion to the world of sports. Sports can lift the spirits of a fan or athlete. Which is why there are so many people who participate in some kind of sport activity Hence, it is clearly evident from the above statement that, the second hypothesis is accepted.

Summary:

Sport has emerged in the last half of the twentieth century to become one of the most pervasive social institutions in contemporary Indian society. India is facing a severe problem of social inequality due to the influence of many social evils such as caste, creed, color, race and religion which has hampered the growth of the society and the economy to a very large extent. Sport has been one medium which can overcome the prevailing inequality through mass participation. It brings the individual under one umbrella irrespective of caste, creed, color, race and religion.

Hence, the study was conducted to analyze the Physiological, Psychological and Socio-Psychological changes occurred through participation in sports and games over the decade in the society as a whole and individual in particular. To sum up, it is evident from the study that, though sport has been instrumental in the transition of the Indian society to a larger extent, a need to be focused into, modified and achieved in order to reach new heights and yield better results.

Conclusions:

Within the limitations of the present study and on the basis of the results and findings the following conclusions have been drawn:

1. The study brings out that a maximum number of respondents agreed that 'Sports bring about behavioral changes in an individual' It is quite evident that the sportsmen are bound to be very strong not only physically but also socially, attitudinally and psychologically. For instance; Marian Jones, the champion athlete returned her Olympic medals which she won accepting the truth that she had doped which a common man would have disagreed in doing so. This incident clearly shows the character and attitude which the sportsman is bound to possess.

2. The present study states that all the respondents agreed that 'Sports participation keeps an individual healthy and fit'. It is very much true that people have realized the importance of health and fitness as many diseases and disorders have been the talk of the generation. The major concern of the present generation is not job nor money but it is 'Health & Fitness' The anxiety and stress are two common problems which the people of present generation are prone due to workload and sports is the only medium to overcome such problems. Exercises stimulate various internal organs and develop antibodies in the body. It also acts as therapy and helps in removing ailments of the body.

Recommendations:

In the light of the conclusion and findings of the study following recommendations have been made:

1. Physical Education should be made mandatory in the curriculum which will help generate both interest and participation in sports through which healthy future citizens are produced.
2. The ethics, values & philosophy of sports should be taught from the elementary level including the bibliography of great achievers in sports
3. Sporting activities must be made an essential tool for social integration. Social values, tolerance, acceptance, behavior, habits & attitudes etc can be achieved mainly through sports where equal opportunity is given to all without discrimination of caste, creed, color, race & religion etc which will contribute for growth of sports in the country
4. Sports should promote gender equality and empower women. Government should make special efforts to give more access to women to sports in the social, economical, political context in which they live, through encouraging more and more women participation in sports.

REFERENCES:

Books:

1. Dunning, Eric 'A Selection of Reading' in 'Sociology of Sports' Taylor & Francis group (Rout ledge), 2003
2. Eldon, Synder E and Elmer Spreitzor 'Social Aspects of Sports' Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 1989
3. Freeman, H William 'Physical Education and Sport in a Changing Society' New Delhi - Reprint, Surjeet Publications, 1988
4. John Wed Loy, 'Sports Culture and Society' Mc Milan Company, London, Page 29, 1970
5. Natan Alex 'Sport and Politics' in 'Sports Culture and Society' Loy John Wed, Mc Milan, Toronto, 1969
6. Roger C Rees and Andrew W. Miracle 'Hand book of Sports Studies 2000' Chapter 17 'Education and Sports' 2000

Papers and Website:

1. Bangalore Times, Times of India, Bangalore, 29.12.2007
2. Damania, Mehernaaz, Bangalore Times - Times of India, Bangalore, 29.12.2007
3. Figel, Jan - European Year of Education through Sport, Brussels, 2 December 2004
4. Millet,Nisha,'If I had rupees 50 lakhs to spend', Times Sport,' Times of India, 6.10.2007

Vol.1/2009/37

INFLUENCE OF SPORTS FACILITIES ON SPORTS ACHIEVEMENTS AMONG THE STUDENTS OF RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS OF BANGALORE AND MYSORE DISTRICT

R. Nagesha Dr. R. Munireddy

Research Scholar Director of Physical Education

UCPE Bangalore University

Bangalore University Bangalore.

Bangalore.

______________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION

The facilities of a school available for the conduct of the physical education program determine to a considerable extent the type of program that can be offered. Many objectives of physical education can be more readily achieved for a greater number of students if the program presents a wide variety of activities. Different types of activities require different facilities; consequently, any limitation of facilities creates difficulties in presenting the desired variety of activities. Overcoming these difficulties requires the most careful planning and skillful teaching procedures. Well organized and imaginative use of the space and facilities however limited, can lead to realization of the desired objectives. Providing effective leadership is vastly timesmore important than having good facilities, for the creative teacher will make the best use of all available space within the school. The importance of sports in the life of a young student is invaluable and goes much further than the basic answer that "it keeps kids off the streets." It does in fact keep kids off the streets, but it also instills lessons that are essential in the life of a student athlete.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The statement of the study was "INFLUENCE OF SPORTS FACILITIES ON SPORTS ACHIEVEMENTS AMONG THE STUDENTS OF RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS OF BANGALORE AND MYSORE DISTRICTS."

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the influence of sports facilities and status of secondary school students on their sports achievements of the students in selected residential schools of Bangalore and Mysore districts.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study was limited to the performance achieved in the participation of sports at district, Division or State, National and International level.Study was limited to residential schools comes under that jurisdiction of Bangalore and Mysore regions and their sports facilities are considered. It was further, no motivational factors like food and environment are not taken for the study.

