EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN AND ANXIETY AMONG MIDDLE AGED OBESE MEN

*A. ANNADURAI ** Dr. R. ELANGOVAN, *Assistant Professor, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India. E- Mail ID: annaduraiyoga@gmail.com **Professor & Head, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be university), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India.  E-Mail ID: relangovantnpesu@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

            The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on Low Density Lipoprotein and Anxiety among Middle aged obese Men. For the purpose of the study, 30 Middle aged obese Men were selected randomly using random sampling method from Chennai between the age group of 40 and 50 years and they were divided into two groups I, and II with 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences among the Middle aged obese Men on selected Biochemical and psychological variables such as Low Density Lipoprotein(LDL) and Anxiety than the control group. Preliminary test was conducted for two Groups on Anxiety and Adjustment before the start of the training program. Group I subjects were given Yogic practices for 60 minutes, six days a week  for a total period of 12 weeks. Group II (Control Group) were in active rest. After the experimental period, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables. Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between the experimental group and the control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence. The results of the study proved that the Experimental Group showed significant differences on selected Biochemical and psychological variables such as Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (decreased) and Anxiety (reduced) than the Control Group due to Yogic practices among Middle aged obese Men. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence it is concluded that Yogic practices are beneficial to the Middle aged obese Men to decrease Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and to overcome Anxiety.

KEY WORDS:  Yogic practices, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Anxiety.

INTRODUCTION

Today the whole world is looking towards yoga for answers to the various problems the modern man is facing. Yoga is a way of life. It is an integrated system of education for the body, mind and inner spirit. This art of right living was perfected and practiced in India thousands of years ago but, as yoga deals with universal truths, its teachings are valid today as they were in the ancient times. Yoga is union with all. It brings peace to the human beings by physical practices with or without a toner on spiritualism. As we live in the age of modern science and technology, our lifestyle has become very fast resulting in obesity. It is also becoming very hard and difficult to live a natural and normal life because of Obesity. The very air is becoming unfit for human consumption. Our cities are growing noisier, dirtier and congested. All these do create tension. The mind is always under strain due to various social evils. When we are under stress, our digestion is not proper and we may suffer from some fairly serious ailments like Asthma and Spondylitis etc., and yoga comes to our rescue at this juncture. In the treatment of almost all the chronic disorders and ailments, yoga can assist in a big way, when practiced along with other streams of treatment.

Obesity is associated with a range of serious physical and psychosocial consequences. Physical complications include pulmonary, Oorthopedic, Nneurological, gastroenterological, endocrine, and cardiovascular disorders. The psychosocial consequences of overweight and obesity include increased isolation and teasing, lower self-esteem, anxiety and adjustment. Yoga helps to overcome obesity related issues.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on selected Psychological variables such as Anxiety and Adjustment among middle aged obese Men.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Yogic practices on Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Anxiety among middle aged obese Men.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences due to Yogic practices on selected Biochemical and psychological variables such as Low Density Lipoprotein(LDL) and Anxiety than the control group among middle aged obese Men.

DELIMITATIONS

• The study was confined to middle aged obese Men from Chennai City, India only.
• The age of the subject was ranged from 40 to 50 years only.
• The study was confined to yogic practices as independent variable only
• The study was confined to Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Anxiety as dependent variables only.

LIMITATIONS

• The Factors like Socio-Economical status were not taken into consideration.
• The climatic conditions were not considered.
• Factors like Life style habits were not taken into consideration.
• Subjects’ day to day activities were not taken into account.
• Diet and Medication followed by subjects was not controlled.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Thippeswamy B et.al.,(2018) studied 24 weeks of yogic practices on lipid profile among obese men belonging to Malnad region. The subjects were equally divided to Experimental and Control group, age ranging between 35 to 55 years. The data on lipid profile was collected by means of blood sample collection and hematological analysis in a laboratory setting by a qualified lab technician twice i.e pre and post-test conditions. Yoga training module was given to experimental group. It was observed and concluded that all the aspects of lipid profile significantly decreased due to 24 weeks of yogic practices.

Dhananjai et.al., (2013) aimed this study to evaluate the effects of Yogic Practice on anxiety/depression associated with obesity. 272 subjects were from the Department of Physiology, C.S.M. Medical University (erstwhile KGMU), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India and were divided into two groups of 205 subjects (with yogic practice) and a control group of 67 subjects (with aerobic exercise). Assessment of anxiety and depression were done by Hamilton Rating Scale.  This study concluded that yogic practices especially asana including in the treatment/therapy is beneficial to overcome anxiety and depression.

METHODOLOGY

To achieve the purpose of the study, 90 came forward, 60 were screened and 30 middle aged obese men were selected randomly from Chennai city, between the age group of 40 and 50 years and they were divided into two groups I and II with 15 subjects in each group. Preliminary test was conducted for the two groups (I and II) on the selected dependent variables before the start of the training program. Group I subjects were given Yogic practices for 60 minutes , six days in a week for a total period of 12 weeks.

. The yogic practices given to experimental group include Starting prayer, Loosening the joining, Suryanamakar,Tadasana, Trikonasana,Ardhakatichakrasana,Paschimottasana, Ustrasana, Ardhamatsyendrasana, Bhujangasana, Salabasana, Dhanurasana,Navasana, Sarvangasana, Savasana, Surya Bhedhana, Nadi shudhi,Kapalabati, and Yoga Nidra (Relaxation) Techniques. Initially pre-test was taken and after the experimental period of 12 weeks, post-test was conducted for the two groups on selected Biochemical and Psychological Variables. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the difference among the experimental group and control groups. The test of significance was fixed as 0.05 level of confidence.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

            The pre and post test scores were subjected to statistical treatment using ANCOVA to test the significance of the effect of yogic practices. In all cases 0.05 level was fixed as significant level. These are shown in the Tables below.

RESULTS ON LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL)

Table I

ANALYSIS OF CO-VARIANCE RESULTS ON EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES AMONG OBESE MIDDLE AGED MEN ON LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL) (Scores in mg/dL)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level, of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.2, 1and  27= 4.21)

The obtained F value of 251.83 was greater than the required F value to be significant 4.20 and hence, there was significant difference. Thus, it was proved that experimental group gained mean difference on Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) 268.58 was due to yogic practices given to middle aged Obese men in line with the study conducted by Thippeswamy B et.al.,(2018).

The initial, post and adjusted means values of experimental and control group on Low Density Lipoprotein is presented in Figure 1 for better understanding of the results of this study.

Figure 1

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL) (Scores in mg/dL)

        * Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level, of confidence for df 1 and   28= 4.2, 1and  27= 4.21)

RESULTS ON ANXIETY

The initial and final means on yogic practices group and control group on adjustment among obese middle aged Men and the obtained results is presented in Table II.

Table II

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE RESULTS ON EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES AMONG OBESE MIDDLE AGED MEN ON ANXIETY (in Scores)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level, of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.2, 1and  27= 4.21)

The obtained F value 94.63 was greater than the required table F value of 4.05 and hence it is significant at 0.05 level of confidence. Thus, it was proved that experimental group gained mean difference on, Anxiety 11.2 was due to yogic practices given to middle aged obese men in line with the study conducted by Dhananjai et.al., (2013).

The initial, post and adjusted means values of experimental and control group on Anxiety is presented in Figure 2 for better understanding of the results of this study.

Figure II

Bar Diagram Showing Initial, Final and Adjusted Means on Anxiety of Experimental and Control Group (in Scores)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level, of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.2, 1and  27= 4.21)

The results of the study showed that Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Anxiety decreased significantly due to Yogic practices for Group-I than Group II. Hence the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

The above findings were also substantiated by the observations made by experts such as Thippeswamy B et.al.,(2018) and Dhananjai et.al., (2013).

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Biochemical and Psychological variables such as Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Anxiety due to yogic practices among middle aged obese men than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (Decreased) and Anxiety (Reduced) due to yogic practices than the control group among middle aged obese men. Hence, the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that yogic practices decreased Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and reduced Anxiety significantly among middle aged Obese men. Hence, yogic practices are beneficial to middle aged obese men to maintain healthy Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and to overcome Anxiety.

REFERENCES

• Thippeswamy B, Appanna M Gasti and Gajanana Prabhu B Effect of 24 weeks yogic practices on lipid profile of obese men in Malnad International Journal of Yogic, Human Movement and Sports Sciences 2018; 3(2): 292-294
• Dhananjai S, Sadashiv, Tiwari S, Dutt K, Kumar R. Reducing psychological distress and obesity through Yoga practice. Int J Yoga [serial online] 2013 [cited 2021 Feb 17];6:66-70. Available from: https://www.ijoy.org.in/text.asp?2013/6/1/66/105949

• Elangovan R (2016), Fundamentals of Yoga, Chennai: Ashwin Publications, P.31.Garde R K (1984), “Principles and Practice of Yoga Therapy”, Mumbai, R J Taraporevala,

WEBSITES

• www.who.com
• www.yoga point .com
• www.ncbi.org.in
• www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES WITH DIET MODIFICATIONS ON STRESS AND SELF CONFIDENCE AMONG OBESE COLLEGE GIRLS

Dr. A.S. SELVAM, Assistant Professor, Yoga & Well Being, Saveetha School of Law, Saveetha University (Deemed to be University). Tamil Nadu, India-77, yogamozhiselvam@gmail.com

&

Dr.R. ELANGOVAN, Professor & Head, Faculty of Yoga Sciences, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai -78, Tamil Nadu, India. relangovantnpesu@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT

The study was designed to find out the effect of Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications on Stress and Self Confidence among Obese College girls. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected psychological variables such as Stress and Self Confidence due to Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications among college obese girls than the control group. To achieve the purpose of the study, 30 college obese girls were selected randomly from Chennai between the age group of 18 to 21 years and were divided into two groups, such as experimental group and control group, each group consisting of 15 subjects. The Pre-test was taken for all subjects of the experimental group and control group on selected dependent variable before the training program. Stress and Self Confidence were measured by using the psychological question test. The experimental group practiced Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications for twelve weeks and the control group received no training. After the experimental period of twelve weeks, the post-test was done on selected dependent variables. The obtained data was statistically analysed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to find out the significant difference between the experimental group & control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence.  It was concluded that the Stress and Self Confidence (improvement) significantly decreased due to the Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications than the control group among Obese College girls. Hence the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

KEYWORDS: Yogic Practices, Diet Modifications, obesity, Stress and Self Confidence.

INTRODUCTION

Obesity is accumulated excess of adipose tissue in human beings and resulted as one of the public health problems in the world (Galuska, et. al., 1996). It was develops if there is a difference between more calories intake and expenditure and relation to health hazards in middle aged people. The number of people who are obese is raising rapidly worldwide marking obesity one of the fastest development public health problem (Pooja Malhaotea 2007).

The US topped the list with 13 per cent of the obese people worldwide in 2013, while China and India together accounted for 15 per cent of the world's obese population, with 46 million and 30 million obese people, respectively. According to the study, number of overweight and obese people globally increased from 857 million in 1980 to 2.1 billion in 2013. This is one-third of the world's population. In India, 23.9 crore people are obese. Obesity is the single most preventable health problem in India. Around 25% of people in Tamil Nadu are obese. 20.9% women are obese. Under and over activity in the genes like BDNF, intone 8 and PGCIa are the prime causes for obesity. Imbalances of the hormones such as Ghrelin and Dopamine in the brain and Leptin in the stomach are the other causes. Yogic practices and Diet Modifications on all aspects of obesity or excess weight physical, emotional and body Regular practice of yoga with Diet Modifications and controlled life style reduces obesity (weight is reduced). Yoga and Diet Modifications make human being agile, efficient and slim. The researcher of this study, therefore, intends to see the effect of yogic practices and Diet Modifications in controlling obesity among Obese College girls.

Statement of the problem                                             

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications on Stress and Self Confidence among Obese College girls.

HYPOTHESIS

            It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences due to Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications  than the control group on Stress and Self Confidence among Obese College girls.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

            Bernstein, A. M., et.al., (2014). conducted a study on Yoga in the management of overweight and obesity. A search of multiple databases through September 2012 was undertaken identifying peer-reviewed studies on yoga, meditation, mindfulness, obesity, and overweight. Studies on yoga and weight loss are challenged by small sample sizes, short durations, and lack of control groups. In addition, there is little consistency in terms of duration of formal group yoga practice sessions, duration of informal practices at home, and frequency of both. Studies do however suggest that yoga may be associated with weight loss or maintenance. Mechanisms by which yoga may assist with weight loss or maintenance included energy expenditure during yoga sessions, allowing for additional exercise outside yoga sessions by reducing back and joint pain, heightening mindfulness, improving mood, and reducing stress, which may help reduce food intake; and allowing individuals to feel more connected to their bodies, leading to enhanced awareness of satiety and the discomfort of overeating. It was concluded that the yoga appears promising as a way to assist with behavioral change, weight loss and maintenance.

Tundwala V Gupta (2012) conducted a study on the study on effect of yoga and various asanas on obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. This study was 150 patients after screening inclusion and exclusion criteria for obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. The duration of the study was 3 months. Various parameters on demographic and clinical data for these diseases were recorded at the start of the study.75 study group Patients were to attend Yoga camp daily for 3 months. The clinical data was again recorded at the end of the study period of 3 months for comparison. The effect of Pranayama and certain yogic asanas on parameters of obesity viz. weight reduction (BMI and waist hip ratio), Blood pressure and lipid profile were studied. To analyses the data t test was used. The test of significance was fixed as 0.05 level of confidence.  It was concluded that was significant decrease in the parameters of obesity viz. BMI and WHR, significant improvement in hypertension both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and significant improvement in various lipid profile parameters viz. decrease in total cholesterol, stress, triglycerides, stress and increase in self confidence in study group as compared to control group.

METHODOLOGY

            For the purpose of this random group experimental study, thirty (30) Obese College girls in Chennai were selected at random as subjects based on their Stress and Self Confidence and their age was ranged from 18-21 years.  Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications were given five days (Monday to Friday) per week for twelve weeks. All the subjects were randomly assigned to experimental group and control group each consisted of 15 subjects. Experimental group was involved in Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications for twelve weeks, and the control group kept in active rest. The Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications includes Preyar, Loosing Exercise, Suryanamaskar, Tadasana, Trikonasana, Ardhakatichakrasana, Paschimottasana, Ustrasana, Ardhamatsyendrasana, Bhujangasana, Salabasana, Dhanurasana, Navasana, Sarvangasana, Savasana, Surya Bhedhana, Nadi shudhi, Kapalabati, Japa Meditation and Relaxation, and Morning break past; Sprouts idly, chattni, Sambar, banana or guava, Snacks; vegetable soup /Herbal juice, Lunch; Rice, Green leafy vegetables, vegetables, fruits & butter milk, Snacks; Nuts, fruits like pine apple, Dinner; chapatti & dal with vegetables, fruit salad and milk Techniques. Initially pre-test was taken and after the experimental period of twelve weeks, post-test was taken from all the two groups. The differences between initial and final Stress and Self Confidence variables were considered as the effect of Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications on selected subjects. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) test was used to find out the difference among the experimental group and control groups. The test of significance was fixed as 0.05 level of confidence.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

            The data pertaining to the variables collected from the two groups before and after the training period were statistically analyzed by using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and tested at 0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS ON STRESS

               The Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) on Stress Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications  and control group was analyzed and are presented in table-I

Table-I

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF TRAINING GROUPS AND CONTROL GROUP ON STRESS (in Scores)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 2 and 28 (df) =4.20, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21).

            The obtained F-ratio value for the Stress were greater than the table value, it indicates that there was a significant difference among post test and adjusted post-test means of the  Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications  group than the control group. The pre-test, post-test and adjusted post-test mean values of Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications and the control group on Stress were graphically presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Bar diagram showing the mean difference of Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications group, and control group on Stress (in Scores)

RESULTS ON SELF CONFIDENCE

               The Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) on Self Confidence Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications  and control group was analyzed and are presented in table-II

Table- II

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF TRAINING GROUPS AND CONTROL GROUP ON SELF CONFIDENCE (in Scores)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 2 and 28 (df) =4.20, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21).

            The obtained F-ratio value for the Self Confidence were greater than the table value, it indicates that there was a significant difference among post test and adjusted post-test means of the  Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications  group than the control group. The pre-test, post-test and adjusted post-test mean values of Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications  and the control group on Self Confidence were graphically presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Bar diagram showing the mean difference of Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications  group and control group on Self Confidence (in Scores)

CONCULSIONS 

            It was concluded that Yogic Practices with Diet Modifications on Stress (decreased) and Self Confidence (increased) than the Control group among Obese College girls.

REFERENCE

Pooja Malhaotea (2007), Calories, New Delhi, Strerling Publication Pvt. Ltd: Pp16-25.

Galuska, D. A., Serdula, M., Pamuk, E., Siegel, P. Z., and Byesr, T. (1996). “Trends in Overweight Among US Adults from 1987 to 1993: A Multistate Telephone Survey.” American Journal of Public Health, 42(1), Pp. 86

Bernstein, A. M., Bar, J., Ehrman, J. P., Golubic, M., & Roizen, M. F. (2014). Yoga in the management of overweight and obesity. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 8(1), Pp. 33-41.

Tundwala, V, Gupta R. P., Kumar S., Singh, V. B Sandeep et.al., (2012). “A study on effect of yoga and various asanas on obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia”, Internal Journal of Basic Applied Medical Science, 2(1): Pp.93-98.

WEBSITES

www.indiatoday.in

www.who.com

www.yoga point .com

www. ncbi.org.in

Understanding Cholesterol Types, Prevention, and Treatment

Mr.Ajinkya Avadhut Kudtarkar, College Director of Physical Education and Sports, VVM's Shree Damodar College of Commerce and Economics, Margao Goa. Ph.D. Scholar-SRTM University, Nanded, Maharastra, India

Mr.Suresh Nivartirao Jondhale, College Director of Physical Education and Sports, Saraswati Sangeet Kala, Mahavidyala, Latur,Maharastra-India

February 2021

Abstract

Obesity is the leading cause of mortality and non {communicable diseases. Cholesterol is identified as a major non-communicable disease that causes cardiovascular health issues. This study aims to get a deeper understanding of the meaning of Cholesterol, its types, Prevention and Treatment. The researcher reviewed different thematic papers on Cholesterol, for which the researcher used vital words like Cholesterol, Atherosclerosis, Lipids, Lipoproteins, Serum Cholesterol to identify other papers in this domain. Cholesterol is a precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones, and it is a fat-likes substance (Lipid) present in the cell membrane. It can be divided into different types such as Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL), High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL), Very Low-Density lipoproteins (VLDL), and Triglycerides. However, there are many more classifications, but researchers have restricted these four types in this paper. Quitting smoking, engaging in physical activity, health check-ups; have been identified as primary preventive measures. Lifestyle changes such as eating a healthy diet and exercising, losing weight, medications with a consultation with supervisors were considered a treatment for high Cholesterol in reviewing the papers chosen by the researcher. Through this thematic evaluation, the researcher aimed to gain insight into Cholesterol's domain and understand its treatment methods.

Key Words: Cholesterol, High Density, lipoprotein, Low Density Lipoprotein, Very Low Density Lipoprotein, Triglycerides

1 Introduction

Obesity is defined as the accumulation of body fat, so that it has a negative implication on health. The underlying disease is the unfavourable positive energy balance and mass gain. Obese individuals will vary in the volume of excess fat, the division within the body, and related health concerns. The excess fat caused by weight gain increases the risk related to obesity and diseases caused by obesity. Fat surrounded at an abdominal level is as equally risky as extra fat percentage. Hence, to differentiate between those at more risk due to "abdominal fat distribution" or "android obesity." As known, "gynoid" fat division is less risky, in which fat is distributed around the body (WHO, 2000).

While obesity is itself a disease in its way, it is considered the main reason for other non-communicable diseases such as Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, Cardiovascular disease, cancer, high blood pressure, and hyper-cholesterolemia. The harmful health effects caused through obesity are induced to a larger or smaller extent by weight, Fat distribution in the body, weight gain during childhood, and an inactive lifestyle (WHO, 2000).

purpose of this study is to understand cholesterol-types, prevention and treatment

2 Understanding Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones, and it is a fat-like substance (Lipid) present in the cell membrane. It travels through the blood in distinct particles containing lipid and protein (Lipoproteins). Low-density lipoprotein, High-density Lipoproteins, and Very Low-density Lipoproteins are three major classes of lipoproteins(Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002).

2.1 types of cholesterol

LDL Cholesterol forms a large part of total Serum cholesterol, approximately 60-70 per cent. It has a single apolipoprotein, namely apo B-100 (apo B). Major atherogenic lipoprotein is LDL cholesterol, and NCEP identifies it as major lipoprotein that needs to be lowered. This has become a major Lipoprotein cholesterol for reducing the risk of Cardiovascular disease (Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002)..

HDL Cholesterol forms 20-30 per cent of total Serum cholesterol. Apo-I and Apo A-II are the significant HDL apolipoproteins. HDL Cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease are inversely correlated. A low level of HDL signifies other atherogenic factors; some research suggests HDL protects against atherosclerosis development (Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002)..

The Very Low-Density Lipoprotein contains 10-15 per cent of the total serum cholesterol, but it is part of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein. The major apolipoproteins of VLDL are apo B-100, apo Cs (C-I, C-II, and C-III), and apo E. Liver and precursors LDL Produces Very Low-Density Lipoprotein, Some types of VLDL, Specially VLDL remnants, appear to form atherosclerosis, Similar to LDL. Partially Degraded VLDL are part of VLDL remnants, and they are relatively enriched in cholesterol ester. IDL is one more type of lipoprotein that belongs to remnant lipoproteins; however, in Clinical practice, IDL is part of the LDL fraction (Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002).

The last classification of lipoproteins, Chylomicrons, are triglycerides-rich lipoproteins; after a fat-containing meal, triglycerides are produced in the intestine and appear in the blood. In triglycerides, apo B-48 present instead of apo B-100 present in VLDL; other apolipoproteins of chylomicrons is the same as VLDL. Chylomicron remnants which are partially degraded chylomicrons carries some atherogenic potential(Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002). Although LDL is the primary cause of atherogenesis requiring clinical management, some new studies show that VLDL and HDL also play an important role in atherogenesis. Therefore VLDL and HDL are the second most important in controlling a person at risk for Cardio Vascular diseases(Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002).

2.2 Preventing Cholesterol

2.2.1 Quitting smoking as a preventive measure

Cigarette smoking has been established as a strong contributor to CHD risk and other sorts of CVD. The connection of smoking to CVD risked dose-dependent and observed in men and ladies. Observational data suggest that smoking cessation reduces the danger for CVD events which the decline in risk begins within months after quitting. 186 Randomized clinical trials of smoking cessation in primary prevention settings have revealed substantial reductions in risk for cardiac events in those that quit. Cigarette smoking features prominently within the risk assessment component of ATP III due to its CVD risks and, therefore, the substantial benefits of smoking cessation. Moreover, smokers benefit the maximum amount, if less, from LDL- lowering therapy as do non-smokers (Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002).

2.2.2 Engaging in Physical Activity

Physical inactivity is related to increased risk for CHD. Conversely, physical activity favourably modifies several risk factors; Physical Activity helps to lower LDL,Triglycerids levels, Raise HDL and improve senstivity to insulin and lower vital sign. Evidence that physical activity can reduce risk for CHD comes from multiple observational studies. Therefore, physical inactivity is widely designated to be a serious risk factor for CHD, In ATP III, physical inactivity is also listed as a serious modifiable risk factor. The mechanisms whereby physical inactivity raises risk for CHD aren't fully understood and are probably multifactorial. Physical inactivity reduces caloric expenditure and doubtless contributes to obesity and to its associated lipid and nonlipid risk factors, as well on insulin resistance.240 Beyond its effects on standard risk factors, physical inactivity may have adverse effects on cardiovascular fitness and performance. Many of the damaging effects of a sedentary lifestyle that raise CHD risk are often inferred from the actions of increased physical activity, which include a reduction in insulin resistance, lowering of vital sign, reducing serum triglycerides, raising HDL cholesterol, and improving cardiovascular risk (Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002)..

It has been suggested that a history of normal physical activity should count as a "negative risk factor," similarly to high HDL cholesterol. Although regular physical activity undoubtedly reduces baseline risk for CHD and should be encouraged, ATP III doesn't specifically count it as a negative risk factor for setting the LDL cholesterol level(Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002)..

2.2.3 Health Check-Up

A fasting lipoprotein profile including major blood lipid fractions, i.e., total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride, should be obtained at least once every 5 years in adults age 20 and over. Since risk categories change slowly over time, the panel judged that lipoprotein measurement once every five years are adequate in otherwise low- risk persons. More frequent measurements are required for persons with multiple risk factors if the LDL level is merely slightly below the goal level, as will be described subsequently. If the testing opportunity is non-fasting, only the values for total cholesterol and HDL will be usable. In otherwise low-risk persons, further testing isn't required if the HDL-cholesterol level is > 40 mg/dL and total cholesterol is < 200 mg/dl(Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002)..

2.3 Treatment of cholesterol

2.3.1 Adopting Healthful Lifestyle Habits.

A multifactorial lifestyle approach to reducing risk for CHD. This approach is designated therapeutic lifestyle changes ( TLC ) and includes the subsequent components.

• Reduced intakes of saturated fats and cholesterol
• Therapeutic dietary options for enhancing LDL lowering (plant stanols/sterols and increased viscous (soluble Fibre)
• Weight reduction Increased regular physical activity(Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002)..

The major LDL - raising dietary constituents are saturated fat and cholesterol. A discount in intakes of those components is that the core of the TLC Diet. The scientific foundation for the connection between high intakes of saturated fat and increased LDL levels dates back several decades. It consists of several lines of evidence: observational studies, metabolic and controlled feeding studies, and clinical studies, including randomized clinical trials. The opposite major nutrients | unsaturated fats, protein, and carbohydrates | don't raise LDL cholesterol levels in developing an LDL - lowering diet(Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002)..

Increased emphasis on weight reduction as a part of LDL- lowering therapy for overweight/obese persons who enter clinical guide-lines for cholesterol management. Indeed, weight control alone and lowering LDL cholesterolfavourably in uences all of the danger factors of metabolic syndrome(Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002)..

Physical inactivity may be a significant risk factor for CHD. It raises CHD risk in several ways, notably by augmenting the lipid and non-lipid risk factors of metabolic syndrome. It further enhances risk by impairing cardio by a shift in emphasis on managing the metabolic, vascular fitness and coronary blood flow. Regular physical activity can help reverse these adverse effects. It can have favourable effects on metabolic syndrome and may reduce VLDL levels, raise HDL cholesterol and, lower LDL levels. Regular physical activity lowers vital sign and reduces insulin resistance. It also has been reported to scale back risk for CHD independently of ordinary risk factors(Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002).

2.3.2 Medications

LDL cholesterol is the primary target of treatment in clinical lipid management. The utilization of therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC), including LDL- lowering dietary options ( plant stanols/ sterols and increased viscous Fibre) will achieve the therapeutic goal in many persons. Nonetheless, some of the population whose short- and long-term risk for CHD would require LDL- lowering drugs to succeed in the prescribed goal for LDL cholesterol. The supply of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) allows attainment of the LDL goal in most higher-risk persons. Other agents|bile acid sequestrants, niacin, and a few fibrates|also can moderately lower LDL levels(Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002)..

If TLC alone fails to realize the LDL cholesterol goal, consideration is often given to adding drug therapy. In such cases, the third visit of dietary therapy are going to be the visit to initiate drug treatment. When drugs are used, however, TLC also should be used concomitantly. Dietary therapy provides additional CHD risk reduction beyond drug efficacy(Natioanl cholesterol Education program,2002)..

3 Conclusion

Obesity is the leading cause of mortality and non {communicable diseases. Cholesterol is identified as a major non-communicable disease that causes cardiovascular health issues. Cholesterol is a precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones, and it is a fat-likes substance (Lipid) present in the cell membrane. It can be divided into different types such as Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL), High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL), Very Low-Density lipoproteins (VLDL) and Triglycerides. Quitting smoking, engaging in physical activity, health check-ups; have been identified as primary preventive measures. Lifestyle changes such as eating a healthy diet and exercising, losing weight, and medications with supervisors were considered a treatment for High Cholesterol.

References

1 ) National Cholesterol Education Program (US). Expert Panel on Detection, Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. (2002). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) (No. 2). The Program.

2) World Health Organization. (2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic.

Effect of Anaerobic Training on Raid Timing of Kabaddi Players

Dr. Ameet Dattaram Prabhu[1]

Associate Professor, CACPE, Pune

9922910629, prabhu.ameet@gmail.com

Dr. Shrikant Mahadik[2]

Assistant Professor, CACPE, Pune

9921678189, shrikant3049@gmail.com

Abstract

In the game of Kabaddi the most important task for the Raider is to be back to his half in 30 seconds. The player has to maintain chanting the word Kabaddi for the entire raid and at the same time try to touch the opponent and also avoid from getting caught. He requires great amount of Cardio Vascular Endurance for this and so the present study was conducted to find the effect of Anaerobic Training on the raid timing of the Kabaddi players. For the current study 24 club players from Pune who have played District championship and were aged 17 to 21 years were selected by Purposive Sampling method (non-parametric technique). The present study was a pre-test post-test experimental design. The Anaerobic training program was of 6 weeks and contained variety of exercises and activities. The timing of the raid was tested during the controlled raids. The pre-test and post-test paired sample ‘t’ test analysis shows that the ‘t’ value is -6.64 and the significant value is 0.00 which is significant at 0.05 level of significance. From the analysis it can be interpreted that the Anaerobic Training program has increased the timing of raid.

Keywords: Anaerobic Training, Time of Raid, Kabaddi

Introduction

Kabaddi is a team sport which has played by many in the Indian Subcontinent. The records of Kabaddi have been seen in ancient histories of India. The game started gaining popularity since 20th century. The Kabaddi Association and its members have been trying to make the game popular around the globe. The role of Pro-Kabaddi in gaining popularity has been crucial. Many individuals have started taking Kabaddi as profession and great professionalism into the sport has brought glamor and great economic benefits to players, administrators and others concerned. Many individuals are following the game and as stated earlier have started taking Kabaddi as their specialized sport.