DELIMITATIONS

The study was delimited to the selected residential schools surrounding Bangalore and Mysore districts. The study was delimited only to the students undergoing 8^th, 9^th and 10^th standard at the residential schools for the academic years 2006-07, 2007-08, and 2008-09 respectively. It was further delimited to the facilities available and performance of students in the different sports competitions only during the period from 2006 to 2009.

HYPOTHESES

It was hypothesized that there would be a significant relationship between Sports facilities with Sports Achievement

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study may helps to ascertain the facilities available and to know the level of student's participation in sports and games in the residential schools.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The researcher after careful and critical study of the available literatures and discussion with experts in the area of sports and physical education decided to use Descriptive/Survey method for the study.

Survey method was employed to study the influence of sports facilities on sports achievements of student's studying in selected residential schools of Bangalore and Mysore districts.

SELECTION OF SAMPLES

The subjects were randomly selected from residential schools of Bangalore and Mysore districts in consultation with the experts in the field.

The samples selected for the study are as below;

1. Students of 08^th, 09^th, and 10^th standards with in the stipulated academic years of 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09 respectively.

2. Students who have at least participated in District, Division or State, National and International level in any of the sports discipline.

3. Samples were selected from different residential schools such as, Government, Government Aided, Navodaya, Morarji Desai, International Public schools, Private Residential schools with state, CBSE and ICSE syllabus of Bangalore and Mysore districts.

4. The samples considered for the study is 448 out of 36 residential schools of Bangalore and Mysore districts.

SELECTION OF VARIABLES

The investigator was highly interested in observing the effect of "Influence of sports facilities and sports achievement and among the students of residential schools. For the purpose of the study survey method is employed and the variables used for the study are listed below;

a) Sports Facilities

b) Sports Achievements

a) Sports facilities in the institutions were examined during three consecutive years from 2006-2009 in order to analyze its influence on the student's achievements and performance at academic level. Based on the facilities provided in the schools and socio-economic status of the parents, the achievement of the respondent was analyzed at a given period of time (2006-2009).

b) The sports achievement of all the students, selected for the study during these three consecutive years were collected and analyzed in order to get an appropriate result.

The sports achievement of each sample considered for the study was assessed by providing points as specified in the below table.

Table-1

S.N	ACHIEVEMENT	POINTS
1	Participation	01
2	Bronze	02
3	Silver	03
4	Gold	04

The table clearly depicts that, a respondent participating at District, Division or State, Nationals, International level fetches 01 point. While a student with bronze gets 02 points whereas a respondent with silver gets 03 points and gold with 04 points respectively. The achievement has been assessed by the number of events a respondent participated at different level within the stipulated period of three years (2006-09). For example; if a student took part in 03 events and has secured 01 bronze and 01 silver in the given period. The respondent's total point would be 06. He scores 01 point for participation, 02 for securing bronze and 03 points for fetching silver.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

To obtain the data pertaining to the sports facilities and sports achievements of residential school students, a separate questionnaires were constructed for each variable. Each questionnaire had adequate number of questions to obtain relevant information related to the study. For the construction of questionnaire, standardized procedure was adopted.

ADMINISTRATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE

The questionnaires were distributed to the subjects personally to get their response. An appeal was made in the form of covering letter and was administrated along with the questionnaire, requesting the subject's willingness and co-operation.

COLLECTION OF DATA

The data required for the assessment of Sports facilities and Sports achievements of each student was collected from the respective schools, through school records and documents, and also through interview method.

SCORING OF DATA

The duly filled questionnaire and the information sought from the official documents, school records and also from personal interviews were tabulated for the purpose of data analysis. The information was analyzed separately and all the information was tabulated in numerals.

APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

For the analysis and interpretation of the data, frequency tables and percentages, Pearson's coefficient correlation and 't' tests were worked out separately to find out influence of sports facilities on sports achievements of the residential school students. The gathered scores are assessed, operated statistically, evaluated, interpreted and reported.

ANALYSIS OF DATA

The researcher covers the descriptive and statistical analysis and also the results of the study in order to study the influence of Sports Facilities on Sports Achievements of residential school students in Bangalore and Mysore District.

The variables chosen for the study are:

a) Sports Facilities

b) Sports Achievement

The obtained data were analyzed statistically with descriptive statistics, simple statistics and 't' test. The Percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation (SD) were calculated. The hypotheses are tested through 't' test was calculated at 0.05 and 0.01 level of significance.

The data for the present study was obtained by the residential high school students of selected schools of Bangalore and Mysore Districts.

Table-2

Table showing the distribution of the schools based on district.

It was clearly evident from the above table that, out of 36 residential schools considered for the study, 27 (75%) schools are situated in Bangalore while only 09 (25%) of the schools are of Mysore district.

Table-3

Table showing details of the availability of sports infrastructure for sports events in the institutions.

The above table shows the infrastructure facilities provided by the institution to their students during the year 2006-07 to 2008-09. It is evident from the above table that most of the residential schools have provided sports facilities mainly for Athletics, Baseball, Boxing, Chess, Cricket, Handball, Hockey, Kabaddi, Netball, Shuttle Badminton, Throw ball and Volleyball games. Only few residential schools have provided sports facilities for Archery, Ball Badminton, Basketball, Billiards, Football, Golf, Gymnastics, Horse Riding, Karate, Kho-Kho, Lawn Tennis, Skating, Swimming and Table Tennis.

Table-4

Table representing the details of availability of Gymnasiums, Swimming pools and Indoor halls in the institutions.

The above table depicts the number of Gymnasia, Swimming pools and indoor halls provided by the residential schools for their children. Out of 36 residential schools only 11 (30.55%) schools have Gymnasium halls for their students, whereas few schools are found to utilize Gymnasium halls for both sports and recreational facilities, while 25 schools do not have Gymnasium halls.

The table further reveals that, out of 36 residential schools only 11 (30.55%) schools have Swimming pools with different sizes whereas the remaining 25 residential schools do not have swimming facilities. The table also shows that, 29 (80.55%) schools have Indoor halls whereas a partial i.e., 07 (19.45%) schools do not have Indoor halls.

RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL STUDENTS' SPORTS ACHIEVEMENT

Table-5

Table showing District level sports achievements of various residential schools during the year 2006-09.

The above table shows the school wise sports achievement during the year 2006-09.It further reveals that, the international school students achieved more than Government Aided and Private Unaided schools, whereas in Morarji and Navodaya schools achievement of students was very poor. There was no achievement in the Government residential schools.

Table-6

Table showing Division or State level Sports Achievements of various residential schools during the year 2006-07 to 2008-09.

It was clear from the above table that, the private unaided school students achieved more than international schools and private aided schools while Morarji and Navodaya schools achievement at national level was very poor. There was no participation and achievement in the government residential schools.

Table-7

Table showing International level sports achievements of various residential schools during the year 2006-09.

It was clear from the above table that, only the International residential school students participated at International level but there achievement was very poor whereas, other residential schools didn't even participate at International level.

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

DATA OBTAINED FROM SPORTS PARTICIPATED STUDENTS

Table-8

Table showing distribution of samples based on gender, group, district, type of school, medium of instruction, and sports facilities.

The above table shows, the distribution of sample based on gender, group, district, type of school, medium of instruction, sports facilities and socio-economic status levels.

MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION

SPORTS ACHIEVEMENT

Table-9

Table showing comparison of Mean scores and Standard Deviation of residential secondary school students' Sports Achievement.

It was evident from the above table that, comparison mean scores of residential secondary school students' sports achievement are due to variations in their gender, group, district, type of school, medium of instruction and sports facilities.

Hypothesis-1

There was no significant relationship between Sports Facilities and Sports Achievement of residential school students.

Table-10

Table showing Number (N), Degree of Freedom (Df), 'r' value and level of significance between Sports Facilities and Sports Achievement of Residential school students.

Variable	N	Df (N-2)	'r'	Level of Significance
Sports Facilities and Sports Achievement	448	446	0.112	*

* Significant at 0.05 level.

Table-10 depicts the co-efficient of correlation between Sports Facilities and Sports Achievement of residential school students. It is evident from the above table that, the obtained 'r' value was 0.112, which shows a significant positive relationship at 0.05 level ('r' critical value 0.098) between Sports Facilities and Sports Achievement of residential school students.

Hence, the above stated hypothesis was rejected and an alternative hypothesis formulated that "there was a significant positive relationship between Sports Facilities and Sports Achievement of residential school students'. Hence, it can be concluded that, enhanced sports facilities have higher sports achievement and vice versa.

Hypothesis-2

There was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary school boys and girls.

Table-11

Table showing Mean, Standard Deviation, 't' value and Level of Significance of Sports Achievement between secondary school residential boys and girls.

Variable	Group		Mean	Standard Deviation	't' value	Level of Significance
Gender	Boys	335	7.035	5.740	1.880	Not Significant
	Girls	113	5.911	5.414

NS = Not Significant

Table-11 depicts the mean and standard deviation of Sports Achievement scores of residential secondary school boys and girls are described.

The obtained 't' value 1.880 was lesser than the table value 1.97 even at 0.05 level of significance with df of 446. Therefore the stated hypothesis was accepted that "there was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary school boys and girls."

Hypothesis-3

There was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement among residential school students studying in different type of syllabus.

As 'F'-ratio was found significant, further Scheffe's Post-hoc test was applied to know the further significant differences in the Sports Achievement among residential school students studying in different type of syllabus.

Table-12

Post-hoc Analysis of Sports Achievement among residential school students studying in different type of syllabus.

Type of Syllabus			Mean Difference
State	CBSE	ICSE
5.203	9.345		4.141*
	9.345	6.953	2.391*
5.203		6.953	1.749*

* Significant at 0.05 level.

Table-12 shows that, there was a significant difference in Sports Achievement among residential school students studying in different type of syllabus.

The residential school students studying in CBSE syllabus have more sports performance (M=9.345) than students studying in ICSE syllabus (M=6.953) and State Syllabus (M=5.203).

DISCUSSION OF HYPOTHESES

The following hypotheses were tested

Results of Correlation 'r' value :

There was no significant relationship between Sports Facilities and Sports Achievement of residential school students. The stated hypothesis was rejected and alternative hypothesis formulated that "there was a significant positive relationship between Sports Facilities and Sports Achievement of residential school students."

Results of 't' Test :

a) There was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary school boys and girls. The stated hypothesis was accepted.

b) There was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary school students who have participated at individual event and team games. The stated hypothesis was accepted.

c) There was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary students belonging to Bangalore and Mysore Districts. The stated hypothesis was rejected and alternative hypothesis formulated that "there was a significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary students belonging to Bangalore and Mysore Districts. "

d) There was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary school students having less and more sports facilities available in the institutions. The stated hypothesis was accepted.

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The following were the major findings of the study:

Results of Correlation 'r' value:

a) There was a significant positive relationship between Sports Facilities and Sports Achievement of residential school students. The enhanced sports facilities have higher sports achievement and vice versa.

b) It is evident from the table 20 that, the residential schools with better facilities have more achievements as compared to other residential schools. The study further, proves that students who are accessible to sports facilities have been performing better compared to the ones who do not have proper facilities.