The important skill in the game of Kabaddi is Raid. The players have 30 seconds in a raid and have to return in their half before 30 seconds. Many players have been using the 30 seconds to their team benefits, but the same is not the cup of tea for all. It is difficult for all players to maintain chanting ‘Kabaddi’ for the entire raid and at the same time try to out the opponent and also avoid from getting caught. Some players have been struggling to raid for 30 seconds and that is due to inadequate fitness. To overcome this problem the researcher decided to create an anaerobic training for Kabaddi Raiders and find the effect of the Anaerobic Program on Raid Timing of Kabaddi Players.

Objective

To find the effect of Anaerobic Training on Raid Timing of Kabaddi Players.

Methodology

For the current experimental study was conducted using a pre-test and post-test design. The sample for the current study were 24 club players from Pune who have played District championship and were aged 17 to 21 years. They were selected using by Purposive Sampling method (non-parametric technique). The Anaerobic training program of 6 weeks was prepared and implemented on the subjects. It contained variety of exercises and activities to improve Anaerobic Training. The training included sprinting for short distance (High intensity interval Training), shuttle runs, side shuffles, skipping, high knee and buttock kicks.

Analysis & Results

The timing of the raid was tested during the controlled raids. The comparison between the pre-test raids and post-test raids were done using the Paired Sample ‘t’ test and the pre-test and post-test analysis is given in table 1.

Table 1

Descriptive and Comparative Analysis of the Raid Timing of Kabaddi Players

From the table 1 it is clear that the mean of Raid Timing in pre-test and post-test is 26.95 seconds and 28.91 seconds respectively and the standard deviation is 4.35 and 5.36 respectively. The comparative analysis shows that the ‘t’ value is -6.64 and the significant value is 0.00 which is significant at 0.05 level of significance. From the analysis it can be interpreted that the Anaerobic Training program has increased the timing of raid.

Discussion:

From the study conducted it is clear that the Anaerobic Training provided by the researcher has proved to develop the Raid Timing of the Kabaddi Players. The Raid timing has increased after the training provided. Training has always been helpful to improve the selected factor and here the Anaerobic Training have helped to improve the raid timing. The achieved results are for selected group and similar studies can be conducted on larger group to generalize the results.

References:

Frank W. Dick (1980). Sports training Principles fourth Edition. Publication New Delhi.

Naik S. A. (2009). Study on Profiles and Woman Kabaddi Players in Maharashtra. Unpublished Dissertation University of Pune

[1] Prabhu Ameet, D. – MM’s Chandrashekhar Agashe College of Physical Education, Gultekadi, Pune - 37

[2] Mahadik Shrikant, S. – MM’s Chandrashekhar Agashe College of Physical Education, Gultekadi, Pune - 37

THE EFFECT OF MEDITATION ON PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETER

Amol V. Tisge

Director of physical Education

MVP’s Arts Commerce & Science College

Nandgaon, Nashik

Yoga is complete science of life that originated in India many thousands of years ago. It is the oldest system of personal development in the world encompassing body mind and spirit. The ancient Yogis had a profound understanding of man’s essentials nature and of what he needs to live in harmony with himself and his environment. They perceived the physical body as a vehicle with the mind as the driver the soul man’s true identity and action emotion and intelligence as the three forces which pull the body vehicle while the proactive of positive thinking and meditation gives clarity mental power and concentration.

Meditation is the practice by which there is constant observation of the mind. It means focusing the mind on one point stilling the mind in order to perceive the self by stopping the waves of thought you come to understand your true nature and discover the wisdom and tranquility the lie down.

Objectives of the Study

1. To measure the physiological parameters. [Blood pressure and pulse rate]
2. To design meditation programme based on the analysis of physiological parameters.
3. To study the effectiveness of meditation programme.

Sample

All the male students of Charashekhar Agashe College of physical education, Pune who have participated in intercollegiate competition in any event are considered to be the population for the current study.

The researcher selected 30 students aged 21 to 25 years through stratified random sampling. These 30 students were divided in two groups. Control group and experimental group

Tools used for data collection.

Pulse rate was measured by stethoscope.

Scoring : Pulse rate was counted in Beats/min

Blood pressure.

Blood pressure is measured by Sphygmomanometer

Scoring : The blood pressure was counted in mm/Hg

Meditation tools

Design of the study

Pre-test, post – test, equivalent

Procedure

Prayer

Sahana vavatu, sahanov bhunaktu Sahaviryankaravavahai

Tejasvinavadhitamastu ma vidvisavahai Om shanti shanti shanti

Conclusions

The purpose of this study was to study the effect of meditation on physiological parameters of post graduates of  C.A.C.P.E.

For this study 30 subjects were selected and divided into two groups. A pre-test was conducted on both the groups. Then the experimental group was given meditation for 1 month (one hour/day). A post test of the same testing variables was taken after one month. To find out the significant difference ‘t’

Means and standard deviation of pre-test pulse rate of control and experimental groups

The mean difference of pre-test pulse rate of control group and experimental group

Means and standard deviation of the change in pulse rate of control and experimental groups after post test

The mean difference of the change in pulse rate of control and experimental groups

after post test

Recommendations

Pulse rate can maintained using meditation.

Meditation can be use in the different training process of players.

Bibliography

Guide to yoga meditation (1994). Bombay: Yogendra publication.

Paths of meditation. Chennai: Ramakrishna math publication.

Swami Harshananda. A Short guide to meditation. Chennai: Ramakrishna math publication.

Yogacharya, S.B.(1982). The science of yogic meditation. Bombay : published by taraporevala sons.

Websites:

www.humankietics.com

www.rkmath.org.

EFFICACY OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON BODY MASS INDEX AND STRESS AMONG MIDDLE AGED WOMEN

WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM

*B.Shalini, **Dr. R. Elangovan *Ph.D Scholar (Full Time), Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), West K.K.Nagar, Chennai – 600078. yoginishalini.b@gmail.com **Professor and Head, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), West K.K.Nagar, Chennai – 600078. relangovantnpesu@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the efficacy of Yogic Practices on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Stress among middle aged women suffering with Hypothyroidism. For the purpose of the study, 30 Middle Aged women suffering with Hypothyroidism were selected randomly using random sampling method from Chennai between the age group of 36 and 45 years and they were divided into two groups I, and II with 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences among the Middle aged women with Hypothyroidism on selected physiological and psychological variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Stress than the control group. Preliminary test was conducted for two Groups on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Stress before the start of the training program. Group I subjects were given Yogic practices for 60 minutes, 6 days a week for a total period of eight weeks. Group II (Control Group) were in active rest. After the experimental period, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables. Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between the experimental group and the control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence. The results of the study proved that the Experimental Group showed significant differences on selected physiological and psychological variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) (decreased) and Stress (reduced) than the Control Group due to Yogic practices among middle aged women with Hypothyroidism. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence it is concluded that Yogic practices are beneficial to the middle aged women suffering with Hypothyroidism to maintain healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) and to overcome Stress.

Keywords: Yogic Practices, Body Mass Index, Stress and Hypothyroidism.

INTRODUCTION

Middle age is the age group which lies in the mid pathway between the adulthood and old age. Compared to men, women go through a plenty of physiological and psychological transformation especially the pre-menopausal symptoms. In addition to that, women of middle age are more prone to musculo-skeletal and joint aches, insomnia, depression and also chronic ailments such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disorders and obesity and thyroid disorders.

Among thyroid dysfunction, hypothyroidism is more prevalent among the middle aged women. Hypothyroidism is the condition where there will be under secretion of thyroid hormones Tri Iodo Thyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) characterized by increased Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and decreased High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) which may lead to atherosclerotic heart Disease, exponential increase in Body Mass Index (BMI), Sleep Apnea, decreased bone density leading to an increased risk of fractures.

Causes:

Malfunctioning of Pituitary Gland, Iodine Deficiency, Hyperthyroidism, Thyroiditis and Radiation.

Symptoms:

Fatigue, Weight gain, Pale and dry skin, Brittle nail and hair, increased cholesterol level, Muscular pain, intolerance to cold, receding hairline, Anorexia, Menstrual Disturbances, Constipation, Facial and eyelid edema.

Complications:

Birth Defects, Cardio Vascular Risk, Infertility, Goiter and myxedema

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on Physiological and Psychological variables among middle aged women suffering with Hypothyroidism.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of the study was to find out the efficacy of Yogic practices on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Stress among middle aged women suffering with Hypothyroidism.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences due to Yogic Practices on selected Physiological variable such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Psychological variable such as Stress than the control group among middle aged women suffering with Hypothyroidism.

DELIMITATIONS

• The study was delimited to women living in north Chennai only
• The age group of subject was ranged from 36 to 45 years only.
• The independent variable chosen was Yogic Practices only.
• The dependent variables chosen under physiological variable was Body Mass Index (BMI) and Psychological variable was Stress only.

LIMITATIONS:

• The factors like life style, body structure, and social activities were not taken in to consideration for this study.
• The factors like family heredity and motivational factors were not taken into consideration for this study.
• Certain factors like environmental and climatic conditions, economical background and also day to day work were not taken into consideration.
• The factors like diet, medication and personal habits were not taken in to consideration for the study.

REVIEWS ON RELATED LITERATURE

Banerjee Swapan et.al., (2019) worked on the effect of yoga practices on hypothyroidism among obese sedentary working women living in urban areas. 150 obese women, aged between 30-50 years living in eastern parts of West Bengal with hypothyroidism condition were selected for the study from June - 2017 to January - 2018. The subjects underwent yogic practices with and without diet modifications and the corresponding reading on BMI, TSH, T4 were taken before and after the intervention. The study results shows that yogic practices combined with diet modifications shows noticeable reduction in Body Mass Index, TSH and improved T4 levels among hypothyroidism affected women.

S Rani et.al., (2020) investigated on depression, lipid index and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels among women with hypothyroidism and mild-to-moderate depression due to yogic practices. Subjects underwent Yogic Practices involving asanas, pranayama, and relaxation techniques were given for the training period of one hour per day for five days a week. Depression, TSH, lipid profile indices, Body Mass Index (BMI), fatigue, anxiety, and stress were calculated before and after the training period. Data were analysed using R Studio software. The results showcased significant decrease in depression, serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone level, Body Mass Index, Fatigue, anxiety and stress after three months.

METHODOLOGY

            To achieve the purpose of the study, among the 60 Subjects living in North Chennai, 45 subjects were filtered and 30 middle aged women were selected randomly using random sampling method, between the age group of 36 and45 years and they were divided into two groups, experimental and Control group with 15 subjects in each group. Preliminary test was conducted for the two groups (I and II) on the selected dependent variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Stress before the start of the training program. Group I subjects were given Yogic practices for 60 minutes, six days in a week for a total period of eight weeks.

Yogic practices involving Loosening the Joints, Surya Namaskar followed by Asanas such as Trikonasana, Viparitakarani, Halasana, Matsyasana, Bhujangasana, Dhanurasana, Ushtrasana, arthamatsyendrasana, Maha mudra and Pranayama practices such as Kapalabhati, Nadishodana, Ujjayi followed by Yoga Nidra. Group II (Control Group) subjects were permitted to undergo their routine and normal lifestyle normal activities during the training period.

After eight weeks, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Stress. Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between experimental group and the control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

TABLE I

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF TRAINING GROUP AND CONTROL GROUP ON BODY MASS INDEX (Scores in Kg/m2))

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df)   =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

The obtained F value on pre test scores 0.21 was lesser than the recommended F value of 4.2 to be significant at 0.05 level. This shows that there was no significant difference between the groups before the training period. There are significant differences between groups after the completion of training program, as obtained F value 14.66 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that the differences between the post-test means of the subject were significant. On account of adjusted pre-post-test mean scores, the obtained F value 22.71 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to eight weeks of yogic practices on Body Mass Index (BMI) in line with the study conducted by Banarjee Swapan (2019).The ordered adjusted means on Body Mass Index were presented through bar diagram for better interpretation of the outcome of this study in Figure -1.

Figure – 1

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON BODY MASS INDEX (Scores in Kg/m2)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

TABLE-II

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF TRAINING GROUPS AND CONTROL GROUP ON STRESS (Scores in Marks)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.(Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

The obtained F value on pre test scores 0.54 was lesser than the recommended F value of 4.2 to be significant at 0.05 level. This shows that there was no significant difference between the groups before the training period. There are significant differences between groups after the completion of training program, as obtained F value 8.98 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that the differences between the post-test means of the subject were significant. On account of adjusted pre-post-test mean scores, the obtained F value 11.08 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to eight weeks of yogic practices on Stress in line with the study conducted by S Rani et.al., (2020).The ordered adjusted means on Stress were presented through bar diagram for better interpretation of the outcome of this study in Figure -2.

Figure 2

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCE AMONG EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS ON STRESS (Score in Marks)

 *Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.(Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

The outcome of the study exhibits that Body Mass Index (BMI) decreased and Stress reduced significantly due to Yogic Practices for Group-I than Group II. Hence the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

The above findings were also substantiated by the observations made by experts such as Nilakanthan Savitri et.al., (2016) and Banarjee Swapan (2019).

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Physiological variable such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Psychological variable such as Stress due to Yogic Practices among middle aged women suffering with Hypothyroidism than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on Body Mass Index (BMI) (decreased) and Stress (reduced) due to Yogic Practices than the control group among middle aged women with Hypothyroidism.

CONCLUSION:

It was concluded that there were significant differences on Body Mass Index (decreased) and Stress (reduced) among experimental group I compared to control group due to Yogic Practices among middle aged women with Hypothyroidism. Hence, Yogic practices are good for middle aged women suffering from Hypothyroidism to maintain healthy Body Mass Index and to overcome Stress.

REFERENCES:

Journals:

• S Rani et.al., (2020): A pilot study. Journal of complementary and integrative medicine, 13(2), 189-193.
• Banerjee, S. (2019). Study on Yoga Intervention along with Diet on Hypothyroidism Associated with Obesity among Sedentary Working Women in West Bengal. International Journal of Yoga and Allied Sciences, 8(1), 18-23.

Effect of Plyometric Training Program on Explosive Strength of Male Volleyball Players.

1) Prof.Bhujbal makarand Arvind - (Director of Physical Education & Sports,

Sou.Suvarnalata Gandhi Mahavidyalaya,Vairag,Dist-Solapur,Maharashatra, India.)

Email-bhujbalma5@gmail.com, MB-9822274021.

2) Dr.Bharat Nivrutti Gapat - (Professor, Director of Physical Education & Sports,

S.M.D.Mohekar Mahavidyalaya, Kallam.Dist- Osmanabad, Maharashatra, India)

Email-bharatgapat@gmail.com, MB-9881535717.

3)Dr.Dattaprasad Manohar Sontakke – *Author for Corresponding* (Director of Physical Education & Sports,B.P. Sulakhe Commerce College, Barshi.Dist-Solapur,Maharashatra, India.) Email-sontakkedm@gmail.com, MB-9922355420.

                                                           Abstract

Volleyball is considered a very explosive and quick paced sport .The Purpose of this Research Paper was to find out the effect of Plyometric training on Explosive Strength (Vertical) of Male Volleyball Players. It was an Experimental Study in which Pre-test and Pro-test Design of Experimental and Control groups was used. Sample ( 24 ) were selected purposively from Shree.Shivaji Shikshan Prasarak Mandle’s, Barshi.The Experimental Group was subjected to the plyometric training for alternative days in one month, plyometric training is as independent variable and explosive strength is an dependent variable,Running Both Leg Vertical Jump Test was conducted to both groups before and after with a unit of measurerment is in Centimeters.The Data were collected from each subject of training period, obtained data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statastics, using sample ‘t’ test . It was found that there was a significant improvement and different,Results shows that the plyometric training was useful to improve vertical explosive strength performance.It was further concluded that experimental group score was superior to control group Score , which statistically significant at 0.05 level.

Key Words: Plyometric Training,Vertical Explosive Strength, Running Both Leg Jump

Introduction –

 Volleyball is an intense anaerobic sport that combines explosive movements with short periods of recovery. Explosive strength, which is de?ned as the ability of an individual’s neuro-muscular system to manifest strain in the shortest possible time is considered a fundamental aspect of successful athletic performance In fact, when speed and agility are combined with maximum strength, power is the outcome, Muscular power enables a given muscle to produce the same amount of work in less time, or a greater magnitude of work in the same time, which is important for sprinting, jumping and quick changes of direction ,Indeed, studies have shown strong relationships between power measures and Running both leg vertical jump performance suggesting that power in?uences vertical jumping performance. A vertical jump is a complex movement that requires the co-ordination of several muscles in the trunk, arms and legs. Knowing that each player performs more than minimum 90 jumps in a volleyball match of three sets jumping ability has been identi?ed as one of the key determining factors of high performance in volleyball In fact, several studies have shown that vertical jump test results are indicative of the performance level of an athlete For example, Smith found that vertical jump performance during spiking and blocking was greater in Canadian national volleyball players compared to the Canadian university volleyball players Jump training is commonly associated with plyometric training According to the concept of training speci?city, the e↵ective transfer of training adaptations occurs when the training exercises match the task competition; In volleyball, Plyometric training involves jumping, hopping and bounding exercises as well as throws that are performed quickly and explosively Although plyometric training has been widely used in volleyball, little scienti?c information is available to determine its possible bene?ts on the di↵erent components of performance.

Statement of the Problem –

The purpose of the study was to identify the effect of plyometric training on explosive strength of male volleyball players.

Significance of the study – 

1. This study will help to develop the volleyball skills

2.  Improved fitness level will indirectly help subjects to avoid injuries.

3. This study will help to improve the fitness of the subjects.

4. It will help them to gain better knowledge about their training programme.

Hypothesis –

 It was hypothesized that there would be significant improvement on explosive strength of male volleyball players due to the influence of Plyometric training of volleyball players.

Objectives of Study –

1. To prepare and implement the designed plyometric training on experimental group
2.  To measure the explosive strength of male volleyball players with running both leg vertical jump test.

      3)   To study the effect of Plyometric training program after implementing program.

      4)   To evaluate the effect of Plyometric training program in sports performance.

Delimitations –

1. The study was confined to 24 players from Shree. Shivaji Shikshan Prasarak Mandles, Barshi.

2. The age of the subjects ranged from 17-21 years.

3. The training was restricted to one month’s alternate days.

Limitations –

1. In this study the possible effect of the diet, sleep and habits of the subjects were ignored.

2. Hereditary factors which may have some influence the result of this study could not be controlled.

3. Socio economic background of the subjects was not taken into consideration. 

Plyometrics –

Plyometrics is a method of developing explosive power. It is also an important component of most athletic performances. As coaches and athletes have recognized the improvements plyometrics can bring to performance, they have integrated it into overall training programs in many sports and made it a significant factor in planning the scope of athletic development.

Explosive strength –

Explosive strength is the quality of strength produced very quickly, but not necessarily relating to speed of movement. Explosive strength is the ability to reach absolute peak force as fast as possible.

Method of Study

This study was an experimental research which was conducted to find out the effect of plyometric training program on explosive strength of volleyball players.

Sampling

1) Population - All the boys age between 17 to 21 years of Volleyball players from

Shree Shivaji Shikshan Prasarak Mandle Barshi.

2) Sample - The sample of 24 players was selected with purposive Sampling method,

Further these were divided into two groups, experimental group and control group.

Design of the study

Selection of particular design was based on purpose experiment, sample was selected

purposively. There was two groups one was experimental and another was control group the Pre-test and Post-test would be conducted on each group. The type of research design was pre-test and post-test equivalent group design.

R

1 X 2 R 3 C 4

Where,

R - Random selection

1 - Pre-test of group 1 (experimental)

X - Treatment or program

2 - Post-test of group 1 (experimental)

R - Random selection

3 Pre-test of group 2 (control)

C - Control group

4 - Post-test of group 2 (control)

Testing Tools -

Running Both Leg Vertical Jump -

This two foot take off running vertical jump test is a variation of the standing vertical jump, and similar to the running one leg take-off VJ test used for Aussie Rules Football. This test is appropriate for basketball and volleyball players as it replicates actions in the game. There is also the Max Touch basketball leap test, which does not specify single or double leg takeoff. These tests are best conducted using the vertec equipment.

Equipment:  Vertex, Measuring Tape          

Procedure: Subject by getting thento stand directly below the apparatus with both feet flat on the ground, and then stretch up one arm and reach as high as possible. The subject should aim to take off short of the apparatus,so that at the peak of the jump they are directly under it. The best of three attempts is recorded.

Scoring: The difference in measurement between the standing reach height and the jump height reachedis the score.It is also possible to convert jump height into a power or work score

Data Analysis and Results

Present research deals with the, effect of Plyometric training program on explosive strength revealing the nature of the research design; the data collected was analyzed using the descriptive statistics. Mean, standard deviation and standard error of mean and using compare mean, Paired Sample‘t’ test, Independent Sample ‘t’ test With the help of SPSS. (17.00)

The obtained data were presented in following tables which represents the results and descriptive analysis, correlation and comparison and using‘t’ test.

In table 4.1 show mean performance of 24 subjects in the pre-test and post-test of experiment group was 33.3800(+5.14076) and 36.1600(+5.60048) respectively. In control group mean performance of pre-test and post-test was 31.80067(+5.73091) and 31.900(+5.59566) respectively.

In table 4.2 shows coefficient of correction between pre-test and post-test was of experimental group was 0.975 which was statistically significant at 0.05, significant levels and coefficient correlation between pre-test and post-test of control group was 0.986 which was also significant at 0.05 level.

From Table No. 4.3 shows that improvement in score of experiment group was 2.7800 (+1.27571) and improvement in score of control group was 0.0933 (+0.95877). This indicates that there was better improvement in experimental group.

Conclusions             

On the basis of the results obtained in this study the researcher made the conclusion that the one month Plyometric training program had significant effect on explosive strength of male volleyball players.

Recommendations

 Based on the results, this study recommends that -

I) The researcher suggested to coaches and teachers that plyometric training program is beneficial to improve strength.

II) The researcher suggested that one month time is not enough to improve the skills of the volleyball players.

III) The researcher has completed his research works only on college level also can be done on other school level, West Zone level and All India level volleyball players.

IV) Researcher also suggests that apply the plyometric training program on other ball games and find out the significant effects.

References

W. John, and khan J.V. (2006) Research in education (10"ed) Pearson practice Hall byPearson education.

Thomas J. Silverman S. and Nelson J. (2001). Research method in physical activity(4"ed) U.S.A. Human kinetics.

Siedentop D. (2001), Introduction to the physical education, fitness and Sports (4" ed.)McGraw Hill, California.

Kansal D.K.(2008). Applied measurement evaluation and sport selection.DVSpublication New Delhi.

Patil S. (2010) effect of six weeks mixed cross training on speed and explosive strengthof junior level male sprinters. Unpublished Dissertation University of pune, Pune.

Mahta M. (2010) effect of eight weeks polymeric training program on vertical jump, Layup Jump and Anaerobic leg power in female basketball players.Unpublisheddissertation, University and pune, Pune.

Shirke S. (2011) effect of presentation teaching and co-operative learning methods onA Sana performance il yoga.Unpublished dissertation, University of pune, Pune.

Roy K. (2011) effect of six weeks concentration training program on dribbling and goalshooting ability of male score players.Unpublished dissertation, University of pune,Pune.

Wilson G.J. Morphy A.J. Giorgi A. (1996) Weight and polymeric training effects oneccentric and concentric force production, Journal of Applied physiology 24,301-315.

Robbert M.F. Hujing P.A. (2004) polymeric training and its effects on reaction time inathletic. Journal of applied physiology 32.339-346.

Blakey J. band D. Southard P (1987). The combined effects of Weight training and polymeric leg strength and leg power Journal of applied sports Science research1:14-16.

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON BODY MASS INDEX AND LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN AMONG MIDDLE AGED WOMEN SUFFERING WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM

*C. Kamatchi, ** Dr.R.Elangovan *Ph.D Scholar (Full Time), Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University),west K.K.Nagar, Chennai-600078. Email Id:  kamachi12497@gmail.com ** Professor and Head, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, west K.K.Nagar, Chennai -600078. Email Id: relangovantnpesu@gmail.com .

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) among middle aged women suffering with hypothyroidism. For the purpose of the study, 30 middle aged women suffering with hypothyroidism were selected randomly using random sampling method  from Chennai, between the age group of 35and 45 years and they were divided into two groups A and B with 15 subjects in each.   It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences due to yogic practices on selected physiological and Bio-chemical variables such as Body Mass Index(BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein(LDL) among middle aged women suffering with hypothyroidism than the control group.  Pretest was conducted for the two Groups (A and B) on the selected dependent variables before the start of the training program.  Group A was given yogic practices; Group B (Control Group) didn’t receive any specific treatment, but in active rest.  After the experimental period of 12 weeks, the two Groups (A and B) were retested again on the same selected dependent variables as post test. Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between experimental group and the control group. The results of the study proved that the Experimental Group showed significant differences on selected physiological and Biochemical variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) (decreased) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (decreased) than the Control Group due to yogic practices. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence it was concluded that yogic practices are beneficial to the middle aged women suffering with Hypothyroidism to maintain healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) and decrease Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL).

KEY WORDS: Yogic practices, Body Mass Index (BMI), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL).

INTRODUCTION

     Thyroid diseases are common worldwide. In India too, there is a significant burden of thyroid diseases. According to a projection from various studies on thyroid disease, it has been estimated that about 42 million people in India suffer from thyroid diseases. (Ambika Gopalakrishnan, 2011).30 percent of the Chennai people are having thyroid problems. The thyroid gland is located in the anterior neck, overlying the inferior border of the larynx; it is fixed to the anterior surface of the upper trachea by loose connective tissue. It consists of two lateral lobes – one on either side of the trachea – connected by a narrow isthmus. The gland is composed of spherical thyroid follicles that contain colloid surrounded by a layer of cubical follicular cells; these cells synthesize the thyroid hormones T4 and T3 Para follicular cells, located between the follicles, secrete the hormone thyrocalcitonin. (Straight A’s in Anatomy & Physiology, 2007)The thyroid gland has an abundant supply of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Some studies suggest that sympathetic stimulation or infusion of epinephrine or   nor-epinephrine    may    increase    secretion    of    thyroid    hormone.  (Goodman, H. Maurice,2003)The thyroid hormones control the metabolism of cells, which is their speed of activity. If there is too little hormone, the body cells work too slowly; too much results in them working too fast. Thyroid hormones regulate the rate of oxygen consumption. This metabolic action influences the utilization of the main components of food: sugars, protein and fat. Although thyroid hormones have a similar effect and influence the proper working of all body cells, their action is particularly evident in certain tissues and for certain functions. For example, the physical and brain development of a baby growing in the womb depends on the presence of the correct amount of thyroid hormones in the mother until the twelfth week of the pregnancy when the baby’s own thyroid gland begins to function. In a child, too little hormone will slow up growth, whereas too much may make the child grow faster than normal. Thyroid hormone balance is essential in order for the body to function properly. Some of the bodily functions that rely on thyroid hormone balance include energy regulation, growth, weight control, body temperature regulation, tissue restoration, carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, digestion, blood flow, hormone secretion, and sexual function. Therefore, it is crucial for the thyroid to perform at an optimal level. Scientists now consider thyroid hormone one of the major “players” in brain chemistry disorders. And as with any brain chemical disorder, until treated correctly, thyroid hormone imbalance has serious effects on the patient’s emotions and behavior. (Arem, Ridha,2007). Yogic practices balance the endocrine system and good for hypothyroidism.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) due to yogic practices among middle aged women suffering with Hypothyroidism.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) among middle aged women suffering with hypothyroidism.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein(LDL) among middle aged women suffering with hypothyroidism due to yogic practices than the control group.

DELIMITATIONS

• The subjects were middle aged women suffering with hypothyroidism from Chennai city only.
• Age of subjects was ranged from 35 to 45 years only.
• Independent variable was yogic practices only.
• The dependent variables were restricted to Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) only.

LIMITATIONS

• The Factors like Socio-Economical status were not taken into consideration.
• The climatic conditions were not considered.
• Factors like Life style habits were not taken into consideration.
• Subjects’ day to day activities were not taken into account.
• Diet and Medication followed by subjects was not controlled.

REVIEW OF RELATTED LITERATURE

Amouzegar, A., Kazemianet.al., (2018), investigated a study on inconsistent and conflicting data on associations of thyroid function, within the reference range, with anthropometric measures and metabolic syndrome, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between thyroid function and different obesity phenotypes over nine years of follow-up. This study was conducted on 1938 individuals from an ongoing population-based cohort study, the Tehran Thyroid Study. Participants were categorized into four obesity phenotypes based on body mass index and metabolic status. To investigate the associations of thyrotropin and free thyroxine (fT4) with incidence of different obesity phenotypes across the study period, a multivariate approach based on a generalized estimating equation method was used. At baseline, individuals with the metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW) phenotype had higher serum fT4 levels (1.2 ± 0.16 ng/dL vs. 1.14 ± 0.14 ng/dL, 1.16 ± 0.14 ng/dL, and 1.17 ± 0.15 ng/dL in metabolically healthy obese [MHO], metabolically unhealthy normal weight, and metabolically unhealthy obese individuals, respectively). The results of the generalized estimating equation analysis after multivariate adjustment for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, education level, thyroid peroxidase antibody status, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance showed that each 1 ng/dL increment in fT4 levels within the reference range was accompanied with a 1.65-fold [confidence interval (CI) 1.09–2.5] increase of developing the MHNW phenotype during 9.2 years of follow-up. Moreover, each 1.0 ng/dL increment in fT4 within the reference range was associated with a 50% decreased risk of developing the MHO phenotype (odds ratio = 0.50 [CI 0.32–0.76]). Meanwhile, a significant positive association was found between serum thyrotropin levels and development of the metabolically unhealthy normal weight phenotype (odds ratio = 1.22 [CI 1.01–1.48]) Serum fT4 concentrations within the reference range are associated with the development of some obesity phenotypes, including the MHNW and MHO phenotypes, after consideration of potential confounders.