Results of 't' Test:

a) There was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary school boys and girls.

b) There was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary school students who have participated at individual event and team games.

c) There was a significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary students belonging to Bangalore and Mysore Districts. The residential school

students belonging to Bangalore district (M=7.513) have superior Sports Achievement than Mysore district (M=4.441).

d) The residential school students of Bangalore district are accessible to better facilities such as ground, training, coaching etc., which in turn helps to achieve more as compared to the ones which have less facilities.

e) There was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary school students having less and more sports facilities available in the institutions.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS

SUMMARY OF THE STUDY

The investigator was highly interested in observing the effect of "Influence of sports facilities on sports achievement among the students of residential schools.

To obtain the data pertaining to the sports facilities and sports achievements of residential school students separate questionnaires were constructed for each variable For the construction of questionnaire, standardized procedure was adopted through following steps.

The questionnaires were distributed to the subjects personally to get their response. The research scholar visited all the residential schools personally and administered the questionnaire to the physical education teacher subjected Maximum possible efforts were made to get the most first had information from the subjects of each residential school. The sports achievements of the residential school students were collected from the school records and other official documents to ascertain the authenticity of the information. The information was analyzed separately and all the information was tabulated in numerals.For the analysis and interpretation of data, frequency tables, percentages, Pearson's Coefficient Correlation and 't' tests were worked out separately to find out influence of sports facilities and sports performance.

CONCLUSIONS

Within the limitations of the study the following conclusions were drawn:

1) It was observed from the study that, there was a significant positive relationship between Sports facilities and Sports Achievement of residential school students. The enhanced sports facilities have higher sports achievement and vice versa.

2) It was clear from the study that, there was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary school boys and girls.

3) The study further reveals that, there was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary school students who have participated at individual event and team games.

4) The study brings out that, there was a significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary students belonging to Bangalore and Mysore districts.

REFERENCES

Barghchi, Maassoumeh, "Sports Facilities Development and Urban Generation" Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, University Technology MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia Sports Centre, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Journal of Social Sciences (2009), Vol.5(4): 460-465.

Bogar, Craig T. "Trends in Collegiate Recreational Sports Facilities"The Sports Journal Quarterly, United States Sports Academy ( 2008) Vol:11(4) : 14-15.

Bringing Up Girls in Science, Bugs-parents (University of North Texas), 2003. Retrieved (February 26), 2009, from http://www.coe.unt.edu/bugs/ parents.index.html .

Brooke, J.D. "Personality, achievement in physical competition, physique and grip strength in female physical education students", ( December 1969) - Volume 1 - Issue 4

Dange, Jagannath K. and Praveen, R., "Library Facilities and the Academic Achievement of Secondary Students", Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, (2000).

Darling, N., Caldwell, L.L. and Smith, R., "Participation in school-based extracurricular activities and adolescent adjustment", Journal of Leisure Research, 2005, 37: 51-77.

Edwards, Nicole C., "School Facilities and Student Achievement: Student Perspectives On The Connection Between The Urban Learning Environment And Student Motivation And Performance", (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, The Ohio State University, (2006).

Greendorfer S.L., " Social Class Influence in Female Sports Involvement Sex Roles, 4, (1978), Pp.619-625.

Grewal, A., "An International Study of Cognitive and Socio-Economic Correlations of School Achievement", J. Psy. Res., (1985), 29(1): 41-45.

Vol.1/2009/38

INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS ON SPORTS ACHIEVEMENTS AMONG THE STUDENTS OF RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS OF BANGALORE AND MYSORE DISTRICTS

R. Nagesha Research Scholar UCPE Bangalore University Bangalore

Dr. R. Munireddy Director of Physical Education UCPE Bangalore University Bangalore

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INTRODUCTION

Socio economic status plays an important role in the life of a person. The status opens the ways for his progress. Intelligence, attitudes, aptitudes and even interests are patterned by socio economic background of an individual.

The variations in achievement are also due to the differences in socio economic status of the children, differential treatment given by parents, parent's educational level, influence of the surroundings and so on. The influence of socio-cultural factors on various aspects of individual's development has particularly caught the attention of educationists. Individual success and failure can also be judged by facilities and environment provided for the study, self-concept and study habits. children belonging to higher socio economic status are not only brilliant but also are provided better opportunities for developing intellectually, physically and emotionally. The type of intellectual environment in the home will definitely have an impact on the school achievement of the child and this intellectual environment in turn is determined by intellectual level of parents, parent's education, occupation, income, size of the family etc. During the lifespan of an individual adolescence is a stage highly influenced by so many things around the world. Adolescents are highly influenced by society, socio economic status, self-concept, study habits, emotional maturity etc., which may enhance the academic achievement of adolescence or may disturb the academic achievement of adolescence in high school period.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The statement of the study was "INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS ON SPORTS ACHIEVEMENTS AMONG THE STUDENTS OF RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS OF BANGALORE AND MYSORE DISTRICTS."

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the influence of socio economic status of secondary school students on their sports achievements of the students in selected residential schools of Bangalore and Mysore districts.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

1. The study was limited to the performance achieved in the participation of sports at district, Division or State, National and International level and socio-economic background of the parents of children were studying in the residential schools.
2. Study was limited to residential schools comes under that jurisdiction of Bangalore and Mysore regions and their sports achievements are considered.