Jung, C. H., et.al., (2003)conducted study on Thyroid abnormalities affect a considerable portion of the population, and overt hypothyroidism is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease and adverse changes in blood lipids. Subclinical hypothyroidism is also associated with an increase risk of cardiovascular disease. So, we undertook this study to investigate the prevalence of overt and subclinical thyroid disorders and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors. This study involved 66260 subjects (43588 men, 22672 women; between 20–80 years of age, mean age 41.5±9.6). Serum free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured by RIA using commercial kits. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were determined by nephelometry. The prevalences of overt thyrotoxicosis, subclinical thyrotoxicosis, overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism were 5/1000 (334 subjects), 6.4/1000 (426 subjects), 1.6/1000 (108 subjects), and 6.4/1000 (375 subjects). Mean plasma total cholesterol and LDL-C were elevated in overt hypothyroidism than in normal controls (202.1 mg/dL and 121.8 mg/dL versus 197.1 mg/dL and 120.1 mg/dL, respectively) (p<0.05). In subclinical hypothyroidism, mean total cholesterol and LDL-C levels were also elevated (201.9 mg/dL and 123.7 mg/dL)(p=0.015, p=0.047). Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was lower in overt thyrotoxicosis and higher in hypothyroidism. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Korea is not significantly different from that reported by other countries. It was also age dependent and higher in women, but this elevation in women was lower than expected. Patients with hypothyroidism exhibited higher waist-to-hip ratios, an index of obesity. Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism exhibited elevated atherogenic parameters (Total cholesterol, LDL-C). Therefore screening and treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism may be warranted due to its adverse effects on lipid metabolism.

METHODOLOGY

To achieve the purpose of the study, 30 middle aged women suffering with hypothyroidism were selected randomly for the study from Chennai city, between the age group of 35 and 45 years and they are equally divided into two groups A and B with 15 subjects in each group. Preliminary test was taken for the two groups (A and B) on the selected dependent variable before the start of the training program. Group A was given yogic practices for 60 minutes six days for a total period of 12 weeks. Group B (control group) was permitted to undergo their routine and normal life style during the course of experiment without any specific training. After 12 weeks, the two groups were rested again on the same selected dependent variable, the selected physiological and Bio-Chemical variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL). Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between experimental groups and the control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence.

YOGIC PRACTICES

            1. Loosening the joints.

2. Surya Namaskar       

3. Asanas

• Navasana
• Paschimottanasana
• Noukasana
• Ardha matsyendrasana
• Sarvangasana
• Matsyasana
• Ardha halasana
• Savasana

4. Pranayama

• Anulomvilom
• Kapalapathi
• Ujjai

5. Yoga Nidra

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

• The data pertaining to the variable collected from the groups before and after the training period were statistically analyzed by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and the hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of confidence.
• The obtained F-ratio value for the body mass index and low density lipoprotein were greater than the table value, indicating that there was a significant difference among the post test and adjusted posttest means of the yogic practice group than the control group on selected Physiological and Bio-chemical variables.

TABLE I

COMPUTATION OF MEAN AND ANALYSIS OF CO-VARIANCE (ANCOVA) OF BMIOF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP (Scores in (Weight (kg) / Height (m)2 )

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (The table value required for significance at 0.05 with df 1and 28 and 1 and 27 are 4.2 and 4.21 respectively)

The obtained F value on pre test scores 1.67 was lesser than the required F value of 4.2 to be significant at 0.05 level. This proved that there was no significant difference between the groups a pretest and posttest and the randomization at the pretest was equal. The post test scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups, as obtained F value 20.00 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that the differences between the posttest means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores were calculated and subjected to statistical treatment.

Figure-1

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING ADJUSTED POST-TEST VALUES OF CONTROL GROUP AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUP ON BODY MASS INDEX (Scores in Kg/Height m2)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (The table value required for significance at 0.05 with df 1and 28 and 1 and 27 are 4.2 and 4.21 respectively)

The results of the study on the selected physiological variable showed that group I has significant differences on BMI, due to yogic practices. Hence, the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. The above findings were substantiated by the observations made by experts such as Amouzegar, A., Kazemianet.al., (2018)

Table     II

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF THE MEANS OF TWO EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND THE CONTROL GROUP ON ldl (mg/dL)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.(Table F ratio at 0.05 level, of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.2, 1    and  27= 4.21)

The obtained F - ratio value for the LDLwas greater than the table value. This indicates that there was a significant difference among the post-test and adjusted post-test means of the Experimental group than the control Group on LDL. The above findings can also be substantiated by the observations of experts. Jung, C. H., et.al., (2003).The pretest, posttest and the adjusted posttest mean values of Experimental group and Control group on LDL are graphically presented in the following table.

 The ordered adjusted means on LDL were presented through bar diagram for better understanding of the results of this study in Figure - 2.

Figure 2

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE

GROUPS ON ldl(mg/dl)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (The table value required for significance at 0.05 with df 1and 28

         and 1   and 27 are 4.2 and 4.21 respectively)

The results of the study on the selected Bio-chemical variable showed that group Ishowed significant differences on LDL, due to yogic practices. Hence, the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. The above findings were substantiated by the observations made by experts such as Kumari, N Suchetha et al. (2011)

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Physiological variable such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Biochemical variable such as Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) due to yogic practices among middle aged women suffering with Hypothyroidism than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on Body Mass Index (BMI) (decreased) and Low Density Lipoprotein (decreased) due to yogic practices than the control group among middle aged women suffering with Hypothyroidism.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that yogic practices decreased Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein significantly among middle aged women suffering with hypothyroidism. Hence, yogic practices are beneficial to middle aged women suffering with hypothyroidism to maintain healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL).

REFERENCES

• Jung, C. H., Sung, K. C., Shin, H. S., Rhee, E. J., Lee, W. Y., Kim, B. S., ... & Kim, S. W. (2003). Thyroid dysfunction and their relation to cardiovascular risk factors such as lipid profile, hsCRP, and waist hip ratio in Korea. The Korean journal of internal medicine, 18(3), 146.
• Amouzegar, A., Kazemian, E., Abdi, H., Mansournia, M. A., Bakhtiyari, M., Hosseini, M. S., & Azizi, F. (2018). Association between thyroid function and development of different obesity phenotypes in euthyroid adults: a nine-year follow-up. Thyroid, 28(4), 458-464.

Importance of Information Technology in the field of Sports

1. Author: D.B. Mugadlimath

Physical Education Director

S.K. College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Talikoti

Dist: Vijayapur State: Karnataka

Contact No. 9448752578

Email: dayabm333@gmail.com

2. Co-author: Ravi Gola

Physical Education Director

G.P. Porwal College, Sindgi

Dist: Vijaypur State: Karnataka

3. Co-author: Santosh B Rajput

GFGC Managuli

Dist: Vijaypur State: Karnataka

Abstract

            The sports field in the modern world is growing at a rapid pace. Every new sport is becoming a new record. Adapting the information technologies in daily sports life a person can be benefited  control their  body and mind in a well manner. Information technology  plays a vital role in organising national international level sports event. Biomechanics is essential to gain high potential in sports skills. Biomechanics and technology are two sides of the same coin. The use of information technology during such covid-19 situation has played a significant role in creating many jobs.

Keywords: Information technology, Sports technology, Sports bio-mechanism

INTRODUCTION

The value of sports is very high and it is having very much influence worldwide to bring peace and friendship with each country. Because of the value of sports publicity has increased more it has spread very much fast to all over the world. Information Technology has become an important inter-disciplinary partner for sports, this way physical education has its branches of Sports psychology, Sports Statistics, Biochemistry, Sports Medicine, Kinesiology and Bio-mechanics etc. Taking into consideration its association with other disciplines and its various aspects, computer can be used and are being sued in physical education and sports. Human play, as embodied in sports, is one of most important in expressions of human culture. The games in which people in the society it?s reflects their society and culture as a whole. It is said that communication is one dominant contribution to the human being on the planets. The Olympic movement is one of the social movements on human society. The countries from all over the world gathering in one place during summer Olympic games for peaceful is the epitome of intersection of sports and communication. This fact underscores the importance of the media and the Olympics. The presentation will briefly explain the relationship between information technology and sports.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN SPORTS

The information age was 1970?s. The change was brought to the society with the creation of world web (the web). As change in technology, changes channels of communication and message content. The early 1960?s, the computer technology establish protocols which become as the internet in 1969. And later development of Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) in 1989 that became the basic for the development of web in 1993. The web was introduced to the public at large. During the formative days of the web lot of things was include such as email, blog, face book, twitter, lot of website, journals, you tube etc.,. Another important fact of information technologies being used in sports is seen in the trend analysis done by administrators in sports, franchises and leagues while the most basic functions are storing data used to determine statistics, disclosing the score of a game or uploading pictures for fans to view thorough out a game. In the past, task such as developing rosters (name list) of athletes, managers, officials, timekeepers, drivers and medical staff was took much time to done the work with hand.

But the institution of IT in sports, team administration was now able to not only create detailed roasters of these individuals but can schedule them for work. Also, most profession sports venues have very modern scoreboards that are programmed to update statistics and information directly to a computer system. So with the use of such modern technology, almost every area of sports has become dependent of automation due to relevance that it implies to the lives of spectators all over the world. Through the help of the internet and other web services, live feeds of sports events have become so accessible anywhere in the planet. Most of the professional sports in the world have long used instant reply and other high tech aid to help the referees to make a right call. Video replay systems to check referees call for many years. Basketball referees use replay system to make sure players is shooting within the time allotted by the shot clock. In international cricket, the third umpire has been used for certain situation. The umpires who are out of field can communicate via wireless technology. The third umpire is asked to adjudicate on run out decision. In Football/Soccer the replays could be used to decide off-side decisions, whether a ball passes over the goal line or not.

APPLICATION IN SPORTS

The field of physical education and sports can make a significant contribution to the role that technologies play in our lives by carefully considering the benefits and liabilities of new information technologies on the whole person, body as well as mind. Nowadays in schools, colleges and other institutions, students are given more organized and disciplined education through I.T. and computers, because it is more authentic innovation and convincing. A variety of programmes are available which help in track-grading, conducting health assessment, monitoring research projects, and analyzing sports performances.

BENEFITS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Here are some of the ways technology can provide or facilitate most of the types of support that someone trying to become or stay physically active needs. Now a day?s computer is widely used as a teaching aid. In this era of globalization black board is quit away. Power point presentations, Video clips, Animation, Graphics, and Sound have become much more effective and needful, CD, DVD, MP3, is more useful in teaching. IN some way computer is applied in sports sciences, scoring systems, computerized test all evaluation can be largely followed. A coach keeps monitoring on the players. A computer helps us if any deficiency is found. Records of the player can be maintained for future plan Selection of players for various game and sports is an important for this multiple regression helps in many ways. Hence computer plays a significant role in storing research data and its analysis. Treatments in sports medicine involve Cardio-Vascular, Flexibility and strength building programme. Sports Medicine is the study, prevention and treatments of sports and fitness related injuries.

PRACTICAL SUPPORT

Technologies like i-Pods, Dance Revolution, and Nintendo Wiki Sports make physical activity fun. Step counters and accelerometers allow us to gauge our activity level at any time and set goals that can be easily tracked. Home and gym fitness equipment make it possible to stay active when weather?s back.

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Technology in sports is constantly changing in today?s era. This change is making a big impact, whether the technology is a disadvantage to the sport and slows down the speed of the game or uses the technology to an advantage and speeds the game up to help make accurate calls. People are always looking for the technology to be able to get ahead of other opponents. The use of technology has crept into the athletes? games. Technology is more of an advantage or disadvantage. One of the main reasons?s through which technology compromise a sports experience is that people are watching the games at home instead of watching the games that are played live. Some people would rather stay at home than spend the money to go to view the game. With the game being shown on television, means fewer supporters in attendance. Fewer supporters mean less money for the teams in terms of income and profits. The enhanced experience of technology has made it easy for teams to know and learn about the opposite teams. Some people believe that it was necessary for technology. Sometimes the referee?s decision will be wrong, there technology will work and give accurate result will be given.

Through using Information technology to improve the standard of Sports in the following process

1. To update the health status of players.

2. Preparing training schedule.

3. Video Feed back for players practices.

4. To assessment of physical activity by using Information Technology.

5. Storing the results.

6. To analysis the team performance at the time of competition.

7. Online registrations and profile verifications.

8. The Coach can have the self-appraisal through the Information technology.

9. Storing the personal data?s of athletes.

10. Search engine for the latest training in sports.

CONCLUSION

Information technology play vital role in the human being in particularly in field of sports and games. It helps to avoid mistake in organization and administration of various sports and games at world level. Information Technology in Sports has established scientific discipline, Research activities, improve Learning and coaching, Bio-mechanical analysis and field research have evolved. In future very soon the way computer with be applicable in sports with good quality and best results.

REFERENCES

1.         Ahmad S. Facilitating on iTV: A Call for Broadcast Communication Style & Voice Management. World Conference on E-Learning in Corp., Govt., Health., & Higher Ed. 2002; 1:2238-2241.

2.         Alexis Leon and Mathews Leon. Introduction to Computer. Chennai: Leon Press. 1999.

3.         Almassy J. The Wonders of Mobile Learning, Exploration of the Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education International Conference. 2003; 1:2574-2575.

4.         Aly M, Elen J, Willems G. Instructional program versus standard lecture: a comparison of two methods for teaching the undergraduate orthodontic curriculum, European Journal of Dental Education. 2004; 8(1):43-46.

5.         Aly M, Elen J, Willems G. Learner-control vs. programcontrol instructional multimedia: a comparison of two interactions when teaching principles of orthodontic appliances. European Journal of Dental Education, 2005; 9(4):157-63.

6.         Azer SA. A multimedia CD-ROM tool to improve student understanding of bile salts and bilirubin metabolism: evaluation of its use in a medical hybrid PBL course, Advance Physiology Education, 2005; 29(1):40-50.

7.         Jeganath Mohanthy. Modern Trends in Educational Technology. Hyderabad: Neel Kamal Publications. 2003.

8.         Joseph TJ. Information Technology for Sports Management. The Sport Journal. United States Sports Academy. 2001; IV (2).

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE AND SELF-CONFIDENCE AMONG MIDDLE AGED HYPERTENSIVE WOMEN

* D.Brindha, ** Dr. R. Elangovan, *Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India., **Professor & Head, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India. E-Mail ID: relangovantnpesu@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

The present random group experimental study was designed to find out the effect of yogic practices on diastolic blood pressure and self-confidence among middle aged hypertensive women. To achieve the purpose of the study, 30 middle aged hypertensive women from Chennai city aged between 40 years and 50 years were selected randomly using random group sampling method and were divided into two groups, i.e Experimental group I and control group II of 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences due to yogic practices among middle aged hypertensive women on selected dependent variables such as diastolic blood pressure and self-confidence than the control group. Preliminary test was conducted on selected dependent variable before the start of the training program. Experimental group I underwent yogic practices for 12 weeks, five days a week for a maximum of one hour in the morning. The control group was kept in active rest. Post test was conducted after the training period for the two groups on the same dependent variables such as Diastolic blood pressure and self-confidence. The data collected from the groups was statistically analyzed by using Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant differences. Test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence. The results of the study showed that the experimental group showed significant differences on selected physiological and psychological variables such as diastolic blood pressure and self-confidence than the control group due to yogic practices. Hence the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. It is hence concluded that the yogic practices are beneficial to middle aged hypertensive women to maintain healthy diastolic blood pressure and to improve the self-confidence.

KEY WORDS: Yogic Practices, Hypertension, Diastolic Blood Pressure and Self-confidence.

INTRODUCTION

The number of people who suffer from Hypertension is growing rapid now-a -days. It is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases and remains the top cause of global mortality. It is estimated that 1.13 billion people worldwide have hypertension. (World Health Organisation 2019)

Women particularly in the middle age suffer from hypertension due to various reasons such as family Obesity, stress, migraine attacks during second half of menstrual cycle, continuous work tensions, food habits, lifestyle etc. For middle-aged women who are dealing with menopausal transition, hormonal changes often cause or contribute to Hypertension (Jeannette Y. Wick 2020)

Yoga is an alternative healthcare practice to improve blood pressure control. Yoga techniques improve physical and mental health by regulating the Sympathetic Nervous System. Yoga has proven effective in managing secondary cardiac complications due to chronic hypertension.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on selected Physiological and Psychological variables such as Diastolic Blood Pressure and self-confidence among middle aged hypertensive women.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on diastolic blood pressure and self-confidence among middle aged hypertensive women.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences due to yogic practices on selected Physiological and Psychological variables such as Diastolic Blood Pressure and self-confidence among middle aged hypertensive women than the control group.

DELIMITATIONS

• The study was confined to middle aged hypertensive women from Chennai City, India only.
• The age of the subject was ranged from 40 to 50 years only.
• The study was confined to yogic practices as independent variable only
• The study was confined to Diastolic Blood Pressure and self-confidence as dependent variables only.

LIMITATIONS

• The Factors like Socio-Economical status were not taken into consideration.
• The climatic conditions were not considered.
• Factors like Life style habits were not taken into consideration.
• Subjects’ day to day activities were not taken into account.
• Diet and Medication followed by subjects was not controlled.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Indla Devasena and Pandurang Narhare (2011) studied the effect of yoga on heart rate and blood pressure and its clinical significance the cardiovascular morbidity is increasing in India in recent years. The present study was done to know the effect of yoga on heart rate and blood pressure in healthy volunteers above the age of 40 years. The cardiovascular status of the subjects was assessed clinically in terms of resting heart rate and blood pressure before the start of yoga practice and again after 6 months of yoga practice. The results were compared and analysed with respect to age, sex and body mass index. From the study it was observed that significant reduction in the heart rate occurs in the subjects practicing yoga (P < 0.001). The systolic blood pressure was lowered to a highly significant level (P < 0.001). The diastolic blood pressure was reduced significantly (P < 0.001). This shows that the yoga provides significant improvement in ageing to reduce the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases.

Andreas Michalsen., et.al., (2012) studied on the effects of Yoga on Mental and Physical Health. This report summarizes the current evidence on the effects of yoga interventions on various components of mental and physical health, by focussing on the evidence described in review articles. Collectively, these reviews suggest a number of areas where yoga may well be beneficial, but more research is required for virtually all of them to firmly establish such benefits. The heterogeneity among interventions and conditions studied has hampered the use of meta-analysis as an appropriate tool for summarizing the current literature. Nevertheless, there are some meta-analyses which indicate beneficial effects of yoga interventions, and there are several randomized clinical trials (RCT’s) of relatively high quality indicating beneficial effects of yoga for pain-associated disability and mental health. Yoga may well be effective as a supportive adjunct to mitigate some medical conditions, but not yet a proven stand-alone, curative treatment. Larger-scale and more rigorous research with higher methodological quality and adequate control interventions is highly encouraged because yoga may have potential to be implemented as a beneficial supportive/adjunct treatment that is relatively cost-effective, may be practiced at least in part as a self-care behavioral treatment, provides a life-long behavioural skill, enhances self-efficacy and self-confidence and is often associated with additional positive side effects.

METHODOLOGY

To achieve the purpose of the random group experimental study, 70 middle age hypertensive women came forward, 45 were screened and 30 subjects were selected at random from Chennai city. The age of the subjects ranged between 40 and 50 years. The subjects were assigned into one experimental group and one control group with 15 subjects each. The pre-test was taken from the subjects before the commencement of the training.

Experimental group was involved in yogic practices for 12 weeks, and the control group kept in active rest. Yogic practices such as Loosening the Joints, Surya Namaskar followed by Asanas such as Tadasana, Katichakrasana, Hastottanasana, Vajrasana, Ustrasana, Gomukhasana, Shashangasana,Vakrasana, Bhujangasana, Makarasana, Savasana and Pranayama practices such as Nadishodana Pranyama, Brahmari Pranayama followed by OM meditation.

After 12 weeks, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables such as Diastolic Blood Pressure and self-confidence and scores were statistically measured using Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) to find out the significant differences between the two groups. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The data pertaining to the variables collected from the two groups before and after the training period were statistically analysed by using Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and tested at 0.05 level of confidence. These are shown in the tables below

TABLE I

analysis of co-variance of the means of yogic practices group and control group on diastolic blood pressure (scores in mm hg)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27(df) =4.21.

The obtained F ratio on pre-test scores 0.26 at 0.05 level of confidence. This proved that there was no significant difference between the groups on diastolic blood pressure in pre-test and the randomization at the pre-test was equal. The post test and adjusted post test scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups on diastolic blood pressure, as obtained F values 6.98 and 27.56 were greater than the required F value of 4.2 and 4.21 respectively ) in line with the study conducted by Andreas Michalsen., et al. (2012)The pre- test, post- test and adjusted post –test mean values of Yogic Practices group and the Control Group on diastolic blood pressure were graphically presented in Figure 1.

Figure – 1

MEAN SCORES OF PRE, POST TESTS AND ADJUSTED POST TEST OF YOGIC PRACTICES GROUP AND CONTROL

GROUP ON DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE (Scores in mmHg)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for

1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27(df) =4.21.

The Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) on Self-confidence of Yogic Practices Group and Control Group was analysed and presented in Table II

Table II

analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) of the means of yogic practices group and control group on self – confidence (scores in marks, Lower scores show significant improvement)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27(df) = 4.21)

The obtained F ratio on pre-test scores 1.74 was lesser than the required F value of 4.2 to be significant at 0.05 level of confidence. This proved that there was no significant difference between the groups on self-confidence in pre-test and the randomization at the pre-test was equal. The post test and adjusted post test scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups on self-confidence, as obtained F values 6.63 and 52.38 were greater than the required F value of 4.2 and 4.21 respectively in line with the study conducted by Andreas Michalsen., et al. (2012). Lower the score is higher self-confidence as per the questionnaire.

The pre- test, post- test and adjusted post -test mean values of Yogic Practices group and the Control Group on self-confidence were graphically presented in Figure 2.

Figure-2

bar diagram showing the mean difference among yogic practices group and control group on self-confidence (Scores in Marks)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27(df) = 4.21)

The above findings can also be substantiated by the observations made by renowned experts such as substantiated by Andreas Michalsen., et al. (2012)

The results of the study showed that Yogic Practices group significantly improved Self-confidence than the Control Group. Hence, the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Physiological and Psychological variables such as Diastolic Blood Pressure and self-confidence due to yogic practices among Hypertensive middle aged women than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on Diastolic Blood Pressure (Decreased) and self-confidence (Improved) due to yogic practices than the control group among Hypertensive middle aged women. Hence, the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that yogic practices decreased Diastolic Blood Pressure and improved self-confidence significantly among Hypertensive middle aged women. Hence, yogic practices are beneficial to Hypertensive middle aged women to maintain healthy Diastolic Blood Pressure and to improve self-confidence.

REFERENCES

Indla Devasena and Pandurang Narhare (2011) “Effect of yoga on heart rate and blood pressure and its clinical significance” International Journal of Biological and Medical Research 2(3): 750-753.

Andreas Michalsen., et al. (2012) “Effects of Yoga on Mental and Physical Health” Hindawi Publishing Corporation doi:10.1155/2012/165410

Jeannette Y. Wick (2020) “ Middle-Aged Women Often Develop Hypertension” Pharmacy Times doi 2020-07-02

International Conference on “Sports Management and Allied Sports Sciences” -Challenges and Innovations-
 

ROLE OF RELIGION AND SPIRTUALITY IN SPORTS

Dr. Francis Xavier Lobo

Director of Phy. Edu.(Assoc. Prof)

Rosary College of Commerce & Arts

Navelim, Salcete- Goa.

Abstract

In today’s society sport has become more competitive and challenging. The structure of psycho-physical and spiritual aspect is involved in every educational activity. This paper deals with the religion and spirituality in sports and how religion helps an individual to perform at their best and highest level. Best performance is said to be found when the player gets one with the Creator. The connection between the athlete and his/her creator is the link of success that is followed even today. The paper studies the aspects of faith, prayer, the relationship with God and the ethical moral action of the players while playing in any sport. The influence that religion does in the commitment, decision and activities of athletes in the everyday life. The aim of this topic is to explore how one’s religion influences individual’s sports performance and everyday life decisions.

Keywords: Spirituality of sports, religion, the meaning of prayer, ethical and moral.

Spirituality of Sports: the unique inner search for the fullest personal development through participation in Sports.

Religion: A belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a person God or Gods

 Prayer: refer to speaking to God or to express thanks or to ask for help request to heal.

Ethical and moral: refers to a system of moral principles sense of right and wrong and good or bad actions.

The research conducted by (Bskljacie, et al) on the attitudes of athletes about ethics in today sports have shown that athletes recognize ethical moments in sports. In terms of what is and what is not moral, but also point to the inability to define and recognize ethical dilemmas in sports. (According to Perak) the testimony  of world religious traditions emphasizes the  experience of the body as a starting sacred dimension of the universal human activity be it the awakening of Buddha in meditation, Moses vision of the burning bush,  Paul’s glare on the road of Damascus or Mohammed publication of the Koran. (Peark, 2010:231). James W. Fowler (1981) considers religiosity universal, regulated, interactive and social. But it all depends on education and the environment. (Tamislav Ivancic) says that religiosity is in every human being as inmate ability to search for meaning and on its basis religion arise. The European values study conducted on the general population in Croatia in 2008 showed that 791 of peoples considered themselves religion to irreligion 4% consider themselves to be  atheists and 6% of respondents  did not know.

(Cripis and Zrinseak 2010:10) have shown different results like for example research on the religiosity of the young people in Germany studies have shown that 42% of the young people respect the existence of God. The more economically developed country and the greater degree of modernization of society. The lower the proportion of young people who are religious. There is no single definition of religion  and spirituality often these terms overlap but there are some visible distinctions between them (Duckic and Kokorid2014:426) Hassed describe spirituality as a universal broader construct that refers to the subjective experience of transcendence that exists outside the religious framework. While religiosity is often characterized by the typical certain rituals within the religious institutions

(Leutar  and Leutar, 2010:82) Today the understanding of the religious and spiritual aspects of man is crucial. The inner aspect of man, has spiritual dimension goes beyond the Psychological and somatic area. Ivancic reveals that the spirit tends to his development, but a man experiences the greatest frustration if he does not develop in a its aspects. (Parryet al in their book sport and spirituality an introduction say that sports can be presented through the many aspects of human work but also say that the spiritual dimension is the base for participation and success in the sports. As scientist experts the authors observe sports spirituality through the lens of Psychology, ethics, theology and contemporary spirituality. (Parry Nesti, Robinson ad Watson, 2007) Many sports sociologist in their studies recognize the interaction between sport and religion and the importance of religion and spirituality in the life of Athlete..

(Hoffman, 199, Stevenson 1991, according to Watson al Czech 2005: 26) Watson and Nesti 2005 discuss spirituality in sports Psychology, describing that spirituality can be understood in the context of sport and that it may be included in relationship of counselling and mental preparation. For (Kucic and Spehnjak) it is important that a person develops the physical, intellectual and spiritual aspect as it builds and develops as the complete personality. (Kucis and Spehnjak, 2015) It is not enough to accept sports activities only as a physical category to achieve sports results but also to accept it as a spiritual moral category as it then becomes a source of joy, satisfaction, fulfilment and purpose.

(Baskljocic) warns of various temptations of the utilitarian approach which in sport present various risk, such approach can lead to the development of double standards, today young athletes are exposed to distinct physical and psychological stress, demanding training and high expectation. Toda, scientist conducts numerous researches on the effects of prayers as spiritual help to overcome stressful situations, training, competition, fears and their own borders. The research on the religiosity of athletes according to Kucis and Spehnjak have showed that 86%of respondents pray always or sometimes before their performance. This initiative, brings about change in their decision and the moral good, self-giving, self-control, perservance, sense of duty, positive speech, sacrifice, fair play, trust, faith, love, over caring egoistic  aspirations.

The causes of drinking, drugs, gambling, nervousness, restlessness, resentful and out of control and with no limits. The centre of the interpersonal aspect is the area of the essence of the spiritual dimension of man is the steady growth and development.

It is impossible to fight against the negative habits but by perservance on everyday basis and step by step building of the positive habits. The negative ones will be eliminated. In sportsman not only wins the competition but he must conquer  himself and his shortcomings to reach the unprecedented possibilities and  his spiritual aspect enables him to do so.

The modern man rejected the notion of sin and sometimes backward and restrictive. But Jesus says “Whoever commits sin is a slave of sin (John 8:34) since the slave is not free, he cannot break free on his own, but he needs deliverance. “ What is impossible with man is possible with God” (Mt 19:26) The European values study in 2008, showed that 60% of Catholics believe in sin. (Blaievic, 2014:23) (Higles 2016. 16) points out that “The greatest danger of our time is the relativisation of everything. Good and evil have become the matter of the personal choice by doing so he has disabled himself to hear the spiritual soul.    

Innner spiritual strength. Pope John Paul II in the encyclical Salvifict Dolaris emphasis that spiritual suffering is far more difficult that mental and physical suffering. Doctor Hipton points out that the positive thoughts have huge effects on the genes only they are in accordance with the subconscious mind. Negative thoughts also have equally powerful effects on the mind. The task of every individual is to recognize their value, discover their originality and means of existence such a man will enrich the sports by being himself and with his gifts and the sport will become an art. The greatest achievement of the ability is the highest level of the capability of the human spirit.

Religion and spirituality play a very important role in any athlete’s life. We might have seen any sports player make a small prayer before going into the game. A bike rider knows that a small mistake can put his life in danger, an athlete knows he might get a cramp or any such incident might take place while running, a martial arts player knows he get injured or severely injured or even knocked out, a swimmer is prepared knowing that he might get suffocated in water. There are life risks in any sports that is why a sport player always remembers his Creator and goes forward taking the name of his Creator. Sport also helps us to understand our selves better by letting us know or weaknesses and our strengths. Through sport we get to develop our relationship with our Creator and also our spiritual selves. While playing a sport or before entering any sport a player is well prepared for victory, if not victory than he/she is prepared for the defeat keeping in mind that “next time I will give a better performance”

The article by Cipriani, R. (2012) manages the connection among game and (spi)rituality from an anthropological and sociological perspective. There are a few assemblies yet additionally numerous contrasts between the two circles. In any case, the affinities give off an impression of being more various and important than the divergences. Specifically the presence of petition during games is pushed to frontal area the thought of games as a representation of life. Another huge job is played by images whose strict substance is apparent. The creator alludes, especially, to the meaning of the commitment made by Turner's way to deal with the progress from custom to scene (or theatre).