DELIMITATIONS

1. The study was delimited to the selected residential schools surrounding Bangalore and Mysore districts.
2. The study was delimited only to the students undergoing 8^th, 9^th and 10^th standard at the residential schools for the academic years 2006-07, 2007-08, and 2008-09 respectively.
3. The study was delimitation to the information procured from the respective schools by Sports Achievements and Socio Economic status is considered.
4. It was further delimited to performance of students in the different sports competitions only during the period from 2006 to 2009.

HYPOTHESES

1. It was further hypothesized that the parent belongs to the aristocratic families encourages the children's to study in residential schools.

2. It was further hypothesized that there would be a significant relationship between Socio-economic Status with Sports Achievement of residential school students.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1. It may also helps to ascertain the influence of Socio-economic Status on Sports Achievement.
2. The study may provide an opportunity to assess the socio-economic background of the parents.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The researcher after careful and critical study of the available literatures and discussion with experts in the area of sports and physical education decided to use Descriptive/Survey method for the study. Survey method was employed to study the influence of socio-economic status on sports achievements of student's studying in selected residential schools of Bangalore and Mysore districts.

SELECTION OF SAMPLES

The subjects were randomly selected from residential schools of Bangalore and Mysore districts in consultation with the experts in the field.

The samples selected for the study are as below;

1. Students of 08^th, 09^th, and 10^th standards within the stipulated academic years of 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09 respectively.

2. Students who have at least participated in District, Division or State, National and International level in any of the sports discipline.

3. Samples were selected from different residential schools such as, Government, Government Aided, Navodaya, Morarji Desai, International Public schools, Private Residential schools with state, CBSE and ICSE syllabus of Bangalore and Mysore districts.

4. The samples considered for the study is 448 out of 36 residential schools of Bangalore and Mysore districts.

SELECTION OF VARIABLES

The investigator was highly interested in observing the effect of "Influence of socio economic status of the parents of children on sports achievement and among the students of residential schools. For the purpose of the study survey method is employed and the variables used for the study are listed below;

1. Socio-Economic status

2. Sports Achievements

ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO ECONOMIC NEEDS SATISFACTION SCALE

The test was designed to measure socio-economic criteria of the subjects. The scale consists of important categories, such as education with 15 items, occupation with 24 items and income with 10 items respectively.

The income level of each category has been done by considering the (i) Poverty line and (ii) Income tax slabs. Therefore, ranges of income level changes from time to time depending upon the variation in poverty lines and income tax slabs.

SPORTS ACHIVEMENTS

The sports achievement of each sample considered for the study was assessed by providing points as specified in the below table.

Table-1

S.N	ACHIEVEMENT	POINTS
1	Participation	01
2	Bronze	02
3	Silver	03
4	Gold	04

The table clearly depicts that, a respondent participating at District, Division or State, Nationals, International level fetches 01 point. While a student with bronze gets 02 points whereas a respondent with silver gets 03 points and gold with 04 points respectively.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

To obtain the data pertaining to the sports facilities and sports achievements of residential school students, a separate questionnaires were constructed for each variable. Each questionnaire had adequate number of questions to obtain relevant information related to the study. For the construction of questionnaire, standardized procedure was adopted.

ADMINISTRATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE

The questionnaires were distributed to the subjects personally to get their response. An appeal was made in the form of covering letter and was administrated along with the questionnaire, requesting the subject's willingness and co-operation.

COLLECTION OF DATA

The data required for the assessment of Socio economic status and Sports achievements of each student was collected from the respective schools, through school records and documents, and also through interview method.

SCORING OF DATA

The duly filled questionnaire and the information sought from the official documents, school records and also from personal interviews were tabulated for the purpose of data analysis. The information was analyzed separately and all the information was tabulated in numerals.

APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

For the analysis and interpretation of the data, frequency tables and percentages, Pearson's coefficient correlation and 't' tests were worked out separately to find out influence of Socio economic status on sports achievements of the residential school students. The gathered scores are assessed, operated statistically, evaluated, interpreted and reported. The percentage analysis, coefficient of correlation and 't' test were executed in this investigation to construct the results of the study.

ANALYSIS OF DATA

The researcher covers the descriptive and statistical analysis and also the results of the study in order to study the influence of Socio Economic Status on Sports Achievements of residential school students in Bangalore and Mysore District.

The variables chosen for the study are:

a) Socio-Economic Status

b) Sports Achievement

For testing the significant differences in the Socio economic status and sports achievement in selected schools of residential schools of Bangalore and Mysore districts. The obtained data were analyzed statistically with descriptive statistics, simple statistics and 't' test. The Percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation (SD) were calculated. The hypotheses are tested through 't' test was calculated at 0.05 and 0.01 level of significance.

NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE

In the present study, descriptive analysis, and't' test statistical technique has been used. The assumptions underlying the use of 't' test for the significance of the difference between mean assumes normality of the distributions of the variables in the populations from which the samples are drawn. In the present study, samples based on random method, that they are representative of their populations and the testing of the sample distributions for normality will hold good as a test of normality of populations. Therefore to see, if these assumptions have been fulfilled the sample characteristics and the distribution of samples have been examined.

The data for the present study was obtained by the residential high school students of selected schools of Bangalore and Mysore Districts. The sample details are given in the following Tables.

Table-2

Table showing the distribution of sample based on school management.

Sl. No.	Type of School Management	Frequency	Percentage
1	Government	1	2.80
2	Government Aided	8	22.20
3	Morarji Desai	4	11.10
4	Navodaya	3	8.30
5	Private Unaided	11	30.60
6	International Schools	9	25.00
	Total	36	100.00

The above table clearly depicts the, number and type of residential schools selected for the present study. It is clear from the table no-2 that, 36 residential schools were selected for the study, out of which 1 (2.80%) are government schools, 8 (22.20%) schools are Government Aided institutions, 4 (11.10%) were Morarji Desai residential schools, 3 (8.30%) Navodaya residential schools, 11 (30.60%) schools were purely private unaided schools with State and CBSE syllabus while 9 (25.00%) of them are purely international schools with CBSE and ICSE syllabus.