In the survey conducted 208 respondents, with regard religion of spirituality 53% male and 46% female Zagrev handball players in relation to faith, prayers, ten commandants, forgiveness. It indicated that high level of satisfaction among other things includes the religious and spiritual development of the athletes as well as the commitment to good. Starch, Roberti, Branata, (2004) who found that athletes are more religious than non-athletes (Terry Onas Egli, 2013. 58) One of the causes of great religiosity of the athlete lies in the fact that sport today has become highly profitable. Only those who play can face challenges beyond their limits and possibilities.  

What establishes delight throughout everyday life? Ideal Experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness offers a complete study of hypothetical and observational examinations of the "stream" insight, an alluring or ideal condition of awareness that improves an individual's mystic state. "Stream" can be said to happen when individuals can address the difficulties of their current circumstance with suitable abilities, and as needs be feel a feeling of prosperity, a feeling of dominance, and an increased self-appreciation regard. The creators show the assorted settings and conditions wherein stream is accounted for in various societies (for example Japan, Korea, Australia, Italy), and portray its positive enthusiastic effects. They consider the idea of stream versus current social constructions, chronicled wonders, and developmental biocultural determination. The manners by which the capacity to encounter stream influences work fulfilment, scholarly achievement, and the general personal satisfaction are recommended; and the childrearing rehearses that bring about the capacity to get happiness from life, thought of.

The search for meaning, orientation towards good and ethical moral action can be maximized

through sports activity and realised only if the person is fully developed through psycho – physical and spiritual aspects on the other hand emphasizes on material goods and personal  benefits are visible indicators of lack of insufficient sports spirituality.

When we have a look or peek into what actually motivates people to get involved sports activities we will find out from studies how people are motivated by feelings of personal well-being, competition and enjoyment. When involved in sports people can vent out their frustration and also make their relationship with their creator stronger. The paper written by Margaret R. Boniface talks about the ‘positive experience phenomena’ also termed as peak experience, peak performance and flow. Flow is referred a state where you allow your emotions to flow out of your mind. This helps in cleansing your mind from unwanted thoughts and emotions like anger, depression. This flow is experienced in adventurous activities like sports. This flow helps also to lighten up ourselves and make us worry free and jolly go lucky people. Sports also help in developing an optimistic approach toward life. This optimistic approach is further connected with wellbeing of one’s spiritual self.

Collins, M. (2014) explains how Forms of sport and forms of religion are near-global phenomena. This article starts by summarising participation in both domains, and the benefits to individuals and society arising therefrom in terms of health, social capital and wellbeing. Sport is such a major social activity that some have suggested it also is a religion. This I refute; but it is an aspect of popular passion, an implicit religion. I t is also recovering more links now with religious practice, after three-quarters of a century of decline. Both generate a large volume of social activity and capital, and contribute positively to health and wellbeing. Dav id Cameron, interested in measuring what truly matters to people, instituted a major new survey. He also espoused the idea of the "Big Society, "as a growth of freedom for local social development, which received a mixed response in the light of broader government policies for cutting public expenditure. With sport as one of the largest segments of volunteering, one might think here was potential for it to take on an even more significant role, but (this paper suggests) there are reasons for significant limits to the further development of its potential importance.

Conclusion

Thus this paper explains how sports and spirituality are interrelated. The paper also highlights the importance of religion and spirituality of athletes. It also reflects that sports activity is not only related to physical fitness and activity but helps to develop highly spirited soul. Man is a psycho physical as well as spiritual being. It is the spirit that enables the man to communicate with God. (Ivanicic, 2016a).  

References

1. Safarie,A(2012)Filozofija sporta,Bjelovar, Amanita

1. Blazevic. J (2014) New Age i krscanstvo. Enciklopedijski prirucnik, Verbum, Split

1. Jukic, J (1997) Lica i maske svetoga. Ogledi iz drustvene religiogije KS Zagreb

1. Ivan Pavao II. Salvifici doloris, Krscanska sadasnjost, Zagreb.1990

1. Ivancie T(2016b). Molitva koja lijeci. XX izdanje. Teovizija, Zagreb.

1. Boniface, M. R. (2000). Towards an understanding of flow and other positive experience phenomena within outdoor and adventurous activities. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 1(1), 55–68.

1. Cipriani, R. (2012). Sport as (Spi)rituality. Implicit Religion, 15(2), 139–151.

1. Collins, M. (2014). Sport, religion, wellbeing, and Cameron’s big society. Implicit Religion, 17(2), 139–163.

1. Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (Eds.). (1992). Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SELECTED PHYSICAL FITNESS COMPONENTS BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL COLLEGE LEVEL ATHLETICS PLAYER

1. Shr.Ishwar Nandedkar, Research Scholar(Physical Education), Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada, University,Nanded (M.S)

2. Prof. Dr. Venkat Mane(Guide), Research Guide(Physical Education), S.R.T.M.University, Nanded, Director of Physical Education &Sports, Digambarrao Bindu Arts, Commerce &  Science College, Bhokar Dist.Nanded. (M.S)

Abstrack

Physical education is that part of general education programme which is concerned with growth, development and education of children through the medium of muscular activities. The researcher was the Athletics Player of graduate of College and he observes physical fitness among Rural and Urban area Athletics Player in Nanded District by taking three tests on them. The test taken by him are Agility, Muscular endurance and Cardio Vascular Endurance test. That is why the researcher thinks about the physical fitness in physical education. Hence the researcher has undertaken the study, “Comparative Study Of Selected Physical Fitness Components Between Urban And Rural College Level Athletics Player” It was found that there was significant difference in muscular endurance  between Rural and urban college level Athletics Player”. Therefore the researcher hypotheses were accepted. “It was also found that there was insignificant difference in Muscular endurance and Cardio Vascular Endurance  between Rural and urban college level Athletics Player”. Therefore the researcher hypotheses were rejected.

Keywords:- Selected Physical fitness components, Athletics Players.

Introduction  

          Physical education is that part of general education programme which is concerned with growth, development and education of children through the medium of muscular activities. Physical education helps in the development of physically, mentally, emotionally and moral development of the child. Physical education is that phase of education concerned with the teaching of skills, acquisition of knowledge and development of attitudes through human movement. Most public schools, colleges, and universities recognize the importance of physical education by making it part of required curriculum. This recognition is according to physical education by many nations throughout the world .

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

“Comparative Study of Selected Physical Fitness Components Between Urban And Rural College Level Athletics Player”

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:  

• The primary objective of the study was to compare muscular endurance between rural and urban area of Athletics Player.
• The secondary objective of the study was to compare flexibility between rural and urban area of Athletics Player.
• The third objective of the study was to compare reaction time between rural and urban area of Athletics Player.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

1. The study may be helpful to teachers and Athletics Player.
2. The findings of this study would assist in designing suitable academic program to improve physical fitness.

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY:

1. There would be significant difference in flexibility among Rural and urban college level Athletics Player.
2. There would be significant difference in muscular endurance among Rural and urban college level Athletics Player.
3. There would be significant difference in Reaction time among Rural and urban college level Athletics Player.

DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY:

1. The study was delimited to male Athletics Player of Nanded District .
2. Only 40 male Athletics Player were selected ( 20 from Urban and 20 from Rural area).
3. The age group of the subjects was ranged between 18-28 years.
4. The study was delimited to only 3 components of physical fitness, which are:- Agility, Muscular endurance , Cardio Vascular Endurance

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:

1. No specific motivation and technique was used during the test.
2. Background of the subject was unknown to the research scholar.
3. Inherent potentiality of the subjects was not considered.

METHODOLOGY:

          The researcher was the Athletics Player of graduate of College and he observes physical fitness among Rural and Urban area Athletics Player in Nanded District by taking three tests on them. The test taken by him are Agility, Muscular endurance and Cardio Vascular Endurance test. That is why the researcher thinks about the physical fitness in physical education. Hence the researcher has undertaken the study, “Comparative Study Of Selected Physical Fitness Components Between Urban And Rural College Level Athletics Player”

          In order to fulfill the study, 40 subjects were selected (20 from Rural area and 20 from Urban area).The subjects were selected by available sampling method.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:

                    For the analysis of data mean, standard deviation and t- ratio were used to compare physical fitness between urban and rural inter-collegiate students. The level of significance was setup at 0.05.

Table No. 01

Shows statistical comparison in Selected Physical Fitness Components between Rural and urban area Athletics Player

* Significant Level 0.05

In overall Numerical and statistical analysis of physical fitness variables among Rural and urban Athletics Player. “It was found that there was significant difference in muscular endurance  between Rural and urban college level Athletics Player”. Therefore the researcher hypotheses were accepted. “It was also found that there was insignificant difference in Muscular endurance and Cardio Vascular Endurance  between Rural and urban college level Athletics Player”. Therefore the researcher hypotheses were rejected.

Conclusion:

1. There was insignificant difference in Muscular endurance among Rural and urban college level Athletics Player.
2. There was significant difference in Agility among  Rural and urban college level Athletics Player.
3. There was insignificant difference in Cardio Vascular Endurance among Rural and urban college level Athletics Player.

Recommendation:

1. This study may helpful for the current Post graduate students.
2. The study will be helpful to understand the importance of physical education for mankind.
3. The study will be helpful for the students in the competitive sports.
4. The study will be held on the different subjects students also.

References:

• Christian P., “Relationship Between Physical Performance Item And Body Composition”, Research Quarterly, Vol.4, May, 1970.
• Johnson Joseph B., "A Comparison of Physical Fitness and Self Concept Between Junior High School Negro and White Male Students", Dissertation Abstract International, Vol. 31, No. 2, August, 1971.
• Garstecki MA, et, al,.. Comparison of selected physical fitness and performance variables between NCAA Division I and II football players. J Strength Cond Res. 2004 May;18(2):292-7.
• A. W. Sloan, Comparison of tests of physical fitness of student teachers at Cape Town , Internationale Zeitschrift für angewandte Physiologie einschließlich Arbeitsphysiologie 1996, Volume 23, Issue 1, pp 24-33
• Manmeet Gillet, et, al., Comparative Study of Physical Fitness Components of Rural and Urban Female Students of Punjabi University, Patiala, Kamla-Raj 2010 Anthropologist, 12(1): 17-21 (2010)
• Borremans E, et, al.,. Physical fitness and physical activity in adolescents with asperger syndrome: a comparative study. Adapt Phys Activ Q. 2010 Oct;27(4):308-20.
• Choudhuri D, et, al,. Physical fitness: a comparative study between students of residential (Sainik) and non-residential schools (aged 12-14 years). Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;46(3):328-32.
• Dineen et. al., “The Relationship Of Physical Activity To Self-Concept And Perceived Stress In Adolescent Females”, Dissertation Abstract International, Vol. 59, No.08, February 1999.

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ONPHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES AMONG HYPERTENSIVE MIDDLE AGED STRESSED WOMEN                                                                           

*K.Ratnasabathy, **Dr. R. Elangovan, *Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India. E- Mail ID: saba_yoga@hotmail.com, **Professor & Head, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India.  E-Mail ID: relangovantnpesu@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure among Hypertensive middle aged stressed women. For the purpose of the study, 30 middle aged stressed women were selected randomly using random sampling method from Chennai between the age group of 35 and 45 years and they were divided into two groups I, and II with 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences among middle aged stressed women on selected physiological variables such as Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure than the control group. Preliminary test was conducted for two Groups on Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure before the start of the training program. Group I subjects were given Yogic practices for 60 minutes, 6 days a week  for a total period of 12 weeks. Group II (Control Group) was in active rest. After the experimental period, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables. Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between the experimental group and the control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence. The results of the study proved that the Experimental Group showed significant differences on selected physiological variables such as Systolic (decreased) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (decreased) than the Control Group due to Yogic practices among middle aged stressed women. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence it is concluded that Yogic practices are beneficial to the middle aged stressed women to maintain healthy Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure.

Key words:Yogic Practises, Systolic Blood pressure, Diastolic Blood pressure

INTRODUCTION

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls gets to be so high. High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms. Long-term high blood pressure, however, is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, and chronic kidney disease. Hypertension becomes more common with age, affecting middle-aged women especially.  Most people with hypertension do not show signs or symptoms.  Occasionally, people with early-stage hypertension get dull headaches or dizzy spells. In many cases, there is no discernible cause of hypertension, but rather, it develops over the years.  Hypertensive women were facing many challenges and obstacles in life.  Frequently reported symptoms fall into numerous categories, including physiological turbulences such as severe headache, fatigue or confusion, vision problems, chest pain, difficulty breathing, irregular heartbeat, blood in the urine, pounding in chest, neck or ears and many other impacts that may weaken their personal, social connections and reduce the overall quality of life.

In 2007, CVD caused about one death per minute among men in the United States; more women’s lives than were claimed by cancer, chronic lower respiratory disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and accidents combined [Roger et al.2011]. Acknowledging those facts might reduce hypertension related morbidity and mortality in Women. Yoga can be a very beneficial therapy for controlling and lowering high blood pressure naturally.  The gentle, soothing practice of yoga settles both mind and body and reduces stress, which is a leading cause of hypertension.  Yoga can help to switch on the parasympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for rest and repair, and turn off the sympathetic nervous system, used for the fight-or-flight stress response.  Increased parasympathetic activity has a beneficial effect on many systems in the body, and allows the nervous system to become more balanced.  This is one way in which practicing yoga for high BP can help free up the body’s inherent healing response to reduce blood pressure naturally. Yoga is a science and art of pure lifestyle.  Yoga helps the women to evoke the hidden potentialities to solve her problems.  Yoga not only upkeeps the body and mind, but it is also a science a health.  It acts as a both preventive and curative aspect through asana, pranayama, meditation, mudras and kriyas etc.  Yoga plays a significant role in enhancing one’s mental health.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

            The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on selected cardio Physiological variables among middle aged stressed women

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on selected Physiological variables among Hypertensive middle aged stressed women.

HYPOTHESIS

 It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences due to yogic practices on selected Physiological variables among middle aged stressedwomen than the control group.

DELIMITATIONS

• The study was delimited to the middle aged stressed women from Thiruvallur district only
• Age of subjects was ranged from 35 to 45 years only.
• The dependent variables were restricted to systolic and diastolic blood pressure only.
• The study was confined to yogic practices as Independent variable only.

LIMITATIONS

• The Factors like Socio-Economical status were not taken into consideration.
• The climatic conditions were not considered.
• Factors like Life style habits were not taken into consideration.
• Subjects’day to day activities were not taken into account.
• Diet and Medication followed by subjects was not controlled.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Nejati S. et.al., (2015) Studied the effect of Group Mindfulness-Based Stress-Reduction Program and Conscious Yoga on Lifestyle, Coping Strategies, and Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressures in Patients with Hypertension.  This study was a randomized clinical trial.  The study sample, consisting of 30 patients referring to the Hypertension Clinic of Imam Hossein Hospital in 2013, was assigned either to the intervention (recipient of the MBSRP and conscious yoga) or to the control group (recipient of yoga training).  The intervention group had 8 training sessions over 8 weeks.  Lifestyle and coping strategies as well as blood pressure were measured in the intervention group before intervention and then immediately thereafter and at 2 months' follow-up and were compared to those in the control group at the same time points.  The mean age of the patients in the intervention (40% women) and control (53% women) groups was 43.66 ± 5.14 and 43.13 ± 5.04 years, respectively.  The results showed that the mean scores of lifestyle (p value < 0.05), emotion-focused coping strategies (p value < 0.001), problem-focused coping strategies (p value < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (p value < 0.001), and systolic blood pressure (p value < 0.001) were significantly different between the intervention and control groups after the intervention.

Marshall Haginset.et.al., (2013) studied the effectiveness of Yoga for Hypertension: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Most studies were conducted in India (n=8) and the USA (n=6), with the remaining conducted in The Netherlands (n=1), Brazil (n=1), and Thailand (n=1). The mean length of time used for yoga practice was 58.9 (±56.1) hours; 12 studies had fewer hours and 5 had more hours than the average.  The subgroup analysis for type of yoga intervention suggests that incorporating three elements of practice (posture, meditation, and breathing) is associated with significant reductions in blood pressure whereas yoga interventions using two or fewer elements of yoga practice or that combine yoga practice with additional interventions are not. The subgroup analysis regarding type of comparison group suggests that RCTs comparing yoga to usual care showed that yoga had a significant effect on blood pressure compared to no treatment but not when compared to exercise or other types of treatment. It was suggested that yoga may offer an effective intervention for reducing blood pressure among people with prehypertension or hypertension.

METHODOLOGY

To achieve the purpose of the study, 90 subjects came forward among them 60 were screened and 30 hypertensive middle aged stressed women were selected randomly for the study using random sampling method from Thiruvallur, between the age group of 35 to 45 years and they are equally divided into two groups I and II with 15 subjects in each group. Preliminary test was taken for the two groups (I and II) on the selected dependent variable before the start of the training program. Group I was given yogic practices for 60 minutes 6 days for a total period of twelve weeks. Group II (control group) was permitted to undergo their routine and normal life style during the course of experiment without any specific training. After 12 weeks, the two groups were rested again on the same selected dependent variable, the selected physiological variables such as systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between experimental groups and the control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence.

YOGIC PRACTICES

            1. Loosening the joints.

2. Surya Namaskar (Modified)

3. Asanas

• Vajrasana
• Paschimottanasana
• Sukhasana
• Ardha matsyendrasana
• Bhddhakonasana
• Janusirsasana
• Sethubandhasana
• Ardha halasana
• Savasana

4. Pranayama

• Anulomvilom
• Sitali

5. Yoga Nidra

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The data pertaining to the variable collected from the groups before and after the training period were statistically analyzed by using analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and the hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of confidence.

The obtained F-ratio value  for the Blood pressure (systolic/Diastolic) were greater than the table value , indicating that there was a significant difference among the post test and adjusted post- test means of the yogic practice group than the control group on selected physiological variables.

Table I

ANALYSIS OF CO-VARIANCE OF THE MEANS OF TWO EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND THE CONTROL GROUP ON SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE(Scores in mmHg)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level, of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.20, 1    and    27= 4.21)

The obtained F value on pre test scores 0.94 was lesser than the required F value of 4.20 to be significant at 0.05 level. This proved that there was a significant difference between the groups a pre-test and post-test and the randomization at the pre-test was equal. The post test scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups, as obtained F value 50.04 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that the differences between the post- test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores were calculated and subjected to statistical treatment. The obtained F value 139.36 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that there was a significant difference on systolic blood pressure reduced due to 12 weeks of yogic practices among Hypertensive middle aged stressed women. The result of this study on stress has in line with the study conducted byNejati S. et.al., (2015)

The ordered adjusted means on stress were presented through bar diagram for better understanding of the results of this study in Figure -1.

                                                                   Figure – 1

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE(scores in mmHg)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level, of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.20, 1    and    27= 4.21)

Table II

ANALYSIS OF CO-VARIANCE OF THE MEANS OF TWO EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND THE CONTROL GROUP ON DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE(scores in mmHg)

    * Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level, of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.20,

1    and    27= 4.21)

The obtained F value on pre test scores 1.91 was lesser than the required F value of 4.20 to be significant at 0.05 level. This proved that there was a significant difference between the groups a pre-test and post-test and the randomization at the pre-test was equal. The post test scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups, as obtained F value 47.70 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that the differences between the post- test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores were calculated and subjected to statistical treatment. The obtained F value 113.90 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that there was a significant difference on diastolic blood pressure reduced due to 12 weeks of yogic practices among Hypertensive middle aged stressed women. The result of this study on stress has in line with the study conducted byMarshall Haginset.et.al., (2013)

The ordered adjusted means on stress were presented through bar diagram for better understanding of the results of this study in Figure -2.

Figure – 2

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE(scores in mmHg)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level, of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.20,1    and    27= 4.21)

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Physiological variables such as Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressuredue to yogic practices among hypertensive middle aged stressed women than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure(Decreased) due to yogic practices than the control group among hypertensive middle aged stressed women.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that yogic practices decreasedSystolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure among hypertensive middle aged stressed women. Hence, yogic practices are beneficial to hypertensive middle aged stressed women to maintain systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

REFERENCES                             

• Nejati S,et.al., (2015)on “Effect of Group Mindfulness-Based Stress-Reduction Program and Conscious Yoga on Lifestyle, Coping Strategies, and Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressures in Patients with Hypertension”, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 10(3):140-8.
• Marshall Haginset. et al., (2013) studied the effectiveness of Yoga for Hypertension: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PP.13.

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES WITH AND WITHOUT DIET MODIFICATIONS ON SELECTED PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AMONG COLLEGE GIRLS SUFFERING WITH IRREGULAR MENSTRUATION

* K.Geetha, ** Dr. R. Elangovan, *Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India., **Professor & Head, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India.  E-Mail ID: relangovantnpesu@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

The present random group experimental study was designed to find out the effect of Yogic practices with and without Diet modifications on selected Psychological variables among college girls suffering with irregular menstruation. To achieve the purpose of the study, 45 college girls suffering with irregular menstruation problems from sembakkam, Chennai city were selected randomly by using random sampling method aged between 18 and 21 years. The subjects were divided into experimental group A, experimental group B and Control group C of 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences in Psychological variables such as Anxiety and Attitude Stress among college girls suffering with irregular menstruation due to yogic practices with and without diet modification than the Control Group. Experimental Group A underwent training for 12 weeks, six days a week for a maximum of one hour in the morning and suggested with diet chart. Experimental Group B underwent training for 12 weeks, six days a week for a maximum of one hour in the morning without diet suggestions. The control group was kept in active rest. The pre-test and post-test was conducted before and after the training for all three groups and the scores on Anxiety and Attitude Stress were measured. The data collected from the three groups were statistically analysed by using Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant differences and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the study showed that the Anxiety and Attitude Stress were significantly reduced as result of Yogic practices and diet modification in Group A and Similarly in Group B as result of Yogic practices alone. Hence the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. The conclusion was that the Yogic practices and diet modification helped to reduce Anxiety and Attitude Stress among college girls suffering with irregular menstruation.

KEY WORDS: Yoga, Diet, Irregular menstruation, Anxiety and Attitude Stress

INTRODUCTION

In the present scenario nearly 30 to 40% of Girls suffer with irregular menstruation. Hence fertility among females has become a rare phenomenon. It is mainly inculcated due to poor dietary habits, and lifestyle adapted among the young generation. Irregular menstruation leads to so many health risks such as overweight, blood pressure and Type 2 diabetics in addition to infertility.

Yoga as a Way of Life is the boon given by our ancestors to solve not only irregular menstruation but also all other diseases. Yogic life leads us to well-being smoothly and peacefully.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on selected Psychological variables due to yogic practices with and without diet modifications among college girls with irregular menstruation.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The Purpose of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on selected Psychological variables such as Anxiety and Attitude Stress due to yogic practices with and without diet modifications among college girls with irregular menstruation.

HYPOTHESIS

1. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences due to yogic practices with and without diet modifications (group A and group B) than the control group (group C) on selected Psychological variables such as Anxiety and Attitude Stress among college girls suffering with irregular menstruation.
2. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences between the Yogic practices with diet modifications group (Group A) and Yogic practices without diet modifications group (group B) on selected Psychological variables such as Anxiety and Attitude Stress among college girls suffering with irregular menstruation.

DELIMITATIONS

• The study was confined to college girls suffering with irregular menstruation from Chennai City, India only.
• The age of the subject was ranged from 18years to 21 years only.
• The study was confined to yogic practices and diet modification as independent variables only
• The study was confined to Anxiety and Attitude Stress as dependent variables only.

LIMITATIONS

• The factors like Socio-Economical status were not taken into consideration.
• The climatic conditions were not considered.
• Factors like Life style habits were not taken into consideration.
• Subjects’ day to day activities were not taken into account.
• Medication followed by subjects was not controlled.
• Instructions were only given for Diet modification group. Personal verification was not done.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Nidhi R, and et.al., (2012) studied the Yoga techniques practiced for varying durations have been shown to reduce state anxiety. This was never assessed in adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) to compare the effect of a holistic yoga program with the conventional exercise program on anxiety level in adolescents with PCOS.  Ninety adolescent (15-18 years) girls from a residential college in Andhra Pradesh, who satisfied the Rotterdam criteria, were randomized into two groups.  Anxiety levels were assessed at inclusion and after 12 weeks of intervention wherein yoga group practiced a holistic yoga module while the control group practiced a matching set of physical exercises (1 h/day, for 12 weeks).Concluded that the  twelve weeks of a holistic yoga program in adolescents with PCOS is significantly better than physical exercise program in reducing anxiety symptoms.

Rani K, and et.al., (2012) studied Yoga Nidra as a complementary treatment of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with menstrual disorder. Emotional insecurity, stress, depressive or/and anxiety symptoms are common with variable severity among patients with menstrual disorder. Yogic relaxation therapy (Yoga Nidra) leads to conscious and subconscious recognition of these underlying psychological factors and helps releasing of suppressed conflicts. Subjects were recruited from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, C.S.M. Medical University (erstwhile KGMU), Lucknow Uttar Pradesh, India. The patients with mild to moderate anxiety and depressive symptoms improve significantly with 'Yoga Nidra' intervention. There is no significant improvement in the patients with severe anxiety and depressive symptoms.

METHODOLOGY

To fulfil the goal of the random group experimental study, 90 college girls suffering with irregular menstruation problems came forward from sembakkam, Chennai city, 60 were screened and 45 were selected randomly using random sampling method. The age of the subjects ranged between 18 and 21 years. The subjects were divided into experimental group A, experimental group B and control group C of 15 subjects each. First experimental group was involved in yogic practices for 12 weeks with diet modification, Second experimental group was involved in yogic practices for 12 weeks only and the third control group kept in active rest. The Yogic Practices given to the experimental groups A&B  include Loosening Exercises, Surya namaskara, ParivarthaTrikosana, Padahasthasana, Adhomukthaswasana, Bujangasana, Salabasana, Pachimottanasana, Padhakonasana, Arthamachendriyasana, Koormasana, Sarvangasana, Mathyasana, UjjaiPranayamam, Kapalapathi, Bhastrika, Nadishodhana, Meditation and Shanthiasana.

Yogic Diet Chart Given To Experimental GroupA

Following items are instructed to be included in their diet everyday: Whole grains, Pulses, Nuts, Vegetables, Dairy products, Fruits. The Proportion of dietary items are: Grains 30%,Dairy Products 20%,Vegetables and Fruits   27%, Nuts   5%, Pulses and Fats 18%.

Diet Chart

         Nutrients in the diet chart are Carbohydrates 60%, Fats 30%, and Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Water 10%

The selected variables, Anxiety and Attitude Stress were measured through blood test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The data pertaining to the variables collected from two groups before and after the training period were statistically analysed by using Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and tested at 0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS ON ANXIETY

The data pertaining to the variables collected from three groups before and after the training period were statistically analysed by using Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) on two experimental groups and control group in Anxietytest (Fasting One Hour) was analysed and presented in Table I.

Table I

The obtained F ratio on pre test scores 1.39 was lesser than the required F-value of 3.18 to be significant at 0.05 level. This proved that there was no significant difference between the groups in pre-test and the randomization at the pre-test was equal. The post test scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups, as they obtained F value 55.60 was greater than the required F-value of 3.18. This proved that the differences between the post-test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores calculated. The obtained F value was 51.32, which was greater than required F value of 3.18. This proved that there was significant difference among the means due to twelve weeks of yogic practices with diet modification and yogic practices without diet modification on variables as in line with study conducted by Nidhi R et.al., (2012).

Since significant improvements were recorded, the results were subjected to post hoc analysis using Scheffe's Confidence Interval test. The results were presented in Table II

TABLE II

The difference of paired mean difference value of the two experimental groups is greater than the C.I value. Hence it is concluded that there is significant difference in Anxiety between Group A and Group B.

The pre-test, post-test and adjusted post-test mean values of yogic practices with diet modifications and the control group on Anxiety were graphically presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1

RESULTS ON ATTITUDE STRESS

TABLE III

The obtained F ratio on pre test scores 1.45 was lesser than the required F-value of 3.18 to be significant at 0.05 level. This proved that there was no significant difference between the groups in pre test and the randomization at the pre test was equal. The post test scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups, as obtained F value 15.71 was greater than the required F-value of 3.18. This proved that the differences between the post-test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores calculated .The obtained F value was 23.37 which was greater than required F value of 3.18. This proved that there was significant difference among the means due to twelve weeks of yogic practices with diet modification and yogic practices without diet modification on variables as in line with study conducted by Rani K, and et.al. (2012)

Since significant improvements were recorded, the results were subjected to post hoc analysis using Scheffe's Confidence Interval test. The results were presented in Table V

Table IV

The difference of paired mean difference value of the two experimental groups is greater than the C.I value. Hence it is concluded that Experimental Group A i.e Yoga with Diet Modifications shows significant difference in Attitude Stress than Group B i.e Yoga without Diet Modifications.

The pre-test, post-test and adjusted post-test mean values of yogic practices with diet modifications and the control group on Attitude Stress were graphically presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Psychological variables such as Anxiety and Attitude Stress due to yogic practices with and without diet modifications among college girls suffering with irregular menstruation than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on Anxiety (Decreased) and Attitude Stress (Decreased) due to yogic practices than the control group among college girls suffering with irregular menstruation. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Psychological variables such as Anxiety and Attitude Stress due to yogic practices with diet modifications and yogic practices without diet modifications among college girls suffering with irregular menstruation than the control group. The results from the post hoc test proved that there were significant differences on Anxiety and Attitude Stress (Decreased) due to yogic practices with diet modifications than due to yogic practices without diet modifications among college girls with irregular menstruation.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that yogic practices with and without diet modifications decreased Anxiety and Attitude Stress significantly among college girls suffering with irregular menstruation. Hence, yogic practices with and without diet modifications are beneficial to college girls suffering with irregular menstruation.

REFERENCES

1. Nidhi, R., Padmalatha, V., Nagarathna, R., & Amritanshu, R. (2013). Effects of a holistic yoga program on endocrine parameters in adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 19(2), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2011.0868
2. Rani, K., Tiwari, S., Singh, U., Singh, I., & Srivastava, N. (2012). Yoga Nidra as a complementary treatment of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with menstrual disorder. International journal of yoga, 5(1), 52–56. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.91715

Opportunities and Challenges of Health Education

K M  SARAVAN

Physical Cultural Instructor

Government First Grade College, Ramdurg

Dist -Belagavi

State- Karnataka

saravankm1@gmail.com

Abstract

Healthcare education and promotion represents a large and ever-expanding field of medical and educational professionals, whose tireless work is aimed at informing the public about a wide range of growing healthcare and wellness concerns through educational initiatives. The goal of the profession is to maintain optimal public awareness of ongoing issues and rising current threats, so that people may better be prepared when making decisions about their own medical care and lifestyles. To this end, there are many specialized roles within this discipline. These specializations exist for one of two purposes: to focus on a particular healthcare issue or to reach the general public in specific ways. Health educators are uniquely positioned to address public health needs by deploying their training and competencies in the application of behavioral theories across a wide range of interventions designed to improve population health. Health educators use a holistic approach to changing health behaviors, implementing evidence-based interventions and adapting to changing population needs A promotional specialist is something of a general practitioner within this profession's range of careers, in terms of how they interact and who they interact with Some might work with large organizations or other communities, while others might take a patient-by-patient approach. Where they tend to focus is on particular areas of concern.

Introduction

They serve in a variety of settings, and can use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions, and systems conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities. Health education specialists can be found in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, schools and universities, government offices, businesses and non-profits, and more. Being active doesn’t have to mean taking out an expensive gym membership, jogging at 5am or sporting spandex. There are so many ways to be active and they can all help to improve your mental health. Taking part in physical activities can be a great way to meet people. They can also offer us the chance of taking a well-deserved break from the hustle and bustle of daily life. Leading an active life can help to improve your feelings of self-worth and foster confidence. Taking part in a form of physical activity that you really enjoy can give you a goal to aim for and a sense of purpose A health educator is "a professionally prepared individual who serves in a variety of roles and is specifically trained to use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions, and systems conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities

Community Health Education

• Community Health Educator
• Education Program Manager
• Case Manager
• Alcohol Educator
• Family Services Specialist
• Community Outreach Coordinator
• Program Resource Coordinator
• Community Organizer
• Health Education Programmer

Business and Non-Profit Health Education

• Health Literacy Program Coordinator
• Clinical Research Specialist / Coordinator
• Wellness Consultant
• Health Coach
• Integrative Health Practitioner
• Corporate Trainer
• Employee Wellness Coordinator
• Worksite Safety Coordinator
• Health Education Director
• Cultural Competency Trainer
• Health Media Director
• Grant Writer
• Health Journalist

Academia and University Health Education

• Adjunct Faculty
• Assistant Professor
• Curriculum Development Specialist
• Health Programs Management Director
• Education Outreach Liaison
• Education Director
• Health Promotion Programmer
• Health and Wellness Coordinator

Health Care

• Community Outreach Coordinator
• Health and Wellness Coordinator
• Medical Resource Manager
• Patient Education Director
• Patient Care Coordinator
• Biometric Health Screener
• Nutrition Services Coordinator
• Community Benefits Manager
• Prevention Program Director
• Lactation Consultant
• Cancer Information Specialist

Goals for Health Educators in Public Health

The employers, insurance companies, and governments try to find methods to improve the quality of healthcare outcomes while keeping costs down. Health educators teach people how to live the healthiest possible lives to help reduces the need for avoid costly medical procedures by reducing the incidence of diseases. Changes in an individual’s lifestyle can help to lower significantly the likelihood of contracting illnesses, such as lung cancer, skin cancer, HIV, and heart disease. When an individual already has a disease such as asthma, health educators help patients to understand proper methods to manage their condition thereby avoiding unnecessary visits to the emergency room. Health educators teach people to understand how their lifestyle can affect their health outcomes. Some of the responsibilities for Health Educators are to Help stop the spread of sexually transmitted diseases including cervical cancer and HIV.Educating teens to become aware of the dangers of unprotected sex, alcohol and drug abuse Reduce obesity and other related health problems in both youth and adult populations Improving the quality of life our growing population of seniors Designing and implementing health promotion programs including smoking cessation, water and sanitation projects and occupational safety courses.

Physical and Health Education Career Opportunities

Several different career opportunities are available for individuals interested in a career in physical education or health education. Below are a few of the most common choices an online degree in education can help prepare you for. Coaches in elementary and secondary schools teach students the basic rules of team sports, as well as proper form and techniques. They run practice sessions and manage the team during competitions or games with other teams. Health teachers teach students about various mental, physical, emotional and sexual health issues in a classroom setting. They provide information and lead discussions on topics such as nutrition, safe sex, tobacco use, drug and alcohol abuse, and medicine. Physical education teachers, also known as PE or gym teachers, teach students the rules and motor skills necessary to participate in individual and team sports. PE teachers at elementary schools usually teach half-hour classes to various groups of students throughout the day, while teachers at secondary schools might teach fewer but longer classes. Athletic administration programs also offer those who currently work in the field of sports a chance to broaden their knowledge and explore other career possibilities within the sports industry. A gym teacher, also called a physical education teacher, instructs students on principles of fitness and health. Topics covered may include nutrition, well-being, and exercise. Fitness instructors may work with individuals or groups. They demonstrate and teach proper techniques when exercising or using gym equipment. These fitness professionals assist clients with cardiovascular workouts, strength training and stretching. By demonstrating proper technique, correcting participants and explaining the value of particular movements, group exercise instructors help individuals get the most out of their exercise experience and surrounded by a culture that is creating an epidemic of childhood obesity, of kids abusing drugs at younger and younger ages, and that advertises tobacco products specifically to appeal to them. If we don’t counter those cultural messages with information and support for making good choices, then we jeopardize both children and their parents who are trying to raise kids who will be healthy, productive members of society Most of us who are now adults, learned about the human body, health and disease, physical fitness and nutrition not just from our parents, but in school. Where will Maine communities be in 5 years, 10 or 20 years if we don’t ensure that our children learn about their own health and understand how to preserve it? The financial and social toll of disease and addiction will continue to erode our society if we do not prioritize health education at the core of our most basic skills-teaching in school. Math and reading are essential, but so is our health. Effective curricula result in positive changes in behavior that lower student risks around: alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, injury prevention, mental and emotional health, nutrition, physical activity, prevention of diseases and sexuality and family life.

Conclusion

Health education promotes learning in other subjects. Studies have shown that reading and math scores of students who received comprehensive health education were significantly higher than those who did not. In general, with information and support for making good choices, then we jeopardize both children and their parents who are trying to raise kids who will be healthy, productive members of society Most of us who are now adults, learned about the human body, health and disease, The goal of the profession is to maintain optimal public awareness of ongoing issues and rising current threats, so that people may better be prepared when making decisions about their own medical care and lifestyles. Physical fitness and nutrition not just from our parent’s healthy students learn better. They have higher attendance, have better grades, and perform better on tests.

Reference

• Anderson G. Chronic Care: Making the Case for Ongoing Care. Princeton (NJ): Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 2010. https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2010/01/chronic-care.html. Accessed January 25, 2018.
• National Association of County and City Health Officials. The changing public health landscape: findings of the 2015 Forces of Change Survey. http://nacchoprofilestudy.org/forces-of-change/2015-forces-of-change/. Accessed January 25, 2018.
• Cottrell, Girvan, and McKenzie, 2009.
• "Health Education Specialist Practice Analysis II 2020 Validates and Reveals Eight Areas of Responsibility for Health Education Specialists". Www.nchec.org. Retrieved 2020-04-21.

Coaches Evaluation: An Assessment of Expert Gymnastics Coaches

Kanika Gupta*, Dr. Samiran Chakraborty*, Dr. Gauri Chakraborty**

*Research Scholar, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Delhi

*Associate Professor, IGIPESS, University of Delhi, Delhi

**Associate Professor, IGIPESS, University of Delhi, Delhi

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to assess coaches who involved in Implementation of 8 weeks of Practicum Curriculum for Gymnastics for All Program. The Scholar Selected 8 Coaches for Implementation of Practicum Curriculum for Each Level from “The Gymnastics Academy” situated at Dhul siras, Dwarka, New Delhi, India. The Interview was taken after completion of the Curriculum. The Research scholar collected data for all coaches by the help of Coaching Evaluation Form taken from Bucher A. Charles, (2010) Consist of distinct areas for Evaluation like Personal Conduct, administrative procedural abilities, knowledge and practice of medical legal aspect, coaching methods, Personnel management and public relations. This questionnaire consists of few questions in each category which was asked by the Director of the academy to evaluate the coach’s performance based on his regular observation and monitoring of classes taken by the coaches. The questionnaire can have responded into Three rating scales i.e., Excellent, Acceptable and Not Acceptable. As a result, all coaches lied under Acceptable Category which was a satisfactory result and shown the keen abilities and knowledge of coaches in distinct areas.

Keywords: Practicum Curriculum, Personnel Management, Gymnastics

Background:

Coaching behaviour have been shown to influence athletes' self-esteem, motivation, performance anxiety, attitudes toward their sport experience, peer relationships, burnout, psychological skills development, physical well-being, and sport attrition.

Assessing the effectiveness of sport coaching techniques is essential to enhance communication between athletes and their coaches. The importance of feedback / feed-forward to improving coaching performance will be discussed with reference to appropriate methods to receive such information. The use of video analysis of coaching behaviours as well as implementing a coach mentoring program will be explored along with methods of coach goal-setting and self-reflection. Athlete learning styles are then considered with respect to the coach as an effective presenter and facilitator.

The following are possible aspects of the coaching session that could be assessed (Martens 1997)

• Health and Safety
• Communication skills
• Coaching Skills
• Interpersonal skills
• Long and short-term Planning
• Training session content and structure
• Knowledge and experience
• Control of athletes
• Monitoring of athletes

Procedure:

Research scholar collected data for all coaches by the help of Coaching Evaluation Form taken from Bucher A. Charles, (2010) Management of Physical Education and sport, P (152). Consist distinct areas on the basis of which coaches were evaluated-

1. Personal qualities
2. Personal conduct
3. Administrative Procedural Abilities
4. Knowledge and Practice of Medical-Legal Aspects
5. Coaching method
6. Strategy
7. Rules and Regulations
8. Personnel Management
9. Public Relations

This questionnaire consists of different questions in each distinct area divided into different 3 rating scales of Excellent which denoted as 1; Acceptable symbolize as 2 and Not acceptable as 3 which was asked by the Director of the academy to evaluate the coach’s performance on the items mentioned above based on his regular observation and monitoring of classes taken by the coaches for 8 weeks of all students involved in training program. The data was taken after completion of the Curriculum.

Analysis of data:

It consists of details of Coaches Assessment. The descriptive statistics techniques were employed and result are presented in the percentage from Figure number 1 to table number 8

Figure 1: Response for Coach 1

The graphical representation is presented in form of cluster column chart in figure no. 1 reveals the response for Coach 1 who got EXCELLENT rating in Personal Conduct Denoted as 1, on the other hand, the Coach others areas namely personal qualities, administrative procedural abilities, coaching method, strategy. Personnel management and public relations got ACCEPTABLE (2) and NOT ACCEPTABLE (3) in Rules and regulation and knowledge and practice of medical-legal aspects.

Figure 2: Responses for Coach 2

The graphical representation is presented in form of cluster column chart in figure no. 2 reveals score of Coach 2 who got EXCELLENT rating in personal qualities, administrative procedural abilities, strategy and Personnel management which denoted as 1, on the other hand, the coach in other areas namely, in personal conduct, coaching method, knowledge and practice of medical-legal aspects, public relations and Rules and regulation received rating of ACCEPTABLE i.e., 2. Whereas, none of the area rated by the director as NOT ACCEPTABLE denoted as 3. 

Figure 3: Responses for Coach 3

The graphical representation is presented in form of cluster column chart in figure no. 3 reveals the response for Coach 3 who got EXCELLENT rating in knowledge and practice of medical-legal aspects which denoted as 1, on the other hand, the coach in other areas namely, personal conduct, coaching method, knowledge and practice of medical-legal aspects, public relations and Rules and regulation, personal qualities, administrative procedural abilities, strategy and Personnel management received rating of ACCEPTABLE i.e., 2. Whereas none of the area rated by the director as  NOT ACCEPTABLE denoted as 3.

Figure 4: Responses for coach 4

The graphical representation is presented in form of cluster column chart in figure no. 4 reveals the responses for Coach 4 who got EXCELLENT rating in personal qualities which is denoted as 1, on the other hand, the coach in other areas namely, personal conduct, coaching method, knowledge and practice of medical-legal aspects, public relations, Rules and regulation, administrative procedural abilities, knowledge and practice of medical-legal aspects, strategy and Personnel management received rating of ACCEPTABLE i.e., 2. Whereas none of the area rated by the director as  NOT ACCEPTABLE denoted as 3.

Figure 5: Responses for Coach 5

The graphical representation is presented in form of cluster column chart in figure no. 5 reveals the responses for Coach 5 who got EXCELLENT rating in personal qualities which denoted as 1, on the other hand, the coach in other areas namely, administrative procedural abilities, coaching method, strategy. Personnel management, public relations, Rules and regulation and knowledge and practice of medical-legal aspects received rating of ACCEPTABLE i.e., 2. Whereas, Personal conduct had been rated by the director as NOT ACCEPTABLE denoted as 3.

Figure 6: Responses for Coach 6

The graphical representation is presented in form of cluster column chart in figure no. 6 reveals the responses for Coach 6 who got EXCELLENT rating in Personnel management which denoted as 1, on the other hand, the coach in other area namely, personal conduct, coaching method, knowledge and practice of medical-legal aspects, public relations, personal qualities, Rules and regulation, administrative procedural abilities, knowledge and practice of medical-legal aspects and strategy received rating of ACCEPTABLE i.e., 2. Whereas none of the area rated by the director as  NOT ACCEPTABLE denoted as 3.

Figure 7: Responses for Coach 7

The graphical representation is presented in form of cluster column chart in figure no. 7  reveals the response for Coach 7 who got EXCELLENT rating in personal qualities, knowledge and practice of medical-legal aspects, strategy and public relations which denotes as 1, on the other hand, the coach in the other areas namely, personal conduct, coaching method, knowledge and practice of medical-legal aspects, Rules and regulation, administrative procedural abilities and Personnel management received rating of ACCEPTABLE i.e., 2. Whereas none of the area rated by the director as  NOT ACCEPTABLE denoted as 3.

Figure 8: Responses for Coach 8

The graphical representation is presented in form of cluster column chart in figure no. 8 reveals the responses for Coach 8 who got EXCELLENT rating in personal qualities, knowledge and practice of medical-legal aspects and Rules and regulation which denoted as 1, on the other hand, the coach in other areas namely, personal conduct, coaching method, knowledge and practice of medical-legal aspects, administrative procedural abilities, Personnel management, strategy and public relations received rating of ACCEPTABLE i.e., 2. Whereas none of the area rated by the director as  NOT ACCEPTABLE denoted as 3.

Conclusion:

The study concluded assessment of coaches in different areas like personal qualities, coaching methodology, strategies, rules and regulations, administration procedural abilities, public relations, medical legal aspects and personnel management found to be acceptable and Satisfactory in all distinct areas the findings of coach’s assessment are concise with Russell, S (1995).         

References:

• Rudd JR, Barnett LM, Farrow D, Berry J, Borkoles E, Polman R. Effectiveness of a 16 week gymnastics curriculum at developing movement competence in children. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:164-9.    
• Carney C, Chedzoy S. Primary student teacher prior experiences and their relationship to estimated competence to teach the national curriculum for physical education. Sport Educ Soc 1998; 3:19-36.            
• Betty HF. Physical Education Sourcebook. Champaign: Human Kinetic Publication, Inc.; 1996.
• Rudd JR, Barnett LM, Farrow D, Berry J, Borkoles E, Polman R. The impact of gymnastics on children’s physical self-concept and movement skill development in primary schools. Measurement Physical Education Exercise Science 2017; 21:92-100.
• Coté, J., Saimela, J., Trudel, P., Baria, A., & Russell, S. (1995). The coaching model: A grounded assessment of expert gymnastic coaches’ knowledge. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 17(1), 1-17.

Hemoglobin profile of college girl students

 Dr. Karanjkar R.P., Director of Phy.Edun.& Sports, Jaikranti Arts & Commerce Sr. College, Latur.  Karanjkar166softball@gmail.com

Abstract :

Abstract background : Hemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and returns carbondioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. Low hemoglobin count can be associated with disease or condition that causes your body to have too few red blood cells. Objectives: This study investigate that college girl students hemoglobin status. Methodology: 101 girl students of age group 18 to 22 years were evaluated hemoglobin levels. Result: The hemoglobin levels ranged between 7 to 12 g/dl. The percentage of students with mild, moderate, severe & non-anemia were 60.39%, 36.63%,1.98, 0.99% respectively. These results suggested that major girl students are found 60.39% were mild, 36.63% were moderate anemic and 0.99% were severe anemic. 97%  students were found anemic. Conclusion: The problem of anemia arises mainly due to lack of balanced and nutritious diet which forces them to get into anemic condition over a period of time. It is essential to improve nutritional status of girl who further makes up the family and society, implemainting health education, early as possible detection and effective management of anemia through diet.

Key Words : Hemoglobin, Moderate, Severe, Mild, Anaemia

Introduction :

                                                A low hemoglobin is referred to as anemia or low red blood count. Anemia is manifested by decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. The anemia is mainly caused by poor nutrition. Hemoglobin deficiency is a major health problem affecting people of all groups all over the world. 

According to WHO, out of the south Asian countries prevalence of anemia is highest in india. Prevalence of anemia is high in all the states of india due to low dietary intake of iron (less than 20 mg/day) and folic acid intake (less than 70 mg/day) poor bioavailability of iron (3-4%) only., Chronic blood loss due to infection such as maleria and who known infections etc. Studies have shown that majority of specially college girl students, were anemic that might be aggravated by food habit and lack of awareness. Indian government has been taking steps from time to time to tackle problem of anemia in community. Purpose of the study :The aim of the present study was to determine the levels of hemoglobin for the college girls. This study will help assessing their health status.

Methodology :

101 our college girl students of age range between 18 to 22 years evaluated for hemoglobin levels. Hemoglobin is usually measured as a part of the routine complete blood count (CBC) test from a blood sample. The measurement of HB was taken in Government medical college and Hospital well equipped clinical laboratory, using automated hematology analyzers which are reliable and accurate.

Result &Discussion :

All the data tabulated and analyzed statistically. The WHO classification of anemia was used for classifying the subjects according to severity of anemia as shown in

Table no. 1

Results of hemoglobin levels in the present study are shown both in terms of percentage and number of students with serve, moderate, mild, and no anemia in following Table no. 2

Table no. 2

Figure – 1

Figure - 2

Graphical representation showing the percentage of college girls students with different levels of anemia.

Graphical representation figure 1 & 2 are clearly demonstrating that a maximum proportion of girl students 97.02% (60.39 + 36.63) are having mild & moderate anemia and 0.99 % girls are severely anemic and only 1.98 % is no anemia.

Acknowledgement :

Author is thankful to the doctors, lab technisians in Government Medical College & Hospital Latur and his staff.  Thanks to Dr. Algule K.V.(Program Officer of N.S.S.), participants for giving us the opportunity for being the part of this study.

Conclusion :

The low hemoglobin count cause associated with disease or condition that causes your body to have too few red blood cells. The problem of anemia arises mainly due to lack of balanced and nutritious diet which forces them to get into anemic condition over a period of time. It is essential to improve nutritional status of girl who further makes up the family and society, implemainting health education, early as possible detection &dffective management of anemia through diet. The present study also clearly said the need for implemainting above said measures at college level as 97 % of girl students tested are under anemic state.

Refrences :

• Census of India: Age Structure And Marital Status: Women and Men in India 2013. 15thIssue  Central  Statistics  Office  National Statistical  Organisation.
• DeMayer  EM,  Tegman  A.  Prevalence  ofanaemia in the World. World HealthOrganQlty 1998;38:302-16.
• Gurupreet Singh and Kuldeep Singh “ Prevalence of anemia in urban college going girl students,” Research article, Biomedical Research (2017) Volume 28, issue – 3
• National  Nutrition  Monitoring  Bureau (NNMB). NNMB  Micronutrient  Survey. Hyderabad:  National  Institute  of  Nutrition: 2002.
• Sai Padma Aluri, “ Evaluation of nutritional status of college girl students in terms of Hemoglobin levels and BMI.” Research gate.net.
• www.Mayo clinic.org≥pac.20385075
• www.who.int/indicators/haemoglobin.pdf
• WHO, UNICEF, and UNU, Iron Deficiency Anaemia:  Assessment,  Prevention  and  Control. Geneva, Switzerland,2001.http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/anaemia_iron_deficiency/

EFFECT OF SIMPLIFIED KUNDALINI YOGA ON SELECTED BIO-CHEMICAL VARIABLES AMONG MIDDLE AGED HYPERTENSIVE WOMEN

* Kaushik Rengarajan, ** Dr. R. Elangovan, *Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India. E- Mail ID: Kaushik.r.10@gmail.com, **Professor & Head, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India.  E-Mail ID: relangovantnpesu@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

          The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the effect of Simplified Kundalini yoga practices on Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and High-density lipoprotein (HDL) among middle aged Hypertensive women. For this purpose of the study, 30 Hypertensive middle aged women were selected randomly by using random group sampling method from Chennai and their age was ranged between 35 and 45 years. They were divided into two groups, i.e. experimental group I and control group II of 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences among the middle aged hypertensive women on selected Bio Chemical variables such as Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and High-density lipoprotein (HDL) due to Simplified Kundalini yoga practices than the control group. Preliminary test was taken for two Groups on selected Biochemical variables before the start of the training program. Group I (Experimental group) were given Simplified Kundalini Yoga Practices for 60 minutes, six days a week for a total period of 12 weeks. Group II (Control Group) did not undergo any treatment but in active rest. After the experimental period, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables. The collected data were analyzed with Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA). The level of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference on Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (Decreased) and High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (Increased) due to 12 weeks of Simplified Kundalini yoga practices among middle aged hypertensive women. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence it is concluded that Simplified Kundalini yoga practice is beneficial for hypertensive middle aged women to maintain healthy LDL and HDL levels.

KEYWORDS: Simplified Kundalini yoga practices, hypertension, Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and High-density lipoprotein (HDL).

INTRODUCTION

An abnormal blood pressure requires confirmation on two subsequent days. An optimal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg. High blood pressure or hypertension is defined as either a systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mmHg. Systolic blood pressure is a more powerful predictor of cardiovascular events than diastolic blood pressure. With increasing age, the diastolic blood pressure may actually decrease while systolic blood pressure increases; this indicates increased stiffening of the arteries throughout the body.

The Vethathiri Maharishi, a scientist and spiritual leader, also called Father of Almighty (Arut-Thanthai). He developed the SKY Yoga (simplified kundalini yoga) system after his years of intense meditation, yogic practices, research and spiritual realizations.

The SKY Yoga system includes Simplified Physical Exercises for Health, Meditation Practices for mind peace, Kaya Kalpa Yoga for Anti-Aging and Introspection for happiness.

Symptoms

Severe headache, fatigue, confusion, vision problems, chest pain, difficulty in breathing, irregular heartbeat, blood in the urine, pounding in chest/ neck or ears.

Causes

Smoking, being overweight or obese, Lack of physical activity, too much salt in the diet, too much alcohol consumption (more than 1 to 2 drinks per day), Stress, Older age, Genetics.

Complications of hypertension

Heart attack or stroke, Aneurysm, Heart failure, Weakened and narrowed blood vessels in your kidneys, Thickened, narrowed or torn blood vessels in the eyes, Metabolic syndrome, Trouble with memory or understanding, Dementia.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

            The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on selected bio-chemical variables such as Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and High-density lipoprotein (HDL) due to simplified kundalini yoga among middle aged hypertensive women.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM        

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of simplified kundalini yoga on selected bio-chemical variables among hypertensive middle aged women.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that would be significant differences on selected bio-chemical variables such as Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and High-density lipoprotein (HDL among hypertensive middle aged women due to simplified kundalini yoga than the control group.

DELIMITATIONS

• The study was confined to middle aged hypertensive women from Chennai City, India only.
• The age of the subject was ranged from 35 to 45 years only.
• The study was confined to simplified kundalini yoga practice as independent variable only
• The study was confined to Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) as dependent variables only.

LIMITATIONS

• The Factors like Socio-Economical status were not taken into consideration.
• The climatic conditions were not considered.
• Factors like Life style habits were not taken into consideration.
• Subjects’ day to day activities were not taken into account.
• Diet and Medication followed by subjects was not controlled.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Yogaraj P et.al., (2010) found the Effect of Selected Yogic Practices Physical Exercises on Bio-Chemical Variables among College Women Students. The study was conducted on 20 women students of Queen Mary’s College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu were selected as subjects. The selected as subjects were divided in two groups. Group I underwent the yogic practices training and Group II underwent the Physical exercises. The subject age ranged from 18 to 23 years. The subjects were selected at random from the College Women Students. The study was formulated as pre post and pre experimental design. The yogic practice group had significant improvement in body cholesterol and improved triglyceride, HDL and LDL. Key words: Yogic practices, Physical Exercises, Cholesterol, High Density.

Anki Reddy (2018), The purpose of the study was to find out the efficacy of yoga therapy on selected bio-chemical variables among middle aged hypertensive women. To facilitate the study, 30 subjects were selected at random from Godhavari District only. Their age were ranged between 30-45 years old. They were assigned into two groups as yoga therapy group and control group. All the subjects were tested prior to and immediately after the 6 weeks treatment in progression to bio-chemical variables such as low density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol. The initial and final scores in selected bio-chemical variables were put in-to statistical treatment using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to find out the significant mean differences. Systematic six weeks of yoga therapy reduced the LDL and cholesterol more than the control group.

METHODOLOGY

To achieve the purpose of the study, 60 came forward, 45 were screened and 30 hypertensive middle aged women were selected randomly from Chennai city, between the age group of 35 and 45 years and they were divided into two groups I and II with 15 subjects in each group. Preliminary test was conducted for the two groups (I and II) on the selected dependent variables before the start of the training program. Group I subjects were given simplified kundalini yoga practices for 60 minutes , six days in a week for a total period of 12 weeks.

Group II (Control Group) subjects were permitted to undergo their routine and normal lifestyle during the course of experiment without any specific training.

After 12 weeks, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables such as Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL). Scores were statistically measured using Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) to find out the significant differences between the two groups. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

            The data pertaining to the variables collected from the two groups before and after the training period were statistically analyzed by using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and tested at 0.05 level of significance.

               The Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) on High-Density Lipoprotein among Simplified kundalini yoga and control group was analyzed and are presented in Table-I.

 Table    I

ANALYSIS OF CO-VARIANCE OF THE MEANS OF TWO EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND THE CONTROL GROUP ON High-Density Lipoprotein ( in mg/dl)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.2, 1 and 27= 4.21)

The obtained F - ratio value for the HDL was greater than the table value. This indicates that there was a significant difference among the post-test and adjusted post-test means of the Simplified kundalini yoga group than the Control group on HDL. The above findings can also be substantiated by the observations of experts. Yogaraj P et.al., (2010) The pretest, posttest and the adjusted post test mean values of Experimental group and Control group on HDL are graphically presented in the following table.

Figure – 1

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON hdl (mg/dl)

 ** Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.2, 1 and 27= 4.21).

Table     II

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF THE MEANS OF TWO EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND THE CONTROL GROUP ON ldl (mg/dl)

** Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for df 1

    and 28= 4.2, 1 and 27= 4.21).

The obtained F - ratio value for the LDLwas greater than the table value. This indicates that there was a significant difference among the post-test and adjusted post-test means of the Simplified physical exercises group than the control Group on LDL. The above findings can also be substantiated by the observations of experts. Anki Reddy (2018), The pretest, posttest and the adjusted posttest mean values of Experimental group and Control group on LDL are graphically presented in the following table.

 The ordered adjusted means on LDL were presented through bar diagram for better understanding of the results of this study in Figure - 2.

Figure 2

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON ldl(mg/dl)

        ** Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.2, 1 and 27= 4.21).

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Physiological variable such as Biochemical variable such as Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) due to Simplified kundalini yoga among middle aged hypertensive women than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on Low Density Lipoprotein (Decreased) and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) (Increased) due to Simplified kundalini yoga than the control group among middle aged hypertensive women. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that simplified kundalini yoga practices decreased Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and increased High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) significantly among middle aged hypertensive women. Hence, yogic practices are beneficial to middle aged hypertensive women to maintain healthy low and high density lipoproteins.

References

1. Yogaraj P, Ramaraj P and Elangovan R. (2010), “Effect of Selected Yogic Practices Physical Exercises on Bio-Chemical Variables among College Women Students”.
2. Anki Reddy (2018), “Efficacy of yoga therapy on selected bio-chemical variables among middle aged hypertensive women.”

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON STRESS AMONG MIDDLE AGED WORKING WOMEN

K. Kavitha, Part-time PhD Scholar in Yoga, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, No.12, VembuliammanKoil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India. E- Mail ID: kavitha.kumaragru.0701@gmail.com

Abstract

The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the effect of Yogic Practices on Stress among Middle-aged Working Women professionals. For the study, Middle-aged working women between the age group of 35 to 45 years were selected randomly by random sampling design from an organisation in Chennai and they were divided into two groups of 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant difference among middle-aged working women on Stress than the control group. Preliminary test was conducted through the Stress Questionnaire constructed by Dr. Latha Satish (1997), for the two Groups (I, and II) on selected Psychological Variable before the start of the training program. Group I was given yogic practices which included Asana, Pranayama, Meditation and Yoga Nidra for six weeks (one hour every day for five days a week for six weeks) and the second group served as control group, was in active rest. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between the groups on the same selected dependent variable. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence. The results of the study on the selected Psychological variables i.e Stress showed that for the Group I there was a significant reduction than the control group. Hence, the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. It is concluded that Yogic Practices are beneficial to reduce stress of Middle-aged Working women.