Table-3

Table showing the distribution of the schools based on district.

Sl. No.	District	Frequency	Percentage
1	Bangalore	27	75.00
2	Mysore	9	25.00
	Total	36	100.00

It was clearly evident from the above table that, out of 36 residential schools considered for the study, 27 (75%) schools are situated in Bangalore while only 09 (25%) of the schools are of Mysore district.

RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL STUDENTS' SPORTS ACHIEVEMENT

Table-4

Table showing District level sports achievements of various residential schools during the year 2006-09.

Sl. No.	Types of residential schools	Participation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total	%
1.	Government	11	0	0	0	0	0.00
2.	Government Aided	99	68	50	17	135	29.00
3.	Morarji Desai	41	05	11	05	21	4.50
4.	Navodaya	17	14	06	06	26	5.50
5.	Private Unaided	79	54	45	14	113	24.10
6.	International	66	104	43	25	172	36.90
	Total	313	245	155	67	467	100.00

The above table shows the school wise sports achievement during the year 2006-09.

It further reveals that, the international school students achieved more than Government Aided and Private Unaided schools, whereas in Morarji and Navodaya schools achievement of students was very poor. There was no achievement in the Government residential schools.

Table-5

Table showing National level sports achievements of various residential schools during the year 2006-09.

Sl. No.	Types of residential schools	Participation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total	%
1.	Government	-	-	-	-	-	-
2.	Government Aided	34	-	2	-	2	28.00
3.	Morarji Desai	4	-	-	-	-	-
4.	Navodaya	2	1	1	-	2	28.00
5.	Private Unaided	23	-	-	-	-	-
6.	International	81	1	2	-	3	44.00
	Total	144	2	5	-	7	100.00

It was evident from the above table that, the International residential schools students achieved more at National level than Navodaya and Government Aided schools, but there was no participation and achievement in the Morarji and Government schools.

MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION

SPORTS ACHIEVEMENT

Table-6

Table showing comparison of Mean scores and Standard Deviation of residential secondary school students' Sports Achievement.

Sl. No.	Variable		Number	Mean	Standard Deviation
1.	Gender	Boys	335	7.035	5.740
		Girls	113	5.911	5.414
2.	Sports Group	Individual Event	137	6.948	5.279
		Team Games	311	6.665	5.847
3.	District	Bangalore	337	7.513	6.086
		Mysore	111	4.441	3.249
4.	Type of School	Government	11	1.000	0.001
		Government Aided	130	5.946	5.061
		Morarji Desai	37	3.324	2.687
		Navodaya	43	10.767	6.097
		Private Unaided	109	7.825	5.631
		International	118	6.796	5.950
5	Medium of Instruction	State	206	5.203	4.557
		CBSE	113	9.345	6.434
		ICSE	129	6.953	5.757
6	Socio Economic Status	Low	242	5.677	10.434
		High	206	8.014	9.586

It was evident from the above table that, comparison mean scores of residential secondary school students' sports achievement are due to variations in their gender, group, district, type of school, medium of instruction, and socio-economic status levels.

RELATIONSHIP WITH DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ('r' value).

Hypothesis-1

There was no significant relationship between Socio-Economic Status and Sports Achievement of residential School students.

Table-7

Table showing Number (N), Degree of Freedom (Df), 'r' value and level of significance between Socio-Economic Status and Sports Achievement of residential school students.

Variable	N	Df (N-2)	'r'	Level of Significance
Socio-Economic Status and Sports Achievement	448	446	0.113	*

* Significant at 0.05 level.

Table-7 represents the co-efficient correlation between Socio-Economic Status and Sorts Achievement of residential school students.

The obtained 'r' value was 0.113, which shows a significant positive relationship at 0.05 level ('r' critical value 0.098) between Socio-Economic Status and Sports Achievement of residential school students. Hence, the stated hypothesis was rejected and an alternative hypothesis has been formulated that "there was a significant positive relationship between Socio-Economic Status and Sports Achievement of residential school students". It concludes that elevated socio-economic status has higher sports achievement and vice versa.

EFFECT OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLE ON THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES ('t' TEST)

Hypothesis-3

There was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary school students belonging to Bangalore and Mysore districts.

Table-8

Table showing Mean, Standard Deviation, 't' value and Level of Significance of Sports Achievement between secondary school residential students belonging to Bangalore and Mysore districts.

Variable	Group		Mean	Standard Deviation	't' value	Level of Significance
District	Bangalore	337	7.513	6.086	6.784	**
	Mysore	111	4.441	3.249

** Significant at 0.01 level.

Table-8 shows that, the Mean and Standard Deviation of Sports Achievement scores of residential secondary school students belonging to Bangalore and Mysore districts were analyzed.

It also reveals that, the obtained 't' value 6.784 is greater than the table value 1.97 at 0.05 level and 2.59 at 0.01 level of significance with df of 446. Hence, the stated hypothesis was rejected and an alternative hypothesis was formulated that "there was a significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary students belonging to Bangalore and Mysore Districts."

It can be concluded that, the residential school students belonging to Bangalore district (M=7.513) have superior Sports Achievement than Mysore district (M=4.441).

Hypothesis-4

There was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary school students having low and high socio economic status.

Table-9

Table showing Mean, Standard Deviation, 't' value and Level of Significance of Sports Achievement between secondary school residential students having low and high socio-economic status.