KEY WORDS: Stress, Yoga, Middle-age

INTRODUCTION

 In today’s modern world, working women face several challenges and obstacles in their day to day life due to high levels of Stress. The number of working women suffering from stress and stress-related illness is on the constant rise. At their middle-age (35-45 years) working women undergo tremendous anxiety, tension, fear resulting from their family and work-place related problems.So, their mind becomes trapped by desires, multiple worries and countless fears, causing their thoughts to spin in a whirl-wind of speculative possible stressful scenario.

While stress in women can also be caused by hormonal changes, during pregnancy and menopause, the major contribution to their stress is due to overburdening from the family and occupation front and lack of relaxation time.

Although being stressed for short periods of times can be good, long term stress can have negative consequences and lead to problem such as fatigue, anxiety, depression irritability, exhaustion, insomnia, ulcers, high blood pressure, heart diseases and even cancer.

The need of the hour is to inquire deep into: the roots of stress, prevalent among working women and help them to acquire knowledge of ‘stress management’, to cope with stress in their day to day life so they understand the stressors, recognizing the symptoms holistically and turning it into a positive force using a variety of tools, information and techniques enabling the middle-aged working women to have a harmonious living at home and workplace.

The study was aimed to find out the effect of Yogic practices on selected risk factors among middle-aged working women professionals aged between 35-45 years. The subjects of the study were selected at random and divided into two homogeneous groups.  Among the two groups, the control group was not undergoing any activity. The experimental group was taught the selected yogic techniques practices which included Asana, Pranayama, Meditation and Yoga Nidra and was practicing only those techniques. It was concluded that the six weeks yogic practices significantly reduced the stress levels of the experimental group than the control group.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on stress due to yogic practices among middle-aged working women professionals.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Yogic practices on stress among middle-aged working women professionals.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences due to Yogic Practices on stress among middle-aged working women professionals than the control group.

REVIEWS ON RELATED LITERATURE

Chandra Mohan.A et.al.,(2013) conducted an empirical study on stress levels among software professionals in the city of Chennai, India. The study reveals that organizational role stress contributes high stress among IT professionals. In the present day gold collar employees are constantly best with problems of stress and strain in everyday life, because of high-pressure environment of working and living and they easily fall victims to disease and illness. This results in various health hazards like simple headache to severe heart problems.

Sahukar Madhura et.al.,(2014) conducted a research on “Job satisfaction, job stress and psychosomatic health problems in software professionals in India” (published online in the website of National Centre for Biotechnology Information), concludes that the psychosomatic disorders are well managed in yoga practicing software professionals. The yoga group had scored significantly lower in job stress and psychosomatic symptoms score compared with the nonyoga group. That implies yoga is a tool for software professionals to cope up with their stress and psychosomatic disorders.

METHODOLOGY

30 among middle-aged working women professionals between 35 and 45 years were randomly selected from an IT company in Chennai. They were assigned into two groups of which one group served as yogic practices group and the other as controlled group. The requirement of the experimental procedures, testing as well as training schedule were explained to them to avoid any ambiguity of the effort and time required on the part of the subjects prior to administration of study and got individual consent from each subject. Training was scheduled for 1 hour every day for 5 days in week and for 6 weeks at the IT company premises. Stress levels were assessed by the Stress Questionnaire constructed by Dr. Latha Satish (1997).

TRAINING SCHEDULE

Following Training schedule was followed for the Group 1 participants for 1 hour every day for 5 days in week and for 6 weeks duration :

• 1st week          Pavan Muktasan - 1 series of Asanas
• 2nd week         Surya Namaskar without breathing, Relaxation Asanas
• 3rd week         Surya Namaskar with breathing, Relaxation Asanas

NadhiShodhan Pranayama, Yogic Breathing and Yoga Nidra

• 4th– 6th weekSurya Namaskar with breathing, Relaxation Asaanas

Nadishodhan, and Brahmari,Pranayama, Yogic Breathing and Yoga Nidra

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

• The data pertaining to the variable collected from the two groups before and after the training period were statistically analyzed by using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and the hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of confidence.
• The obtained F - ratio value for the Stress levels were greater than the table value, indicating that there was a significant difference among the post test and adjusted post-test means of the Yogic Practice Group, than the Control Group on selected psychological variable. These are shown in the Table below.

                                                            Table    I

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF THE MEANS OF TWO EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND THE CONTROL GROUP ON STRESS( scores in marks)

 * Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.(Table F ratio for df1  and 28= 4.2, 1  and    27= 4.21)

The obtained F - ratio value for the Stress was greater than the table value. This indicates that there was a significant difference among the post-test and adjusted post-test means of the Experimental Group than the Control group on Stress. The above findings can also be substantiated by the observations of experts, Chandra Mohan.A et.al, and Sahukar Madhura et.al., (2014)

The pre-test, post-test and the adjusted post-test mean values of Experimental group and Control group on Stress are graphically presented in the following table.

Figure – 1

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON STRESS(scores in marks)

              * Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

• The results of the study on the selected psychological variable showed that Group I had significant differences on Stress levels due to the effect of Yogic Practices which included Asana, Pranayama, Meditation and Yoga Nidra. Hence, the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. The above findings were substantiated by the observations made by experts such as Chandra Mohan.A et.al., and Sahukar Madhura et.al., (2014).

CONCLUSION 

It was concluded that the six weeks of yogic practices which included Asana, Pranayama, Meditation and Yoga Nidra significantly reduced the Stress levels of the middle aged working women.

REFERENCES

1. Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha (1993) by Swami SatyanandaSaraswati. Yoga Publication Trust, Munger, Bihar
2. The effect of yoga on Hypertension (1998),Dr.Swami Shankardevenanda,Bihar; Yoga publications Trust.
3. Light on Yoga (2009) by BKS Iyengar. HarperCollins Publishers India
4. Dynamics of Yoga (1966) by Swami SatyanandaSaraswati. Yoga Publication Trust, Munger, Bihar.
5. Four Chapters on Freedom (1966) by Swami SatyanandaSaraswati. Yoga Publication Trust, Munger, Bihar.
6. Yogic Management of Common diseases (1983) by Swami Karmananda. Yoga Publication Trust, Munger, Bihar.
7. Yoga Nidra (1973) by Swami SatyanandaSaraswati. Yoga Publication Trust, Munger, Bihar.
8. Chandra Mohan.A et.al (2013),“An Empirical Study on Stress Levels among Software Professionals in the City of Chennai ,India, Abhinav Journal, Volume No.2,Issue No.5, pp 33- 40
9. Sahukar Madhura et.al., (2014), “Job satisfaction, Job stress and Psychosomatic health problems in software professionals in India, Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2014 Sep-Dec; 18(3): 153–1

JOURNALS

1. Yoga Magazine(Sep-1991) – Stress and Modern Man
2. Yoga Magazine (May-1998) – Yoga and Management of Stress
3. Yoga Magazine (Sep-1991)– Coping with Stress
4. Yoga Magazine (Sep-1991) – We have to live with stress
5. Yoga Magazine (Sep-1991)– Stress-related diseases and Yoga
6. Yoga Magazine (Nov-1993) –Dealing with stress
7. Yoga Magazine (Nov-1991) – Turning body and mind 

WEBSITES VISITED

1. https://www.wikipedia.org/
2. http://www.ncbi.org.in
3. www.ipublishing.co.in
4. www.mayoclinic.org
5. http://biharyoga.net
6. www.yogamag.net

Economic Flows in a Global Sports Economy

LEPAKSHAIAH S V

Assistant professor in Economics

Government Law College, Hassan

Dist-Hassan

State – Karnataka

Pin Code- 573201

Lepaksha.9@gmail.com

Abstract

The relationship between sports and the economy dates back to the first antique Olympic Games when athletes were compensated in either goods or species. In the 19th century, gambling on sporting outcomes and the development of first professional sports paved the way for a sports economy. The attractiveness of sporting events to the press emerged in the early 20th century, when sport events have began to be broadcast on radio. The result of all this has seen an increasing economic significance of sport measured by its economic weight compared to GDP.  A variant is expansion of a market-based sports economy towards former communist countries in which sports activities and associated economic flows were state-run and state-owned. National pride, international competition in sport, and other non economic factors tend to attract talents, human capital, money and finance into the sport sector in all countries Macroeconomic aggregate, defined as the gross domestic sport expenditure, is published. It sums up the amounts spent by residents and households in sporting goods and services with state government sport budget, sport expenditures by local authorities, sport sponsorship expenses, and TV broadcasting rights raised by sport event organizers.

Introduction

At was however, not until after the Second World War that the genuine globalization of the sporting economy took off. The said globalization was triggered by three key trends. there is no accounting of the sports economy at a global level and national accounting of the sports economy is really developed only in a few developed market economies. Most of the economic data related to sports which are circulated by mass media are simply rough estimates. Therefore, the first concern for those economists interested in the sports economy should be to find ways through which data collection and data creation on all aspects of globalization in the sporting industry can be improved. The first of these trends was the extension of annually paid holidays for individuals. This led to the engagement by the society in many leisure activities in all developed market economies, and sports was now consumed in many forms, such as: sport practice, sporting press and sport shows.

Major features of a globalized sports economy

Globalization of sport events reaches its highest point with genuine global sport events such as the Olympic Games and football (soccer) World Cups. Nowadays, their economic significance is more precisely delineated.5 To the contrary, the economic spill-over of global sporting events in the host countries too often remains the fallacy of sensational and publicized over-evaluation taking its roots in methodological tricks or even crude mistakes. One example is the ex-ante announcement that the rugby World Cup 2007 would have led to a Euro 4 billion economic spill-over to the French economy. An ex post evaluation, underpinned by more sound methodological elaborations place this value at Euro 1.4 billion. It is common knowledge that, since London was awarded the rights to host the 2012 summer Olympics, from one global sport event to another, the economic impact of global sport events is repeatedly affected by the same methodological biases. Why? A candidate city waits for a study exhibiting an economic gain from hosting a global sport event in order to win the bid against other candidate cities. And this applies to all candidates. Consequently, all consulting companies are eager to provide the expected results.

Economic flows in a global sports economy

Trade in sports goods is partly globalized. Chain stores in sports such as Decathlon and others have spread throughout a large number of countries. Besides, foreign markets are supplied with exports from home countries where aforementioned distribution networks and sports goods producers have based their headquarters. Economic research on international trade in sports goods remained unheeded for a long time. A pioneering paper had shown that France benefited from an excess trade balance in sports goods. This was explained by the French net imports of ‘trite’ sports goods – goods which one can use in different sport practices such as sportswear, sport suit, some sport footwear – being more than compensated for by France’s net exports of ‘equipment-intensive’ sports goods The production of sports goods has globalized although we still lack detailed knowledge in relation to this and the underlying international economic flows which triggers this, i.e. the phenomenon of FDI. The breakdown of available data regarding FDI is not detailed enough to precisely detect foreign investments undertaken in the sports goods industry. If one wants to assess the role of FDI and MNCs in globalization of the sports economy, Finally, globalization of the sports economy is exploited by all those who are involved into the worst financial misdoings, embezzlements, money launderings, etc., in which global sports are drifting. Here researchers, and of course citizens, face a genuine terra incognita. We tried to put up an economic analysis of globalized financial misbehaviors, although this has yet to be well elaborated.19 One basic limitation is that juridical expertise must go hand in hand with the economist competences in order to tackle such issues as match fixing and referee corruption; both of which are growing at the same pace as illicit international betting and gambling on sport events which have accelerated by resorting to NICTs. For example, Asian punters can bet on incredible or aberrant (thus entirely unpredictable) match outcomes in a European Champions League contest and, at the same time, can invest in bribing one goalkeeper, other players or the referee participating to this contest; this is of course to facilitate the reach of an absolutely unpredictable (but extremely profitable to these punters) match outcome. A real economic research on this area is yet to start since it is not really feasible as a result of hidden information about illicit behaviors.

Globalization as geographical spread of the sports economy

Economic globalization of specific sporting practices and services offered to sport participants is less advanced. A limited though increasing number of sport disciplines fits with development outside their country of origin: skiing, mountain climbing, sailing, cantoning, trekking, rally raid and so on. The result is a consumption of sport services (sport equipment rental, instructors, coaches, guides) abroad, i.e. an international spread of sport consumption. At this point, economic globalization of the sports economy overlaps with globalization of tourism.

Globalization of professional sports

The economic globalization of professional sports obviously underlies globalization of sport shows and events. Its pace is accelerating more in European sports than in typical North American sports. Unlike European football, Baseball and American football had not yet conquered 204 countries in the world, despite some marketing and media strategies by the Major League Baseball and National Football League oriented towards European markets. An assumption to be further confirmed with empirical evidence is that globalization of professional sports is differentiated between the two shores of the Atlantic due to their different organization and regulation. In North America, we witness a closed league system contrasting with a European open league system, becoming MNCs; professional clubs are already organized and managed as such. Financial crisis that European football is muddling through38 raises some doubt about whether better governance and better financial management are now required in the industry of professional sports as in any other globalised industry. The legacy from amateur sport managed by voluntary workers and financed by benevolent patrons has faded away in European high level sport leagues and clubs.

Conclusion

All the dimensions involved in globalization of the sports economy, in particular the fragment of professional sports, shows how promising this area is for a research on sports economics. We tried to put up an economic analysis of globalized financial misbehaviors, although this has yet to be well elaborated.19 One basic limitation is that juridical expertise must go hand in hand with the economist competences Even if the latter is now covered by the Handbook of Sport Economics.

References

• AGLIETTA M., W. ANDREFF , B. DRUT, Bourse et football, in Revue d’Economie Politique, vol. 118, n. 2, 255-296, 2008.
• AMNYOS CONSULTING, W. ANDREFF, Public and Private Financing of Sport in Europe, preliminary report to be submitted to the meeting of EU sports ministers, Biarritz, 27 November, 2008.
• ANDREFF M., W. ANDREFF, Global Trade in Sports Goods: International Specialization of Major Trading Countries, in European Sport Management Quarterly, forthcoming 2009.
• ANDREFF W., The sports goods industry, in W. Andreff, S. Szymanski (eds.), 27-39, 2006.
• ANDREFF W., International trade in sports goods, in W. Andreff, S. Szymanski (eds.), 59-67, and 2006.

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES AMONG MIDDLEAGED STRESSED HYPERTENSIVE WOMEN

*M.Subha, **Dr.S.Murugesan *Ph.D Scholar (Full Time), Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), West K.K.Nagar, Chennai – 600078. subhamyogam@gmail.com **Associate Professor, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai – 600078. murugeshyoga@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure among middle aged stressed hypertensive women. For the purpose of the study, 30 middle aged stressed hypertensive women were selected randomly by using random group sampling method from Chennai and their age was ranged between 35 and 45 years. They were divided into two groups i.e. experimental group I and control group II of 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences among the middle aged stressed hypertensive women on selected Physiological variables such as Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure due to yogic practices than the control group. Preliminary test was taken for two Groups on selected dependent variables before the start of the training program. Group I (Experimental group) were given Yogic Practices for 60 minutes, six days a week for a total period of 12 weeks. Group II (Control Group) did not undergo any treatment but in active rest. After the experimental period, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables. The collected data was analyzed with Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA). The level of significance was fixed at 0.05. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference on Systolic Blood Pressure (reduced) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (reduced) due to 12 weeks of yogic practices among middle aged stressed hypertensive women. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence it is concluded that Yogic practices are beneficial for middle aged stressed hypertensive women to maintain healthy Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure.

KEY WORDS: Yogic Practices, Stress, Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure.

INTRODUCTION

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls gets to be so high. High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms. Long-term high blood pressure, however, is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, and chronic kidney disease. Hypertension becomes more common with age, affecting middle-aged women especially. Most people with hypertension do not show signs or symptoms. Occasionally, people with early-stage hypertension get dull headaches or dizzy spells. In many cases, there is no discernible cause of hypertension, but rather, it develops over the years.

Hypertensive women were facing many challenges and obstacles in life. Frequently reported symptoms fall into numerous categories, including physiological turbulences such as severe headache, fatigue or confusion, vision problems, chest pain, difficulty breathing, irregular heartbeat, blood in the urine, pounding in chest, neck or ears and many other impacts that may weaken their personal, social connections and reduce the overall quality of life.

Globally, the overall prevalence of raised blood pressure in adults aged 25 and over was around 40% in 2008.  About 75 million American adults (29%) have high blood pressure, that’s 1 in every 3 adults.

Stress can be described as the degree to which you feel astounded or unable to survive because of demands that are out of control. Stress is our body’s reaction to burdens from a condition or life outcome. Stress can vary enormously from person to person and varies according to our social and economic environments, natural environment we live in and our genetic composition. Some common features of things that can make us feel stress include experiencing something new or unexpected, something that threatens feeling of self, or feeling you have little control over a situation.

Upon Stress body is stimulated to produce stress hormones that activate a ‘flight or fight’ response and make immune system active. This helps us to respond quickly to risky situations. The stress response can be an appropriate or even beneficial reaction. The resulting feeling of ‘pressure’ can help us to push through situations that are intense. We can quickly return to a resting state it does not have any negative effects on health and is referred as short-lived.

The researchers say their discoveries add to testimony that stress hormones play an unequal gender role in brain health and align with well-recorded higher rates of Alzheimer's disease in women than men.

Yoga is a science and art of pure lifestyle.  Yoga helps the women to evoke the hidden potentialities to solve her problems.  Yoga not only upkeeps the body and mind, but it is also a science a health.  It acts as a both preventive and curative aspect through asana, pranayama, meditation, mudra and kriyas etc.  Yoga plays a significant role in enhancing one’s mental health.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on selected Physiological variables such as Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure due to yogic practices among Middle aged stressed hypertensive women

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Yogic Practices on selected Physiological Variables among Middle aged stressed hypertensive women.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences due to the Yogic practices on selected Physiological variables among Middle aged stressed hypertensive women than the Control group.

DELIMITATIONS

• The study was confined to middle aged stressed hypertensive women only.
• Subjects were selected from Chennai city only.
• The age of the subjects was ranged from 35 to 45 years only.
• The study was confined to Yogic Practices as Independent variable only
• The study was delimited to Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure as dependent variables only.

LIMITATIONS

• The Factors like Socio-Economical status were not taken into consideration.
• The climatic conditions were not considered.
• Factors like Life style habits were not taken into consideration.
• Subject’s day today activities were not taken into account.
• Diet and Medication followed by subjects was not controlled.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Nejati, S. et.al., (2015) studied the effect of Group Mindfulness-Based Stress-Reduction Program and Conscious Yoga on Lifestyle, Coping Strategies, and Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressures in Patients with Hypertension. This study was a randomized clinical trial. The study sample, consisting of 30 patients referring to the Hypertension Clinic of Imam Hossein Hospital in 2013, was assigned either to the intervention (recipient of the MBSRP and conscious yoga) or to the control group (recipient of yoga training). The intervention group had 8 training sessions over 8 weeks. Lifestyle and coping strategies as well as blood pressure were measured in the intervention group before intervention and then immediately thereafter and at 2 months' follow-up and were compared to those in the control group at the same time points. The mean age of the patients in the intervention (40% women) and control (53% women) groups was 43.66 ± 5.14 and 43.13 ± 5.04 years, respectively. The results showed that the mean scores of lifestyle (p value < 0.05), emotion-focused coping strategies (p value < 0.001), problem-focused coping strategies (p value < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (p value < 0.001), and systolic blood pressure (p value < 0.001) were significantly different between the intervention and control groups after the intervention.

Pascoe, M. C. et.al., (2015) underwent a systematic review of randomized control trials on the effects of yoga on stress measures and mood a Stress related disorders such as depression and anxiety are leading sources of disability worldwide, and current treatment methods such as conventional antidepressant medications are not beneficial for all individuals. There is evidence that yoga has mood-enhancing properties possibly related to its inhibitory effects on physiological stress and inflammation, which are frequently associated with affective disorders. However, the biological mechanisms via which yoga exerts its therapeutic mood-modulating effects are largely unknown. This systematic review investigates the effects of yoga on sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis regulation measures. It focuses on studies collecting physiological parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, Cortisol, peripheral cytokine expression and/or structural and functional brain measures in regions involved in stress and mood regulation. Overall, the 25 randomized control studies discussed provide preliminary evidence to suggest that yoga practice leads to better regulation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, as well as a decrease in depressive and anxious symptoms in a range of populations. Further research is warranted to confirm these preliminary findings and facilitate implementation in clinical settings.

METHODOLOGY

To achieve the purpose of the study, 70 subjects who came forward out of them 45 were screened and to accomplish the purpose of the analysis. 30 middle aged stressed hypertensive women were selected randomly by random group sampling method from Chennai and their age was ranged between 35 and 45 years. They were divided into two groups i.e., experimental group I and control group II of 15 subjects each. Initial test was taken for the two groups (I and II) on the selected dependent variables before the start of the training program. Experimental Group I subjects were given Yogic practice for 60 minutes, 6 days a week for a total period of 12 weeks.

Yogic practices such as Loosening the Joints, Surya Namaskar followed by Asanas such as Tadasana, Vrkshasana, Shasangasana,Setubandasana, Gomukasana, Chandranamaskar, Parvatanasana, ViparitaKarani, Shavasan and Pranayama practices such as Nadishodana Pranayama, Bastrika Pranayama, Brahmari Pranayama followed by Yoga Nidra were given to group I subjects.

Group II (Control Group) subjects were permitted to undergo their routine and normal lifestyle during the course of experiment without any specific training.

After 12 weeks, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables such as Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure. Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between experimental group and the control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

• The data pertaining to the variable collected from the two groups before and after the training period were statistically analyzed by using Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and the hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of confidence.
• These are shown in the Tables below.

Table I

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF THE MEANS OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUP AND THE CONTROL GROUP ON SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE (SCORES IN mmHg)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence(Table F ratio at 0.05 level, of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.2, 1and 27= 4.21).

This proved that the differences between the post test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre test and post test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores were calculated and subjected to statistical treatment. The obtained F value 49.62 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to 12 weeks of yogic practices on Systolic Blood Pressure in line with the study conducted by Nejati, S. et.al, (2015).

The ordered adjusted means on Systolic Blood Pressure was presented through bar diagram for better understanding of the results of this study in Figure - 1.

Figure – 1

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE (Scores in mmHg)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.2, 1and 27= 4.21)

Table II

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF THE MEANS OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUPAND THE CONTROL GROUP ON DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

(SCORES IN mmHg)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.(Table F ratio at 0.05 level, of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.2, 1and  27= 4.21)

The obtained F value 33.25 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to 12 weeks of yogic practices on Diastolic Blood pressure in line with the study conducted by Nejati, S. et.al, (2015).

The ordered adjusted means on Diastolic Blood pressure was presented through bar diagram for better understanding of the results of this study in Figure - 2.

Figure – 2

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE (Scores in mmHg)

     * Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.2, 1and 27= 4.21).

The results of the study showed that Systolic blood pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure decreased significantly due to Yogic practices for Group-I than Group II. Hence the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

The above findings were also substantiated by the observations made by experts such as Nejati, S. et.al, (2015).

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Physiological variable such as Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure due to yogic practices among middle aged stressed hypertensive women than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure (Decreased) due to yogic practices than the control group among middle aged stressed hypertensive women. Hence, the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

CONCLUSIONS

It was concluded that yogic practices decreased Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure significantly decreased among middle aged stressed hypertensive women. Hence it is concluded that yogic practice is beneficial to the middle aged stressed hypertensive women to decrease Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure.

REFERENCES

1. Nejati, S., Zahiroddin, A., Afrookhteh, G., Rahmani, S., &Hoveida, S. (2015). Effect of Group Mindfulness-Based Stress-Reduction Program and Conscious Yoga on Lifestyle, Coping Strategies, and Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressures in Patients with Hypertension. The journal of Tehran Heart Center, 10(3), 140–148.
2. Pascoe, M. C., & Bauer, I. E. (2015). A systematic review of randomised control trials on the effects of yoga on stress measures and mood. Journal of psychiatric research, 68, 270–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.013

Innovations of Modern Technology and Sports

MAHADEVAPPA S N, Physical Education Director, Government Law College, Hassan, Dist-Hassan, State – Karnataka, Pin Code- 573201, snmahadevappa@gmail.com

Abstract

Today’s modern world absolutely loves technology. If you don’t believe me then go to your nearest Apple store when they launch a new product, and I guarantee you will see more people there than five Starbucks can hold. Sure phones, GPS’s and all other gadgets are sweet to have, but electronic gadgets and gear have impacted sports almost as much as any other aspect of society. In this countdown we analyze the best invention in every sport and put them up against one another and crown the top ten most influential technological innovations in modern-day sports. All actors involved in the sports environment benefit differently from the adoption of new technologies. On the one hand, highly innovative equipment allows athletes to move more efficiently and prevents them from getting serious injuries. On the other hand, technologies help the referee to avoid bad decisions that can compromise the quality of the game. Safety should always be a priority when playing sport, and technology can be a key factor in lowering the risk of being injured. American Football is an excellent example if we think about the use of technology to prevent damages to the players. The Football Helmet, particularly, is one of the well-discussed technologies. Its efficiency is still a subject of great controversy, even though the world’s best engineers, over the last 100 years, have facilitated the continuous improvement of the technology.

Introduction

The integration of this technology has been so successful that it is difficult to remember a time where instant replay did not exist. Back in the 1960s, however, early adopters were initially skeptical to adopt the technology because it was expensive to purchase. Only in 1978, the National Football League decided to adopt this new technology for preseason games. While NFL was the first professional league to adopt instant replay, other sports such as Hockey, Basketball, Tennis, and Baseball have implemented the technology over the years. Today, like it or not, instant replay has to be considered part of the game. In an attempt to pull the curtain back on the sports tech industry, we conducted a survey, The Current State of Sports Technology, of industry experts, including investors, founders and professionals from teams, leagues and media properties, to answer these very questions. Below you’ll find some key takeaways from our findings, pointing to the areas we believe the industry is headed in the year to come Technology influences how athletes train and compete, how fans engage and consume content and how world-class venues are constructed. Technology has been quietly transforming the world of sports for years, with investment in areas like sports continuing to rise, surpassing a total of $2.5 billion in VC funding in 2018 — and some estimates predicting the sports tech sector will reach $30 billion by 2024.

• Heart Monitor- Training
• Cyclops and Hawkeye Tracking System- Tennis
• The Headset- Football
• The Television- Golf
• Photo Finishes- Olympic and Animal Racing
• Above the Net Camera- Hockey
• Multi-Faced Above the Rim Shot Clock- Basketball
• Radar Gun- Baseball
• Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS)- Auto Racing
• Computerized Scoring- Bowling

Technologies for investment: Media and content-related platforms

From an investment perspective, media and content-related platforms, esports and measurement platforms for data, analytics and biometrics were among the top three areas of interest. Other notable areas include athlete tech and performance optimization, in-venue technology, gambling and gaming and recovery health and home fitness. This is a powerful indication of where venture capital funding focus is trending, given that more than 50% of respondents, coming from a wide array of areas in the industry, identified themselves as investors.

“As investors, we see cyclicality in every industry except sports, which has the biggest consumer ecosystem. Sports had been a very traditional industry powered by legacy tech, but now with the advent of streaming, sports content media distribution is decentralized via social media platforms,” says Gayatri Sarkar, managing partner at Hype Capital, who offered her take on this investment trend. Tech has already vastly improved the world of sports, making athletes safer, producing better performances, and helping fans enjoy their favorite pastimes in new and more immersive ways. Even so, this is only the beginning; in each of these outlined areas, researchers and engineers are constantly pushing the boundaries and seeking further improvements to bring to the game. Though you may not notice these advancements at first, collectively, they’re making sports more enjoyable for everyone. “The sports market has the opportunity to be a multitrillion-dollar ecosystem with technological advances such as 5G, digital collectible trading and the rise of sports, which will fuel new market and social behavior.

Most innovative sports companies of 2020

Of all the industries whose every aspect is being thoroughly transformed by advanced technologies, its broader effect may be most profound in sports. The companies we honor this year reflect this trend, showcasing how AI is impacting training and highlights, how sensors and spatial data are making players, coaches, teams, and even fans smarter, and how the in-game experience is being upgraded both at home and in the arena. Game on.

· NEX TEAM

· ST. LOUIS BLUES

· POPULOUS

· DAZN

· CATAPULT

· SECOND SPECTRUM

· PREMIER LACROSSE LEAGUE

· FANATICS

· AS ROMA

· IBM

 The Companies From an investment perspective, media and content-related platforms, sports and measurement platforms for data, analytics and biometrics were among the top three areas of interest. Other notable areas include athlete tech and performance optimization, in-venue technology, gambling and gaming and recovery health and home fitness. This is a powerful indication of where venture capital funding focus is trending, given that more than 50% of respondents, coming from a wide array of areas in the industry, identified themselves as investors. The sports tech industry has and continues to suffer from massive amounts of fragmentation. Whether it be by geography, industry area of focus or funding stage, sports tech startups are missing the community that it has enabled others to realized the same time, the rise of videogames is emptying the assistance of young sports fans to stadiums as the new young spectators attend videogame competitions. The best players are already starting to earn salaries similar to those of elite athletes, he warned. His advice is that sports should adapt and not turn its back to this new reality. Following this idea, he anticipated that in 20 years from now, Fortnight will be a “serious” sport and for that reason, we should find and explore a new common ground to bond both worlds ring the Data-driven decision-making panel, Victor Oliver, the facilities business director at FC Barcelona, acknowledged the difficulties the club has to sell the few available tickets from club members that don’t attend or invitations. With the Smart Booking project, they use the Salient Laure service, which allows members who will not attend, free their seat. Through data analysis, the club can predict when they’ll leave their seats free to sell them as tickets in advance For this to take place, a data expert is needed to interpret the numbers in order to showcase explanatory information. According to him, the statistical information that basketball needs has to show the type of passes from each player alongside the defense and the number of pairings. He smart suit, which measures vital variables in real-time, was employed for speed skating. Lastly, Van Os recommended that scientists and innovators should work with the teams in-depth on the field to gain further insights to develop existing technologies.