Variable	Group		Mean	Standard Deviation	't' value	Level of Significance
Socio Economic Status	Low	242	5.677	4.909	4.350	**
	High	206	8.014	6.239

** Significant at 0.01 level.

Table-9 shows that, the Mean and Standard Deviation of Sports Achievement scores of residential secondary school students having low and high socio-economic status was analyzed.

The obtained 't' value 4.350 is greater than the table value 1.97 at 0.05 level and 2.59 at 0.01 level of significance with df of 446. Hence, the stated hypothesis was rejected and an alternative hypothesis was formulated that "there was a significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary students having low and high socio-economic status."

It can be concluded that, the residential school students having high socio economic status (M=8.014) have superior Sports Achievement than low socio-economic status (M=5.677).

Hypothesis-5

There was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement among residential school students studying in different type of syllabus.

Table-10

One-way Analysis of Variance for Sports Achievement among residential school students studying in different type of syllabus.

Source of Variance	df	sum of squares	Mean Squares	F-ratio
Between the Groups	5	1258.800	629.400	21.317*
Within the Groups	442	13.138.698	29.525
Total	447	14397.498

* Significant at 0.01 level. t (0.05, 446) = 3.86

t (0.01, 446) = 6.70

Table-10 reveals that, the obtained F-ratio 21.317 for Sports Achievement between the groups and within the groups were statistically significant as F-ratio was greater than the Table Value at 0.01 the level of significance. Hence the stated hypothesis was rejected and an alternative hypothesis formulated that "there was a significant difference in the Sports Achievement among residential school students studying in different type of syllabus."

4.2 DISCUSSION OF HYPOTHESES

The following hypotheses were tested

Results of Correlation 'r' value :

1. There was no significant relationship between Socio-Economic Status and Sports Achievement of residential school students. The stated hypothesis was rejected. The stated hypothesis was rejected and alternative hypothesis formulated that "there was a significant positive relationship between Socio-Economic Status and Sports Achievement of residential school students."

Results of 't' Test :

1. There was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary school boys and girls. The stated hypothesis was accepted.

2. There was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary students belonging to Bangalore and Mysore Districts. The stated hypothesis was rejected and alternative hypothesis formulated that "there was a significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary students belonging to Bangalore and Mysore Districts. "

3. There was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary students having low and high socio-economic status. The stated hypothesis was rejected and alternative hypothesis has been formulated that "there was a significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary students having low and high socio-economic status."

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The following were the major findings of the study:

Results of Correlation 'r' value:

1. There was a significant positive relationship between Socio-Economic Status and Sports Achievement of residential school students. The elevated socio-economic status has higher sports achievement and vice versa.

It is clear from the table 8 that, higher the socio-economic status greater would be the achievement of a student as compared to the student with low socio-economic status. It is observed that, students having more Socio-Economic Status are easily accessible to fetch better equipments and training which in turn helps him to perform better.

Results of 't' Test:

1. There was a significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary students belonging to Bangalore and Mysore Districts. The residential school students belonging to Bangalore district (M=7.513) have superior Sports Achievement than Mysore district (M=4.441).

2. There was a significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary students having low and high socio-economic status. The residential school students having high socio economic status (M=8.014) have superior Sports Achievement than low socio-economic status (M=5.677).

3. The higher the socio-economic status greater would be the achievement of a student as compared to the student with less socio-economic status. It is observed that, students having more Socio-Economic Status are easily accessible to fetch better equipments and training which in turn helps him to perform better.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS

SUMMARY OF THE STUDY

Socio-Economic Status was a powerful agent in creating the cultural environment in which individuals are reared. The cultural environment provides processes through which expectations are learnt about such roles as mother, husband, student, teacher, banker, plumber, or politician.

Hence the researcher intended to find out the influence of socio-economic status of the students on their Sports Achievement.

Survey method was employed to study the influence of socio-economic status on sports achievements of student's studying in selected residential schools of Bangalore and Mysore districts.

The subjects were randomly selected from residential schools of Bangalore and Mysore districts in consultation with the experts in the field.

The samples selected for the study are as below:

1. Students of 08^th, 09^th and 10^th standards with in the stipulated academic years of 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09 respectively.
2. Students who have at least participated in District, Division or State, National and International level in any of the sports discipline.
3. Samples were selected from different residential schools such as, Government, Government Aided, Navodaya, Morarji Desai, International Public Schools, Private Residential schools with State, CBSE and ICSE syllabus of Bangalore and Mysore districts.
4. The samples considered for the study was 448 out of 36 residential schools of Bangalore and Mysore districts.

The investigator was highly interested in observing the effect of "Influence of socio-economic status of the parents of children on sports achievement among the students of residential schools. For the purpose of the study survey method is employed and the variables for the study are listed below ;

1. Socio-Economic Status.
2. Sports Achievements

To obtain the data pertaining to the sports facilities, socio-economic status, sports and academic achievements of residential school students separate questionnaires were constructed for each variable The questionnaires were distributed to the subjects personally to get their response. The data required for the assessment of Socio-Economic Status of each student was collected from the respective schools, through school records and documents, and also through interview method.

5.2 CONCLUSIONS

Within the limitations of the study the following conclusions were drawn:

1. It was observed from the study that, there was a significant positive relationship between Sports facilities and Sports Achievement of residential school students. The enhanced sports facilities have higher sports achievement and vice versa.

2. It was evident from the study that, there was a significant positive relationship between Socio-Economic Status and Sports Achievement of residential school students. The elevated socio-economic status has higher sports achievement and vice versa.