Conclusion

Compared to whiteboards and post-practice reviews, technology has substantially perfecting athletic movements, enhancing communication and virtually eliminating injuries. e use of technology in sports is growing rapidly. In football, for instance, Intensive data analysis can also help athletes understand when they are at risk for injury, by tracking their physical motions new devices are used for different reasons such as to help referees in decision-making and to quantify the athletes' performance during a game, thus helping the coach to set the training program and the game strategy.

Reference

1. Mackenzie, Joel (29 April 2013). "Wheelchair basketball technology pushing limits". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
2. World Shooting Para Sport (17 October 2017). "About shooting". Official website of IPC Shooting.
3. World Shooting Para Sport (18 October 2017). "Visually Impaired Shooting". Official website of IPC Shooting.
4. Disabled Shooting Project (2014). "General - Shooter's Wheelchair". Disabled Shooting Project.

                                                            Abstract

Two Months Explosive Training Program on Agility of Male Football Players.

1) Dr. Mohite Bapu Chandrahar – (Director of Physical Education, Baburao Patil College of Arts and Science, Angar.) Email Id: mohite.bapu4@gmail.com

2) Dr. Baraskar Haridas Kanifnath - (Director of Physical Education, Shri. Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Barshi.)  Email Id: baraskarharidas@gmail.com   

3) Author for Correspondence Mr. Tambile Prashant Indrajit - (Director of Physical Education, K. N. Bhise College, Kurduwadi. MH India.) Email Id: tambile7511@gmail.com

Football is a fastest and quickest game in the world. The Purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Explosive Training Program on Agility of Male Football Players, It was an Experimental study in which Pre-test and Post-test design of experimental group was used. Purposive sampling method was used, Twenty Players selected as a sample and Pre-test of AFL Agility Run Test (Dependent Variable) was given, from Dr. Karmveer Jagdale Mama Football Club, Barshi. Two Months Explosive training program (Independent Variable) alternate Days was implemented to experimental group, after measurements in seconds of Post-test of group, The Data was collected from each subject of training Period, obtained data was analyzed by using different statistics, It was found that there was a significant improvement, Results shows that the Explosive training program was useful to the Agility performance. It was concluded that Explosive training program was very important and successful for all sports and games.  

Key Words: Explosive Training, AFL Agility Test, Male Football Players

Introduction

Football requires players to perform numerous actions that require strength, power, speed, agility, balance, stability, flexibility and endurance suggesting that the physical conditioning of players is a complex process.This is an important distinction for coaches who work on improving speed and agility as the research suggests that different activities are needed for each. Agility has also been shown to be an important component of football play demonstrated that a short-term agility training programme improved agility test results among young professional soccer players. Explosive training consists of dynamic and rapid stretching of muscles (eccentric action) immediately followed by a concentric of shortening action of the same muscles and connective tissues .This training focuses on learning to move from a muscle extension to a contraction in a rapid or ‘explosive’ manner, such as in specialized repeated jumping. Exercises are of high-intensity, explosive muscular contractions combining strength and speed for acquisitions of benefits in power. ET involves hops and jumps used to capitalize on the stretch-shortening cycle of the muscle the stored elastic energy within the muscle is used to produce more force than can be provided by a concentric action alone. It is distinguished by a rapid deceleration of mass followed immediately by its rapid acceleration in the opposite vertical direction. For the lower limbs, ET entails exercise such as hopping, bounding or drop-jumping (depth jumping) from a raised box or platform and immediately jumping vertically after an ‘amortization’ period of ground contact. The ET programme typically includes sport-specific exercises including exercises for shoulder and muscles of arms and has traditionally been used for sprinting, jumping, and sports with rapid changes in direction.

Statement of the Problem –

The purpose of the study was to identify the effect of Explosive training on Agility of male volleyball players.

Significance of the study – 

1. This study will help to develop the Football skills.

2. This study will help to improve the fitness of the subjects.

Hypothesis –

It was hypothesized that there would be significant improvement on agility of male football players due to the influence of Explosive training of football players.

Objectives of Study –

1) To prepare and implement the designed Explosive training on experimental group.

2) To measure agility of male football players with AGL agility test.

3) To study the effect of explosive training program after implementing program.

Delimitations –

1. The study was confined to 20 players from, Dr.Karmveer Jagdale Mama Football Club,Barshi.

2. The age of the subjects ranged from 16-20 years.

3. The training was restricted to Two month’s alternate days.

Limitations –

1. In this study the possible effect of the diet, sleep and habits of the subjects were ignored.

2. Hereditary factors which may have some influence the result of this study could not be controlled. 

Explosive Training –

Explosive Training is a method of developing explosive power. It is also an important component of most athletic performances. As coaches and athletes have recognized the improvements Explosive can bring to performance, they have integrated it into overall training programs in many sports and made it a significant factor in planning the scope of athletic development.

Method of Study

This study was an experimental research which was conducted to find out the effect of

Explosive training program on agility of football players.

1) Population - All the boys’ age between 16 to 20 years of football players from Shree. Shivaji Shikshan Prasarak Mandle Barshi.

2) Sample - The sample of 20 players was selected with purposive Sampling method.

AFL AGILITY Test

Purpose: this is a test of overall agility, including speed, quickness, flexibility, change of direction and body control.

Equipment required: timing gates, measuring tape, masking tape, a flat non-slip surface, 5 obstacles made of PVC piping (10-12 cm diameter) with a 25cm base and approximately 1.1m high. The obstacles are weighted internally at the bottom of the piping to increase stability.

Procedure: After a short warm-up, the players should have a practice trial at 50% effort to familiarize themselves with the course. When ready, they start from a stationary, upright position with one foot on the starting line, aligned with first timing gate. The player then weaves in and out of the obstacles and should avoid touching or moving the obstacles in any way. If this occurs the test is stopped and restarted. Two trials are allowed, with 2-3 minutes recovery between trials.

Scoring: The time to complete the test in seconds (to two decimal places) is recorded. The score is the best time of two trials.

Statistical analysis and Results

Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all experimental data before inferential testing. Changes in agility, with and without ball, were compared over the training period for players in the experimental and control groups statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results

In table 1.1 show mean performance of 20 subjects in the pre-test and post-test of experiment group was 31.2000 (+4.23006) and34.3500 (+4.50152) respectively. In control group mean performance of pre-test and post-test was 26.7077 (+4.82582) and 31.900 (+4.39226) respectively.

In table 1.2 shows coefficient of correction between pre-test and post-test was of experimental group was 0.867 which was statistically significant at 0.05, significant levels and coefficient correlation between pre-test and post-test of control group was 0.846 which was also significant at 0.05 level.

From Table No. 1.3 shows that improvement in score of experiment group was 2.1204 (+1.19571) and improvement in score of control group wa1.1202 (+1.15877). This indicates that there was better improvement in experimental group.

Discussion

This study has shown that two Months training had positive effects on agility with and without ball in soccer players. Players in the experimental group improved their performance significantly regardless of the time that was necessary to complete the agility test with and without ball. These results demonstrate that specific speed and agility training, as part of the overall training process, can be considered a useful tool for the improvement of speed and agility among young soccer players.

The specific programme used in this study demonstrated benefits for agility performance but what are the long-term costs and/or benefits of such training? One might hypothesise that on the ball training has advantages for both skill development and would have motivational benefits over and above similar training without a ball. This may well result in improvement of players’ performances during matches in specific situations as well as decreasing rather increasing the risks of overtraining.

Conclusion

The seven different phases of agility training programme, contributed to a statistically significant improvement in performance in different agility tests with and without the ball in soccer players. Whilst it is impossible to determine which any individual components had significant or non-significant contributions the overall effect led to an improvement in agility. These findings support the contention that the Explosive programme should be a part of routine soccer training. The extent to which ET training features in both pre-season and in-season training needs to be further investigated as it appears anecdotally that agility training, for many teams, is not undertaken to the extent that it should be. Research suggests that appropriate ET training will improve soccer players’ agility and condition them to cope with the actual demands of the game.

References 

[1] Ozbar N, Ates S, Agopyan A. The Effect of 8-Week Plyometric Training on Leg Power, Jump and Sprint Performance in Female Soccer Players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(10):2888-94, 2014.\

 [2] Manouras N, Papanikolaou Z, Karatrantou K, Kouvarakis P, Gerodimos V. The efficacy of vertical vs. horizontal plyometric training on speed, jumping performance and agility in soccer players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 11(5):702-9, 2016.

[3] Köklü Y, Alemdaro?lu U, Özkan A, Koz M, Ersöz G. The relationship between sprint ability, agility and vertical jump performance in young soccer players. Science & Sports, 30(1):e1-e5, 2015.

[4] Andrade DC, Beltran AR, Labarca-Valenzuela C, Manzo-Botarelli O, Trujillo E, Otero-Farias P, et al. Effects of Plyometric Training on Explosive and Endurance Performance at Sea Level and at High Altitude. Frontier Physiology, 9:1415, 2018.

[5] Milanovi? Z, Sporiš G, Trajkovi? N, Sekuli? D, James N, Vu?kovi? G. Does Saq Training Improve The Speed And Flexibility Of Young Soccer Players? A randomized controlled trial. Human Movement Science, 38:197-208, 2014.

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE AND LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN AMONG INSOMNIAC AGED OBESE MEN

*N.Elumalai, **Dr.S.Murugesan *Ph.D Scholar (Full Time), Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), West K.K.Nagar, Chennai – 600078. elumalain1955@gmail.com **Associate Professor, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), West K.K.Nagar, Chennai – 600078. murugeshyoga@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the effect of Yogic Practices on Systolic Blood Pressure and Low Density Lipoprotein among Insomniac aged obese men. For the purpose of the study, 30 Insomniac aged men were selected randomly using random sampling method from Chennai between the age group of 60 and 70 years and they were divided into two groups I, and II with 15 subjects each.  It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences among the Insomniac aged men on selected physiological and Biochemical variables such as Systolic Blood Pressure and Low Density Lipoprotein than the control group. Preliminary test was conducted for two Groups on Systolic Blood Pressure and Low Density Lipoprotein before the start of the training program. Group I subjects were given Yogic practices for 60 minutes, 6 days a week for a total period of eight weeks. Group II (Control Group) were in active rest. After the experimental period, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables. Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between the experimental group and the control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence. The results of the study proved that the Experimental Group showed significant differences on selected physiological and Biochemical variables such as Systolic Blood Pressure (decreased) and Low Density Lipoprotein (decreased) than the Control Group due to Yogic practices among insomniac old men. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence it is concluded that Yogic practices are beneficial to the insomniac old men to maintain healthy Systolic Blood Pressure and Low Density Lipoprotein.

Key words: Yogic Practices, Insomniac old men, Systolic Blood Pressure, Low Density Lipoprotein.

INTRODUCTION

The raising population of old age people is large in general which grow up due to improvement of taking care of awareness in health education. In general, these people are being faced with major physical, psychological and social role changes that challenge their sense of self and capacity to live with happiness in the world. A huge people now experience loneliness and feel depression in the old age, either as a result of living alone or lack of close family tie ups and reduced connections with their culture of their origin, which results inability to actively participate in the community involvements. Because of the advancing age, it is inevitable that people lose connection with their friendship society and they find it very difficult to initiate a new friendship group with a network. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationships among depression, loneliness and sociability among insomniac aged obese men. For statistical and public administrative purposes, the old age is frequently defined as 60 or 65 years of age or older. For a complete health system, yoga not only restores vitality to the body, but also expands the mind and soul. Yoga positions and breathing exercise benefit the circulatory system, the heart, vital organs and remove stiffness and inertia from the body.

The word ‘insomnia’ is broadly defined as dissatisfaction with sleep either qualitatively or quantitatively. It is generally associated with one or more activities like (1) difficulty initiating sleep, (2) difficulty maintaining sleep, characterized by frequent awakenings or problems returning to sleep after awakenings, and (3) early-morning awakening with inability to return to sleep. A search of the literature was conducted to review the epidemiology, definition, and age-related changes in sleep, as well as factors contributing to late-life insomnia and scales utilized for the assessment of insomniac in aged obese men. The purpose is to summarize recent diagnostic guidelines and both nonpharmacological and pharmacological strategies for the management of insomniac among the aged obese men.Insomnia remains a clinical diagnosis. There are several demographic, psychosocial, biologic, and behavioural factors that can contribute to late-life insomnia. Aged obese men are at higher risk for the medical and psychiatric effects of insomnia. The most important aspect in evaluation of insomniac is detailed history taking and thorough physical examination. Nonpharmacological treatment options have favourable and enduring benefits compared to pharmacological therapy.

The practicing yoga has now improved a lot of positive effects among aged men. Yoga is a multidimensional approach to practice that encompasses physical stretching, mental centering and breath awareness, making it an ideal preparation for aged men. Yoga always supports relaxation, inner focus and slowed breathing patterns which are common in many types of improving health condition of aged men. Yoga used to help in relieving many common discomforts of aged men, such as pain in lower back, shoulder, muscular, insomnia, carpal tunnel syndrome and headaches. In addition, prenatal yoga classes are often offering a supportive environment in which aged men can share their experiences, which can help them in relieving feelings of anxiety or depression.

Especially, research suggests that yoga can help ease the complications in health issues of aged men while preparing the muscles of the lower body and knee joints. The breathing techniques used in yoga may help in reducing or managing the shortness of breath which may guide aged men as how to breathe through physically challenging experiences. Yoga techniques may also be useful in promoting physical fitness and coping with the stresses being faced by them.

In recent studies, it is proved that yoga during old age period is safe for most healthy men and may not increase the risk of health complications. The aged men who participate in daily yoga practice have decreased rates of growth complicated ailments. Since yoga involves movement of the body and being considered a type of physical and mental exercise, it is helpful to examine research about exercise among aged men. A pranayama is one more way for the aged men to relax their mind and body. Doing pranayama during old age is an ancient tradition which also pointed out in Hatha Yoga Text etc. Yoga exercise helps to have a positive effect on the development of physical and mental fitness. “Research suggests that yoga can also improve sleep, relieve lower back pain, reduces muscular pain, headaches and shortness of breath. It also helps to lower the risk of many problems which faced by the aged people. Many aged obese men search for ways to improve their quality of life and remain active they enter midlife and later years too. Nationwide, aged men recognize yoga for its ability to slow down and reverse the aging process. .

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY                                                                                                                 

The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on selected Physiological and Biochemical variables such as Systolic Blood Pressure and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) among insomniac aged obese men.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM        

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on Systolic Blood Pressure and Low Density Lipoprotein among insomniac aged obese men.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on Systolic Blood Pressure and Low Density Lipoprotein among insomniac aged obese men due to yogic practices than the control group.

DELIMITATIONS

• The study was delimited to 30 insomniac aged obese men from Chennai city only.
• The study was delimited to the obese men aged between 60 and 70 only.
• The study was delimited to the independent variable yogic practices only
• The dependent variables were restricted to Systolic Blood Pressure and Low Density Lipoprotein only.

LIMITATIONS

• The factors like life style, body structure, and social activities were not taken in to consideration for this study.
• The factors like family heredity and motivational factors were not taken into consideration for this study.
• External factors like environmental and climatic conditions, economical background and also day to day work were not taken into consideration.
• The factors like diet, medication and personal habits were not taken into consideration for the study.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Kumagai, Hiroshi, et. al., (2015) who did studies in obesity has got into global epidemic proportions and is connected with multiple chronicity, including cardiovascular disease. A novel predictor of cardiovascular disease is uplifted central systolic blood pressure. Factually, lifestyle alterations have shown to decrease the central systolic blood pressure in overweight and obese men. The mechanism beneath these variations has yet to be fully explained.  By interesting, testosterone has been found to have cardio preservative effects. Furthermore, serum testosterone levels become lower in obese men than in normal weight men. However, it is not still clear whether testosterone participates in the decrease of central blood pressure in overweight and obese men followed by lifestyle changes. Hence, the purpose of the current study was to explore the effect of testosterone on central systolic blood pressure in overweight and obese men before and after modification program of the 12-week lifestyle. About Forty-four overweight and obese men completed a modification program of 12-week lifestyle (aerobic exercise training and dietary modifications). For all participants who involved in this, central systolic blood pressure and serum testosterone levels were measured before and after the program. After completion of the program, central systolic blood pressure was considerably decreased while serum total testosterone levels were significantly increased in overweight and obese men. Furthermore, we could also found a significant negative relationship between the change in serum testosterone levels and that in central systolic blood pressure. The current study suggests that increased serum testosterone levels probably contribute to a decrease in central blood pressure in overweight and obese men.

Roberts C. K., et. al.,(2006) has studied the significant debate with regard to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high-fiber, low-fat diets. The current study which was designed to examine the effects of lifestyle modification on the inflammatory/anti-inflammatory properties of HDL in obese men with metabolic syndrome factors.  The selected subjects were placed on a high-fiber, low-fat diet in a three-week homely program where food was provided ad libitum and daily aerobic exercise was easily performed. When fasting blood was drawn pre- and post-intervention for serum lipids, lipid hydroperoxides, and the capacity of subject HDL to alter low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced monocyte chemotactic action (MCA) in a human artery wall coculture. Inducting MCA by control LDL in the absence of HDL was normalized Values after HDL addition indicated pro-inflammatory HDL; values as indicated anti-inflammatory HDL. Additionally, proteins involved in regulating HDL function, apolipoprotein, paraoxonase 1 and 3, and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase were clearly measured. After three-week, decreases in total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-C, triglycerides, total cholesterol-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, and lipid hydroperoxides were identified. The HDL inflammatory index decreased from pro- to anti-inflammatory. ApoA-I level and paraoxonase activity did not change; however, platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity increased. In spite of a quantitative reduction in HDL-C, HDL converted from pro- to anti-inflammatory. These data indicate that intensive lifestyle modification abnormally improves the function of HDL even at the face of reduced levels, suggesting increased turnover of pro-inflammatory HDL.

METHODOLOGY                                                                                           

  To achieve the purpose of the random group experimental study, 60 aged men from the Chennai city came forward between the age from 60 to 70 years, 45 were screened and 30 subjects were selected through random group sampling method and were divided into two groups I and II. Group I was given yogic practices and the group II subjects were in active rest without any training. Preliminary test was conducted for the two groups (I and II) on the selected dependent variables before the start of the training program. The experimental group underwent training for Six days a week for the maximum of an hour in the morning for eight weeks.

Yogic practices such as Pawanmuktasana II, Surya Namaskar followed by Asanas such as Shasangasana, Padahastasana, Katichakrasana, Ardhaustrasana, Vakrasana Trikonasana, Viparita Karani, Matsyasana, Patchimotanasana, Shavasan and Pranayama practices such as Nadishodana Pranyama, Kapalbati, Brahmari Pranayama followed by Yoga Nidra were given to group I subjects.

Group II (Control Group) subjects were permitted to undergo their routine and normal lifestyle during the course of experiment without any specific training.

After eight weeks, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables such as Systolic Blood Pressure and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL). The Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) is used as a statistical technique to find out the significant differences between the groups. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 of confidence.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

TABLE I

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF TRAINING GROUP AND CONTROL GROUP ON SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE (Scores in mmHg)

Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

The obtained F value on pre test scores 0.19 was lesser than the recommended F value of 4.2 to be significant at 0.05 level. This shows that there was no significant difference between the groups before the training period. There is significant differences between groups after the completion of training program, as obtained F value 57.84 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that the differences between the post-test means of the subject were significant. On account of adjusted pre-post-test mean scores, the obtained F value 91.54 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to eight weeks of yogic practices on Systolic Blood Pressure in line with the study conducted by KumagaiHiroshi (2015) The ordered adjusted means on Systolic Blood Pressure were presented through bar diagram for better interpretation of the outcome of this study in Figure -1.

Figure – 1

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE (Scores in mmHg)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

TABLE-II

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF TRAINING GROUPS AND CONTROL GROUP ON LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (Score in mg/dL)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.(Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

The obtained F value on pre test scores 1.35 was lesser than the recommended F value of 4.2 to be significant at 0.05 level. This shows that there was no significant difference between the groups before the training period. There is significant differences between groups after the completion of training program, as obtained F value 170.79 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that the differences between the post-test means of the subject were significant. On account of adjusted pre-post-test mean scores, the obtained F value 216.07 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to eight weeks of yogic practices on Low Density Lipoprotein in line with the study conducted by Roberts C. K(2006). The ordered adjusted means on Low Density Lipoprotein were presented through bar diagram for better interpretation of the outcome of this study in Figure -2.

Figure 2

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCE AMONG EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS ON LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (Score in mg/dL)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.(Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1  and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

The outcome of the study exhibits that Systolic Blood Pressure decreased and Low Density Lipoprotein decreased significantly due to Yogic Practices for Group-I than Group II. Hence the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

The above findings were also substantiated by the observations made by experts such as Kumagai Hiroshi (2015) and Roberts C. K (2006).

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Physiological variable such as Systolic Blood Pressure and Biochemical variable such as Low Density Lipoprotein due to Yogic Practices among insomniac aged obese men than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on Systolic Blood Pressure (Decreased) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (Decreased) due to Yogic Practices than the control group among insomniac aged obese men. Hence the hypothesis is accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

CONCLUSION:

It was concluded that Systolic Blood Pressure and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)  were decreased among experimental group I compared to control group II due to Yogic Practices among insomniac aged obese men. Hence, Yogic practices are good for insomniac aged obese men to maintain healthy Systolic Blood Pressure and Low Density Lipoprotein.

REFERENCES

• Kumagai, Hiroshi, et al. "Lifestyle modification increases serum testosterone level and decrease central blood pressure in overweight and obese men." Endocrine journal (2015): EJ14-0555.
• Roberts, C. K., Ng, C., Hama, S., Eliseo, A. J., & Barnard, R. J. (2006). Effect of a short-term diet and exercise intervention on inflammatory/anti-inflammatory properties of HDL in overweight/obese men with cardiovascular risk factors. Journal of applied physiology.

Impact of Modern Lifestyle on Health in Human Being

Prakash Kumar C, Physical Education Director, Government First Grade College, Udayapura, Channarayapatna –Taluk, Hassan-Dist, Karnataka-State, cpk221173@gmail.com

Abstract

Lifestyle is an essential factor in health. Unhealthy behaviour can lead to illness, disability and even death. Recent medical reports show that there has been a rise in health-related issues like metabolic diseases, joint and skeletal problems, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and obesity. As a result, people resort to fast-foods, frozen foods loaded with preservatives and skip on healthy nutritious food. Hey are unique because they have created natural solutions for modern lifestyle challenges using ancient wisdom and validated using modern scientific clinic trails. Maharishi Ayurveda focuses on a lifestyle that promotes holistic health for your mind, body and soul driving significant improvement in your quality of life some individuals are more interested in intellectual or emotional health than physical health. Others can draw great satisfaction from their relationships with other people or engaging in work for religious ideals. Health dimensions form a whole, which interacts to ensure efficiency and comfort functions. Cultivating a certain proportion entails the development of the rest. Similarly, missing a single dimension can have severe effects on the overall health.

Introduction

To maintain a good health, we must pay attention to all five scales, identifying links between them and trying to keep them in balance. This gives rise to unwanted diseases and afflictions. Obesity is on the rise and has become a chronic problem, along with diabetes and high blood pressure. It also affects body weight and leads to obesity. . They can also be cured with appropriate treatment. In regard to each factor, systematic planning at the micro and macro level can provide a social and individual healthy lifestyle. Lack of sleep can also lead to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Based on a study from NHFS, the number of obese people in India has doubled in the past ten years. Research has proven that a healthy lifestyle like appropriate diet, satisfactory physical fitness level and a healthy weight can provide health benefits. In summary, for many of us, the modern lifestyle and the stress it causes affects our physical, psychological and social health. Hence, it has become vital to understand the relationship and maintain the right balance.

Impact of Modern Lifestyle on Human Health

Today, wide changes have occurred within the lifetime of all individuals. Unhealthy diet, malnutrition, alcohol consuming, smoking, drug abuse, stress, anxiety and so on, are the demonstrations of an unhealthy lifestyle that they are used as an effective form of lifestyle.
Apart from this, citizens have to face new challenges in their lives. For example, rising new technologies within the Internet and virtual communication networks, take our world to major challenges which lead people to physical and mental health problems. The challenge is the misuse and excessive use of technology. Therefore, according to the current studies, it may be aforementioned that: lifestyle has a considerable effect on human physical and mental health. There are completely different types of these effects. In some ethnicities, consanguinity or cognition is a major form of lifestyle that may cause genetic diseases. Improvement in this unhealthy lifestyle is a preventive factor to reduce the rate of genetic disorders.

Various Modern Lifestyle habits that influence health

1. Unhealthy Diet

Diet is the most crucial factor in lifestyle and has a direct relation with health. The way people eat has also changed from before. Earlier, the diet used to include a lot of vegetables and fruits which gave nutritional value. With the fast-paced modern lifestyle, the diet has also become fast. In a competitive world, people have no time to cook meals or sit and eat slowly

2. Lack of physical fitness or exercise

Along with poor eating habits, lack of physical fitness is a significant problem in modern lifestyle. When it is together, it can cause damage to a person's health. The study from WHO tells that around 60-85% of the worldwide population does not engage in enough physical activity.

3. Lack of sleep

Many aspects of modern lifestyle like television, computer screens, longer commutes, the blurring of the line between work and personal time have contributed to sleep deprivation. For a healthy lifestyle, a person requires a minimum of seven hours of good sleep. Sleep deprivation prevents the body to strengthen the immune system and produce cytokines to fight infection.

4. Substance Abuse

The modern-day addiction of alcohol, nicotine and many more carcinogenic substances has become a pursuit of pleasure. The easy availability of temptations along with constant stress results in an unprecedented epidemic of addiction, depression, anxiety and chronic disease.

5. Technology addiction

Modern technology brings certain advantages to people and makes things better, such as fast communication and ease of travelling. Machines are used for everyday chores like cooking, washing, cleaning, thereby reducing the need for physical work and over a while, making people dependent on it. Computers and the internet are a standard part of every household Excessive use of Cell phone: Lately, smart phones have become an essential part of every person's life. But, it can be a blessing or a curse. People have become obsessive and are losing the humane aspect of their lives. Constant staring at a screen causes short-sightedness, low concentration and other health risks. Disturbed sleep: Technology addiction and excessive dependency on gadgets are causing people to develop poor sleeping habits. By staying up late, one develops a lack of concentration and focus. Development in children: Research suggests that when children use more technology, it results in stunted cognitive growth and poor. Advanced technology facilitates the lifetime of individuals. Misuse of technology could lead to unpleasant consequences.
For instance, using a Smartphone, computer, and other devices up to midnight could impact the pattern of sleep and it may cause sleep disturbance.
Addiction to use mobile phones or the internet is expounded on depression symptoms.

How can Parents Manage and Limit the Child's

Parents often try to balance their child's screen time, for this, they may be suffering from many difficulties trying to limit family digital connections.
The importance of parental technical surveillance has been enhanced by evidence such as the connection between handheld screen time and speech delay in young children, the collaboration between Smartphone-screen and low sleep quality and the link between the mobile phone and internet addiction and depression or anxiety among college-age students.  Screen the for children is not bad at all. These days, people have become so obsessed with technology and social media that the idea of leaving any of them can be very uncomfortable. The relationship contradiction finds that most people, on average, are less popular on social media than their friends, which can lead to being less joyous and less happy. As far as we know, it has never been antecedently shown that the users of social media networks, in general, are less popular than their friends but they are less happy.
This study indicates that happiness is linked to popularity, as well as that the majority of people on social media networks are not as happy as their friends because of this relationship between friendship and popularity.
Therefore, the rates of technology and social media usage are rapidly climbing.
Face book and Insta gram alone claim the combined monthly user base of two billion people all over the world. Evidence that connects the relationship between screen time and well-being is also weak at the highest level of attachment.

Conclusion

        Modern life can enhance the risk of some physical and mental health issues, and it is very difficult to live with such psychological conditions and any delay in treatment may increase the symptoms of diseases but trying to balance online and real-world social relationships, thinking positive, can help keep our mental health or psychological state in check. They may remain only at the level of ideas, awakening feelings of frustration instead of concrete plans for change. Without goals, one cannot measure progress or success when it comes regarding indulgence. Obviously, the goals must be realistic to the needs, desires and availability of individual inducing self respect. Setting unrealistic targets due to emotional distress creates cognitive dissonance, which leads to failures that undermine the image, self-esteem and can jeopardize physical health

References

• Burns, D.D. (1999). Prevention and personal growth, In: Feeling Good: The new mood therapy, First WholeCare Edition NY, pp. 259-352
• Driskell, J. A. (2006), Vitamins and trace elements, In: Sports Nutrition: Energy metabolism and exercise, Taylor & Francis Group LLC, pp. 29- 287.
•  Gropper, S., Smith, J., & Groff, J. (2009). Integrated metabolism in tissues, In: Advanced nutrition and human metabolism, 5th edition, Wadsworth, Belmont, USA, pp. 157-167.
• Phillips, B. (2003). Eating for life facts, In: Eating for life, High Point Media, USA, pp. 3-69 .
• Shilstone, M. (2003). The strategic plan for optimum health, In: Maximum energy for life, Publisheted by John Wily and Sons, Inc. Hoboken New Jersey, pp. 81-167; pp. 193-206

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES WITH AND WITHOUT DIET MODIFICATIONS ON LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG AGED DIABETIC  WOMEN

*R.Balan, **Dr. R. Elangovan, *Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India. E- Mail ID: r.balan@ymail.com, **Professor & Head, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India.  E-Mail ID: relangovantnpesu@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on life satisfaction among aged Diabetic women. For the purpose of the study, 45 aged Diabetic women were selected randomly using random sampling method from Chennai between the age group of 60 and 70 years and they were divided into three groups I,II and III with 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected psychological variable such as Life satisfaction among aged Diabetic women than the control group. Preliminary test was conducted for three Groups on selected dependent variable before the start of the training program. Experimental Group I underwent training for eight weeks, six days a week for a maximum of one hour in the morning and suggested with diet chart. Experimental Group II underwent training for eight weeks, six days a week for a maximum of one hour in the morning without diet suggestions. The control group was kept in active rest. The post test was conducted after the training for all three groups and the scores on life Satisfaction were recorded. The data collected from the three groups were statistically analysed by using Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant differences and was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence. The result of the study showed that the life satisfaction was significantly improved as result of Yogic practices and diet modification in Group I and Similarly in Group II as result of Yogic practices alone. Hence the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. The conclusion was that the Yogic practices and diet modification helped to improve life satisfaction among aged diabetic women.