3. The study further reveals that, there was no significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary school students who have participated at individual event and team games.

4. The study brings out that, there was a significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary students belonging to Bangalore and Mysore districts.

5. The present study shows that, there was a significant difference in the Sports Achievement between residential secondary school students having low and high socio-economic status.

6. The study reveals that, there was a significant difference in the Sports Achievement among secondary school students studying in different type of residential schools.

REFERENCES

1. Baig, Rahim A., "The Influence of Socio-Economic Background on the Vocational Interests of the High School Boys and Girls in Madras city", Unpublished M.Ed., Thesis, Annamalai University, (1983).

2. Chapin F.S., "A Quantitative Scale for Rating the Home and the Social". Environment of middle class families in an urban Environment. A first approximation to the Measurement of Socio-economic status," Journal Edn.Psy (1928), 19: 99-111.

3. Chaudhari, V.S., Vaidya, S., Navalakha, N.G. and Mahapatra, B.C., "Effect of Teaching Strategies and Socio-Economic Status on Self Concept of the Learner", Indian Psy. Rev., (1998), 50(4): 216-223.

4. Curry, L.A., Snyder, C.R., Cook, D.L., Ruby. B.C., and Rehm, M., "Role of Hope in Academic and Sport Achievement", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, (1997), 73:1257-1267.

5. Trudeau, François and Shephard, Roy J., "Physical Education, School Physical Activity, School Sports and Academic Performance", International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (2008), 5:10.

Vol.1/2009/39

Indigenous Sports of India

Traditional sports of India can be traced back to Vedic times, when indigenous sports such as archery, chariot racing, wrestling, yoga and swimming were popular with royalty. After Independence, Team India garnered laurels at various international sports events in disciplines such as hockey, cricket, shooting, wrestling and tennis. Today, sports such as basketball, football, cricket, athletics and martial arts are gaining in popularity with the youth.

Indigenous Fitness Related Activities:

India has very young citizens, with people between 15 - 35 years of age comprising more that 40 per cent of the population. As a country of young people, India has high potential to excel in the field of sports, games and other youth activities. The growth and development of this active section of society is needed to ensure India performs well at the international level. One way is to promote the indigenous sports of India at the local level, in schools and colleges.

India has a strong tradition of traditional sports and games that are played all over the country. Some games like Kabaddi and Kho Kho are popular nationwide, while other indigenous sports of India are specific to a certain State or region. The National Sports Policy, 2001 aims to promote traditional sports through various schemes related to rural sports. According to this policy, high priority will be accorded to the development of sports in rural areas to harness local talent available there.

References:

1. Nader PR, Bradley RH, Houts RM, McRitchie SL, O'Brien M. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from ages 9 to 15 years. JAMA . 2008;300:295-305

2. Booth FW, Laye MJ, Lees SJ, Rector RS, Thyfault JP. Reduced physical activity and risk of chronic disease: the biology behind the consequences. Eur J Appl Physiol . 2008;102:381-390

3. Booth FW, Lees SJ. Fundamental questions about genes, inactivity, and chronic diseases. Physiol Genomics . 2007;28:146-157

4. Cordain L, Friel J. The Paleo Diet for Athletes: A Nutritional Formula for Peak Athletic Performance. New York: Rodale Books; 2005;

5. Sandvik L, Erikssen J, Thaulow E, Erikssen G, Mundal R, Rodahl K. Physical fitness as a predictor of mortality among healthy, middle-aged Norwegian men. N Engl J Med . 1993;328:533-537

6. Kokkinos P, Myers J, Kokkinos JP, et al.Exercise capacity and mortality in black and white men. Circulation. 2008;117:614-622

7. Byberg L, Melhus H, Gedeborg R, et al. Total mortality after changes in leisure time physical activity in 50 year old men: 35 year follow-up of population based cohort. BMJ . 2009;338:b688

8. Hill A, Ward S, Deino A, Curtis G, Drake R. Earliest Homo. Nature. 1992;355(6362):719-722

9. Fenner JN. Cross-cultural estimation of the human generation interval for use in genetics-based population divergence studies. Am J Phys Anthropol . 2005;128:415-423

10. Tremblay MS, Esliger DW, Copeland JL, Barnes JD, Bassett DR. Moving forward by looking back: lessons learned from long-lost lifestyles. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab . 2008;33:836-842

11. Bassett DR. Physical activity of Canadian and American children: a focus on youth in Amish, Mennonite, and modern cultures. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab . 2008;33:831-835

Vol.1/2009/40

Indigenous Sports of India

Traditional sports of India can be traced back to Vedic times, when indigenous sports such as archery, chariot racing, wrestling, yoga and swimming were popular with royalty. After Independence, Team India garnered laurels at various international sports events in disciplines such as hockey, cricket, shooting, wrestling and tennis. Today, sports such as basketball, football, cricket, athletics and martial arts are gaining in popularity with the youth.

Indigenous Fitness Related Activities:

India has very young citizens, with people between 15 - 35 years of age comprising more that 40 per cent of the population. As a country of young people, India has high potential to excel in the field of sports, games and other youth activities. The growth and development of this active section of society is needed to ensure India performs well at the international level. One way is to promote the indigenous sports of India at the local level, in schools and colleges.

India has a strong tradition of traditional sports and games that are played all over the country. Some games like Kabaddi and Kho Kho are popular nationwide, while other indigenous sports of India are specific to a certain State or region. The National Sports Policy, 2001 aims to promote traditional sports through various schemes related to rural sports. According to this policy, high priority will be accorded to the development of sports in rural areas to harness local talent available there.

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