KEY WORDS: Yoga, Life Satisfaction, Obesity.

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes Mellitus is a constitutional disease with heritable tendencies.  A disorder caused by decreased production of insulin, or by decreased ability to use insulin.  Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that is necessary for cells to be able to use blood sugar. The medical name for diabetes, diabetes mellitus, comes with Greek and Latin roots.  Diabetes comes from a Greek word that means to `Siphon’.  The most obvious sign of diabetes is excessive urination.  Water passes through the body of a person with diabetes as if it were being siphoned from the mouth through the urinary system out of the body.  Mellitus comes from a Latin word that means “sweet like honey”.

            The cause of diabetes mellitus is unknown, but heredity and diet are believed to play a role in its development.  Diabetes results when the pancreas produces insufficient amounts of insulin to meet the body’s needs.  It can also result when the pancreas produces insulin, but the cells are unable to efficiently use it that is, the cells have insulin resistance.  Insulin is necessary for blood sugar (glucose) to go from the blood to the inside of the cells and unless the sugar enters into the cells, the body cannot produce energy.  The excess sugar remains in the blood.  Diabetes mellitus is the commonest endocrine disorder.

Women's health issues have attained higher international visibility and renewed political commitment in recent decades. While targeted policies and programs have enabled women to lead healthier lives, significant gender-based health disparities remain in many countries. With limited access to education or employment, high illiteracy rates and increasing poverty levels are making health improvements for women exceedingly difficult.

Health-related challenges continue. Many of the modest gains in women's health realized in recent decades are now threatened or have been reversed due to war, economic instability and the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Basic health care, family planning and obstetric services are essential for women – yet they remain unavailable to millions. Gender-equitable approaches to health are needed to enable women's full participation in the planning and delivery of health services.  The health of families and communities are tied to the health of women – the illness or death of a woman has serious and far-reaching consequences for the health of her children, family and community. The slogan, “Healthy Women, Healthy World” embodies the fact that as custodians of family health, women play a critical role in maintaining the health and well-being of their communities. All the masses made up of fundamental particles and the fundamental particles are originated from the space. Knowledge about the particles and masses is Science and the knowledge about the space and its transformation is Spirituality. Combination of science and spirituality is Science of Divinity – Yoga. In one of the poetries, Vethathiri Maharishi clarifies, “The Universe minus cosmic bodies is the dense darkness (Pure space – in spirituality) which in science is called Gravity”. Mind has the capacity to shrink to the particle level and expand to the level of Universe. Yoga is the means to attain this super quality.

Life satisfaction is the way persons evaluate their lives and how they feel about where they are going in the future.   It is a measure of well-being and may be assessed in terms of mood, satisfaction   with   relations with others and with achieved goals, self-concepts, and self-perceived ability to cope with daily life. It is having a favorable attitude of one's life as a whole rather than an assessment of current feelings. Life satisfaction measured in relation to economic standing, amount of education, experiences, and residence, as well as many other topics.

This article reports the development and validation of a scale to measure global life satisfaction, the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Among the various components of subjective well-being, the SWLS is narrowly focused to assess global life satisfaction and does not tap related constructs such as positive affect or loneliness. The SWLS is shown to have favorable psychometric properties, including high internal consistency and high temporal reliability. Scores on the SWLS correlate moderately to high with other measures of subjective well-being, and correlate predictably with specific personality characteristics. It is noted that the SWLS is Suited for use with different age groups, and other potential uses of the scale are discussed.

Yoga is the science of right living intended, to be incorporated in daily life. It works on all aspects of the person: the physical’ vital, mental, emotional, psychic and spiritual. The word yoga means ‘unity’ or ‘oneness’ and is derived from the Sanskrit work yuj, which means ‘to join’. This unity or joining is described in spiritual terms as the union of the individual consciousness with the universal consciousness. On a more practical level, yoga is a means of balancing and harmonizing the body, mind and emotions.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on selected Psychological variable Life Satisfaction due to yogic practices with and without diet modifications among aged diabetic women.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The Purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic practices with and without diet modifications on Life Satisfaction among aged diabetic women.

HYPOTHESIS

1. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences due to yogic practices with and without diet modifications (group I and group II) than the control group (group III) on selected Psychological variable Life satisfaction among aged diabetic women.
2. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences between the Yogic practices with diet modifications group (Group I) and Yogic practices without diet modifications group (group II) on selected Psychological variable Life satisfaction among aged diabetic women.

DELIMITATIONS

• The study was confined to aged diabetic women from Chennai City, India only.
• The age of the subject was ranged from 60 years to 70 years only.
• The study was confined to yogic practices and diet modification as independent variables only
• The study was confined to Life Satisfaction as dependent variable only.

LIMITATIONS

• The factors like Socio-Economical status were not taken into consideration.
• The climatic conditions were not considered.
• Factors like Life style habits were not taken into consideration.
• Subjects’ day to day activities were not taken into account.
• Medication followed by subjects was not controlled.
• Instructions were only given for Diet modification group. Personal verification was not done.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Pradhan B and Nagendra H (2010) investigated the effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques, namely, cyclic meditation and supine rest, using the six letter cancellation task.The subjects consisted of 208 school students, (132 boys, and 76 girls) in the age range of 13 - 16 years. The subjects’ assessed on six letters cancellation task before and immediately after both yoga-based relaxation techniques. After both practices, the total and net scores were significantly increased; although the magnitude of change was more after cyclic meditation than, after supine rest in the net scores (14.5 versus 11.31%). The net score change in the cyclic meditation session was significantly larger than the change in the supine rest, whereas, there was no significant change in the wrong cancellation score. After either practice, the total and net scores were significantly increased, irrespective of gender and age. Both cyclic meditation and supine rest led to improvement in performance, as assessed by six letter cancellation task, but the change caused by cyclic meditation was larger than supine rest.

METHODOLOGY

            The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic practices with and without diet modifications on Life Satisfaction among the female Aged Diabetic women. For the purpose of this study, 100 aged diabetic women came forward, 70 were screened and 45 were selected randomly using random sampling method. The subjects are from Chennai and their age group ranges from 60 to 70.

            The subjects were divided into three groups, first group considered as Experimental Group - I underwent yogic practices with diet modifications and the second group considered as Experimental Group - II underwent yogic practices without diet modifications and third group consider as Control Group not attend any practices. The Training was for 12 weeks, six days a week for 60 minutes a day. The pre test and posttest was conducted before and after the training on the selected psychological variable. The collected data was statistically analyzed using the Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA).

Yogic practices given were Prayer, Pawanamukthasana, Suryanamaskar, Thadasana,  Ardha Kati Chakrasana, Kati Chakrasana, Shashankasana, ardha ustrasana,  vakarasana,

makarasana, Naukasana, Utthana padasana, Shavasan, Kapalabhathi, Ujjayi,

Anulomaviloma Pranayama, yoga Nidra. Group III : Control Group ( No Training).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The statistical analysis comparing initial and final means of life satisfaction due to yogic practices with and without diet modifications among aged Diabetic women is presented in the Table I.

Table I

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF THE TWO EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND CONTROL GROUP ON LIFE SATISFACTION

(scores in marks)

   *Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. Table F ratio (0.05) (2,42 =3.22 and 2, 41 =   3.23).

The obtained F ratio on pre test scores 1.43 was lesser than the required F value of 3.22 to be significant at 0.05 level. This proved that there was no significant difference between the groups in pre test and the randomization at the pre test was equal. The posttest scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups, as they obtained F value 75.71 was greater than the required F value of 3.22. This proved that the differences between the posttest means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and posttest scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores calculated. The obtained F value was 71.56, which was greater than required F value of 3.23. This proved that there was significant difference among the means due to twelve weeks of yogic practices with diet modification and yogic practices without diet modification on variables as in line with study conducted by Pradhan B and Nagendra H (2010).

Since significant improvement is recorded, the results were subjected to post hoc analysis using the scheffe’s confidence interval test.  The results were presented in the table II.

Table II

SCHEFFE’S POST-HOC TEST FOR LIFE SATISFACTION

     *Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. Table F ratio (0.05) (2,42 =3.22 and 2, 41 =   3.23).

The obtained adjusted mean value is presented through bar diagram in the figure 1.

Figure – 1

Bar diagram showing the mean difference among Experimental Group I, Experimental Group II and Control Group of Life satisfaction (Scores in marks)

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*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. Table F ratio (0.05) (2,42 =3.22 and 2, 41 =   3.23).

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

                     It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Psychological variable  Life satisfaction due to yogic practices with and without diet modifications among aged diabetic women than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on life satisfaction (Improved) due to yogic practices than the control group among aged diabetic women. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Psychological variable Life satisfaction due to yogic practices with diet modifications and yogic practices without diet modifications among aged diabetic women than the control group. The results from the post hoc test proved that there were significant differences on Life satisfaction (Improved) due to yogic practices with diet modifications than due to yogic practices without diet modifications among aged diabetic women. Hence, the hypothesis is accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

CONCLUSION

It is concluded that yogic practices with and without diet modifications improved life satisfaction significantly among aged diabetic women. Hence, yogic practices with and without diet modifications are beneficial to aged diabetic women to improved life satisfaction levels.

REFERENCES

1. Pradhan Balaram, Nagendra H R Immediate effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on attention in children, Year : 2010 | Volume: 3 | Issue Number: 2 | Page: 67-69
2. Nagarasan. Kand Saradha,M,“International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)” ISSN: 2319-7064 ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL EXERCISING ON RELIEF OF STRESS AMONG STUDENTS   -   AN ANALYTICAL  STUDY.

Dr Rajan Mathew,  Ph.D

Associate Professor/Director

of  Physical Education,

Govt. College Of Arts Science

and  Commerce, Quepem, Goa.

Pin Code: 403 705 India.

Email: rajanmathew2015@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Today’s professionals have a tough time in maintaining work-life balance.  This leads to stress

and  tension which in turn impact health.   Generally  speaking,  there has been  a spike in  life

expectancy. The quality of life of the aging population is a cause for concern.

The paper advocates a moderate diet and exercise programme to meet the goal of a healthy life.

 The old proverbs does advice that “Health is Wealth”.

This paper looks at various ways to accurate wealth in health.

Key words: Diet, Exercise, Stress, Breath.

INTRODUCTION:

One of the reasons for the mental lift is certainly the common emphasis on self – improvement. Just as food is necessary for our bodies, achievement and rewards are a necessity  for healthy egos. Sometimes it is a challenge to satisfy this ‘mental hunger’ within the confines of the domestic environment. Exercise and sports can provide a unique opportunity for finding achievement and rewards.

Most people associate exercise with just muscle development, not thinking of what it can do mentally. Dr William Morgan, a sports psychologist at the University of Wisconsin, has recorded evidence that regular exercise can ‘lift the spirits’. His active subjects report a better physical self –image and claim everything ‘feel better’.

For example, you may begin an activity such as jogging or swimming at the minimal levels of  half a km or three pool lengths, and feel exhausted at the end of each session. Within a few weeks of regular participation, however, you can see and feel tremendous improvement in your capacity. Your jog becomes a strong and steady 3 km run or now, you swim ten pool lengths and climb out unwinded.

Another way exercise improves mental fitness is by helping people cope with the stress in their lives. Stress creates internal feelings of anxiety and muscular  tension. Learning how to relax affected muscles is one of the important prerequisites for reducing stress.  People have been reaching for tranquilizers to deal with stressful times; but now there is scientific evidence that regular exercise can be more powerful than drugs.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

1. Jackson, Erica M (2013) in one of their research study Highlighted the role of exercise in Stress management and also stated that not all type of stress and “Distress”, meaning negative stress. The study also stated that the stress influences behaviors that affect health, diet choices, sleep habits and drugs used. The study recommended yoga as important exercise for stress management.

2. Matthew A and Rajita Sinha (2015) reported a study based on an extensive literature survey, with regards to the influence of stress indicator of physical activity and exercise. The literature search found 168 studies that varied widely in their theoretical orientate and included perceived stress, distress life events, job strain, Role strain and work family conflict.

3.  Eze WU  (2015) has identified Stress management in sports simply by reducing the negative conflict of stress and to control your emotion. All the competitive sports has some sought of stress. Therefore it must be realized that coping with stress in  all the competitive sports is more of cognitive function that is  mental and body control. Therefore it asses to ensure that in practice, the athletes are using correct technique to overcome stress of competition.

IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM:

The foregoing literature review indicates that although there are studies done abroad in the exercise or Physical Activities, a very limited number of studies are available in India which reflect the relationship of Stress relief and sports or physical exercise with respect to the college students. Thus the present study explores the facts related to the same.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

1. To highlight the benefits of regular physical exercise on health and fitness.
2. To study the influence  of regular exercise on relieving stress and tension of the students based on their perception.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

In order to study the above mentioned objectives, following research methodology has been adopted.

*A purposive sampling technique has been used for the study and the primary data has been collected from a sample of 63 respondents who are the students at graduation level of Goa University.

*The selected sample comprise 38 Male and 25 female students with an average age of 18.76 years having an average height of 1.60 Cm and average weight of 55.48 K.gs.

* A well structured questionnaire was used in order to collect the data from the selected sample of students. The study also relied upon secondary sources of information such as journals, reference books and the electronic media.

* The collected primary data has been analyzed  using Factor Analysis and Regression analysis in addition to descriptive statistics. The software used for statistical data analysis is SPSS (2.2)

* As a partial  requirement to the present quantitative research, a hypothesis has been framed and tested. The hypothesis (Null) states as under:

HO: There is no significant impact of regular physical exercise on relief of stress & tension.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

The present study highlights the perception of the students with reference to the participation in sports. It is an attempt to understand whether an active participation of students in sports activities relieves the stress and tension level of the students.

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION:

The data, before it is been analysed has been tested fore its reliability by using Chronbach’s Alpha test of reliability. The value of Chronbach’s  alpha is found to be 0.784 fore 12 variables that are used in the further analysis. The reliability value is within the acceptable limits and the rates the data to be reliable for further analysis. This reliability value is within the acceptable limits and rates the data to be reliable for further analysis.

A total 11 variables indicating students perception on participation in sports, have been used in a factor Analysis. The KMO test has been done on these 11 variables to check the adequancy of the sample for factor analysis. KMO value obtained is 0.776, which is significant at 1% level of significance, indicating the selected sample of study to be adequate for the analysis.

Three factors have been obtained from 11 variables used in factor analysis. These 3 factors are explaining a total variance of 56.45% with reference to the perception of the students on sports participation reducing stress level.

Following Table shows the factors obtained through Factor Analysis.

Table 1: Factors showing the perception of students on participation in sports

Table 2 Total Variance: Empowerment of determination, building will power.

Improvement   of  Life  Span.

The obtained factors have been named as under:-

             A)    Empowerment determination.

             B)    Building will power.

             C)    Improvements of life span.

The first factor which states:

1. Building Confidence.
2. Makes Students active.
3. Make students Goal Oriented.

Explains  20.96% of variance.

The second factor namely, Building will Power explains 19.66% of variance and comprises of :

1. Concentration of mind
2. Builds Mental Fitness
3. Overcomes Sadness & Depression.
4. Improves personality.

The third factor named as Improvement of Life Span, explains 15.82% of variance and states that,

1. Control Anxiety & Fear.
2. Improves   Life Span.

The above three factors have been used to test the hypothesis:

HO: There is no significant impact of regular physical exercise on relief of stress & tension.

The above hypothesis is tested using Linear  Regression  Analysis. The results of which is shown in table No. 3

Table 3 : Regression Analysis is to test above hypothesis (HO)

 From the above table, it may be interpreted that out of three factors .

 Factor 1  i.e. Empowerment of Determination and Factor 2 i.e. Building Will Power, significantly influence the students perception that, participation in sports relieves the overall stress level. However, the Factor 3, namely Improves Life Span does not significantly contribute towards reducing the Stress Level of the students.

 Therefore, the Null hypothesis is rejected and it can be concluded that there is significant Impact of  Regular Physical Exercise on relief of Stress and Tension of the Students, with Regards to Empowerment of Determination and Building Will Power.

CONCLUSION:

All health professionals will agree that  exercise does  relieve stress & tension through  a combined programme of moderate diet and moderate exercise. Therefore, exercise habits should be maintained year- round, year after year, if you want to reap the benefits. No matter! The important thing is that you EXERCISE – and above all,  ‘Have fun!’

Stress   is preventable and only the well informed can prevent it.

REFERENCES:

1. Jackson, Erica M (2013), Stress relief: The role of exercise in stress management, ACSM’s   

     Health and fitness Journal, May –June 2013, Volum 17, Issue 3.

2. Matthew A., Rajita  Sinha  (2015),  The Effects of Stress on  Physical Activity & Exercise,  

    Sports  Medicine  (Auckland, N.Z) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

3.Eze WU The strategies for sports coach in managing stressful situations in sports competitions.  

    International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review, 2015; 3(6):  298-304.

A Study of the Effects of Suryanamaskar Training Program on Boys Physical Flexibility in the Age Group of 12 to 14 Year

Mr. Rathod Dayaram Munsing, Swami Ramanand Tirth Vidyapith, Nanded                                                                                                                             

Dr. Manoj Painjane, Physical Director, Yashwant Mahavidyalay, Nanded

Introduction:

            In ancient times various bodily movements were performed as a necessary movement of the body. Not all of it was done as part of physical education but for the need of life as well as for entertainment. And it was a kind of physical education in the ancient time. The goal of physical education is to develop the personality of the child. This development of a child includes physical, intellectual, mental and social development etc. All these factors have lot of significance in physical education.

          The movement of human life starts from this embryonic stage. The human body is made up of a single cell. This is mainly done through movement. The flexibility in the movement of human beings helps to the greater their growth. It is therefore important to exercise the right body movements at the right age. It is important to study physical and mental changes.

          Modern intellectual development is a means of physical, mental and social development. Naturally, physical education and sports have proved to be an integral part of education. As you are familiar with reading "Sharirmadh-Khal-Dharma Sadhanam", there is no need to explain the importance of body health and body maintenance in life. But in view of this importance, in ancient physical education, physical development is considered to be one of the goals of education. Researcher Plato emphasized physical education at an early stage in his education plan.

Research Problem:

              “A Study of the effects of Suryanamaskar training program on boys’ physical flexibility in the age group of 12 to 14”

The Importance of research:

• There will be an increase in various capabilities in the sports sector.
• The training program selected in the study can be used by sports teachers at different levels.
• Athletes can use new techniques in sports and sports training methods.

          Aim:

                   To evaluate the effects of Suryanamaskar training program on boys’ physical flexibility.

Hypothesis:

          The Suryanamaskar training program shows the difference in the boys’ physical flexibility of children.

Limitations:

• The students are from Maratha High School, Satana.
• The age group of the students is 12 to 14 years.
• The students are boys.
• The training period is 6 weeks.

Research Procedures:

A total of 40 selected boys were divided into two equal groups. Then 20 boys were randomly selected from the controlled group and experimental groups. The experimental group was given an hour of Surynamskar every day as per the research schedule. After a period of six weeks, waist elasticity was measured and recorded on the basis of sit and rich boxes as per the previous test of both groups. Regular practice of the control group was conducted.

Experimental design:

All 20 boys will be trained in Surynamskar for six weeks by taking warm up on the school premises.

Sample Method:

The researcher used an experimental method called random sampling to select the boys’ sample for the research.

Statistical method:

The statistical method of median, standard deviation and t value obtained after the completion of this research was used.

“Comparative table of Control group”

        (sing. level .005)

“Comparative table of Experimental group”

        (sing.level .005)

The result of the hypothesis:

The Suryanamaskar training program showed a significant increase in the physical fitness of the boys in the experimental group.

Conclusion:

The boys of the experimental group showed a statistically significant increase in resilience after Suryanamaskar training compared to the control group.

Recommendations:

• This research can also be experimented on girls.
• It should be done at different ages.
• Different types of exercise should be improved.

Bibliography:

1. Prof. Shankar Tiwadi – Prof. Vyanktesh Vagvad- “Sharirik Shikshanatil Mapan Mulyamapan” (Chandrashekhar Agashe- Sharirik Shikshan Maha. Pune)
2. Prof. Shripal Jardre – “Sharirik Shikshan Sanshodhan Tantr V Paddhati” (Chandrama Prakashan Kolhapur)
3. Narade Vinay – “Sanshodhan Pranali” ( A. B. D. Publishers, Jaypur)
4. Bhandarkar P.L. – “Samajik Sanshodhan Paddhati” (Prakashak Vidyapith Granth Nirmiti Mandal Nagpur)
5. Prof. R. C. Kunvar – “Sharirik Shiksha Ke Tatv” (Amit Brothers Publications Nagpur)
6. Shri B. R. Gogate – “Sharirik Shikshanachi Tatve V Swarup” (Chitnis Prakashan Pune)

A STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL- BEING OF PRESIDENCY UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN KARNATAKA

Author: Dr. S MUNIRAJU, Assistant Director of Physical Education & Sports, Govt. SKSJ Technological Institute, K R Circle, Bangaluru-560 001, 

Co-Author: SANTHOSHA C, Asst. Director of Physical Education, Presidency University-560064, Email ID: santhoshgowda66608@gmail.com, santhosha@presidencyuniversity.in

Abstract:

The purpose of the study was to analyze the mental prosperity (confidence and abstract essentialness) Students of Presidency college, Bangalore, Karnataka. Six Hundred Thirty nine (639) Students of age group 18-29 years were selected from Presidency University, Bangalore State: Karnataka, India. While representing the measure of active work, The Rosenberg Confidence Scale and Abstract Imperativeness Scale were utilized for this examination. The subjects for the study were divided into four groups namely Low, Moderate, High, and Very high. People having higher active work evaluated higher mean emotional imperativeness; nonetheless, contrasts in confidence were noticed uniquely in men, explicitly between high and the other active work gatherings. A healthy lifestyle is one of the main factor in maintaining the health of people in society. With respect to the youth and students general wellbeing, they should finish and follow a preparation program on way of life related components. The main focus of the current examination was to dissect the relationship of recreation time active work and emotional wellness among Presidency college students in Bangalore, Karnataka. It was predicted that subjects with higher loosening up time dynamic work would rate their mental prospering higher.

Key words:  Physical Activity, Self Esteem, Subjective Vitality, Mental Prosperity, Confidence, Emotional imperativeness

Introduction

A strong lifestyle is one of the major factors in keeping up the prosperity of people in the public field. With respect to the part of youth and under studies in general wellbeing, they should finish and follow a preparation program on way of life related variables. One of the primary point of the instructional hubs is to improve the scholastic accomplishment of students. The reason for the examination was to investigate the mental prosperity (confidence and abstract imperativeness) of students from Presidency College, Bangalore, Karnataka. Six Hundred Thirty nine (639) Students of age group 18-29 years were selected from Presidency University, Bangalore State: Karnataka, India. The gainful impacts of customary active work on physical and mental wellbeing are notable. A few scientists have investigated the mental advantages of activity zeroing in on factors, for example, state of mind, tension, misery, confidence, and intellectual working. The university is a centre in which people develop a lifestyle that supports their future health. Most of the examinations completed on college students have seen that a functioning way of life is a significant factor for psychological wellness. At any rate 150 minutes of the multi day stretch of moderate force genuine work, which looks at to 600 (Metabolic Equivalent of Task) METs/week, are endorsed to procure clinical focal points. Active work need not be of enthusiastic power to improve wellbeing. Likewise, medical advantages appear to be corresponding to volume of actual work. In this manner, it is satisfactory to evaluate the general measure of actual work when relations between active work and mental prosperity are required to be set up. A typical proportion of active work volume is metabolic same (MET) use. To appraise energy use in METs, it is important to think about every single one of the elements of active work, usually eluded in the abbreviation FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type). The point of the current examination was to dissect the relationship of recreation time active work and emotional wellness among Presidency college students in Bangalore, Karnataka. Mental prosperity was estimated as Self-regard and Subjective essentialness. The students with higher loosening up time dynamic work might rate their mental prosperity higher was the prediction of the study.

Measure

Sample Selection

The students from Presidency University (321 Men and 318 Women), were registered by means of comfort testing to take an interest in this cross-sectional investigation. Their age group varied from 18 to 29 years (M = 21.4 yr., SD = 2.5). The testing blunder was ± 4%, with a certainty level of 95.5%.

Assessment

Recreation time actual work

Questions for the study were borrowed from the "Flourishing Behavior in School-age Children study: a society of World Health Organization arranged cross-public evaluation" had been adjusted to class students in past assessments. Members were approached to report common relaxation time actual work. Moreover, they demonstrated the recurrence (times/week), term (minutes/meeting), and force for every movement, utilizing a Likert-type scale with

1. Light
2. Moderate
3. Intense
4. Vigorous

Such a diversion improvement was relegated a force code, in units of METs, as shown by the Compendium of Physical Activities. An evaluation of energy utilization was procured expanding the MET score by the amount of minutes out of consistently spent in each activity. Students were separated into four gatherings:

1. Low (members who didn't report any proactive tasks or with a score of under 600 MET•min./wk.).
2. Moderate (600 to < 1,200 MET • min./wk.).
3. High (1,200 to < 3,000 MET • min./wk.).
4. Very high ( > 3,000 MET • min./wk.).

The cut-centers for the orders depended around past examinations in which school students have been adequately arranged.

Self-Esteem

Self –Esteem Scale of Spanish sort of 10-thing was utilized for survey perspectives. An example thing is, "I feel that I have different extraordinary qualities." The subjects wrote their answers on a 4-point scale (Likert-type) using anchors of 1: Strongly vary and 4: Strongly agree. The Likert scale has been referred as one of the most solid in past appraisals completed on young people and on school students with Cronbach's alpha evaluations of .86 and .84, freely. In the current assessment, the proportion of interior dependability was α = .81 for men and α = .82 for women.

Subjective-Vitality

A Spanish adaptation of the 6-thing Subjective Vitality Scale was utilized in order to gauge emotional essentialness. Reactions were surveyed on a 7-point scale utilizing anchors of 1: Not at all prominent and 7: Very self-evident. Sufficient inward unwavering quality for this scale has been accounted for in past examinations did on young people and on college students with inside consistency dependability estimations of α = .88 and α = .84, individually. In the current examination, it was observed that, there were adequate inside suffering quality, with evaluations of Cronbach's alpha .85 for men and .90 for women.

Process

The institutional investigation board guaranteed the plan of the assessment. Going before taking note of the survey, individuals were advised to respond to the requests autonomously and as genuinely as could be considered typical and were educated that there were no right answers. The subjects finished the survey in around 15 min. Each variable of the examination were resolved by means and standard deviations. Single bearing multivariate evaluations of precariousness were facilitated to test the effects of individuals' sex on entertainment time dynamic work and on thriving portions (sureness and enthusiastic centrality). The impacts of recreation time actual work on prosperity factors were likewise inspected. Post hoc tests were used to consider social affairs.

Analysis

The calculations of means & standard deviations were done for each variable. In order to test the effects of samples on psychological well-being & leisure time physical activity (self-esteem and subjective vitality) one-way multivariate analyses of variance were conducted. The Post hoc test was conducted in order to compare the groups. Further, the examination was also carried on to identify the effects of leisure-time physical activity on psychological well-being variables.

Outcome

The Means and standard deviations of each variable are indicated in Table 1. A multivariate assessment of progress showed quantifiably monstrous contrasts among people on flourishing components also as on delight time authentic work (Pillai's follow = .21; F3, 620 = 55.26, p < .001; halfway η2 = 0.21).  No cutoff esteems exist for halfway estimated time of arrival squared, however an incentive over .06 is viewed as a moderate impact size and an incentive over .14 is viewed as an enormous impact size.

It is clearly indicated in table 1 that the men being more dynamic and appraised confidence and imperativeness higher than women. As indicated by the four unwinding time genuine work get-togethers, a multivariate assessment of variance exhibited quantifiably basic differentiations on success factors for men (Pillai's follow = .08; F6,626 = 4.47, p < .001; midway η2 = .04).  Follow-up investigation showed huge contrasts (p < .001) on the two markers of prosperity (confidence and emotional essentialness; Table 2). A post hoc Tukey test uncovered that the high gathering appraised confidence higher than the other three active work gatherings. Regarding emotional essentialness, the high gathering revealed higher abstract imperativeness than the other three active work gatherings. Also, passionate significance was essentially higher in the high assembling than in the Low unwinding time dynamic work gathering. Concerning the women, multivariate examination of change showed critical contrasts on prosperity factors (Pillai's follow = .07; F6,606 = 3.47, p < .005; fractional η2 = .04). Follow-up invariant assessment showed fundamental separations (p < .001) on extraordinary centrality (Table 2).  A post hoc Tukey test revealed that the incredibly high dynamic work bundle assessed passionate vitality higher than the other three unwinding time real work social affairs.

Discussion

The current disclosures show that high loosening up time genuine work is associated with benefits on mental flourishing. Equivalent to assurance, the outcomes were according to the ones got in an assessment of 277 students of American school. Armstrong and Oomen-Early, proclaimed outcomes for people together, and showed that competitors had fundamentally more fundamental sureness than did non-competitors. Regardless, the current women showed no immense differentiations in certainty related with genuine work. Sonstroem introduced certainty may change, decidedly or antagonistically, or perhaps not change with dynamic work dependent upon the progression of capacities for task strength or accomplishment. Thusly, self-awareness came to through active work practice could influence confidence changes. Also, a few examinations showed a relationship between women confidence and self-perception insights through exercise. Thusly, some dynamic women develop confidence because of appearance upgrade, for the most part because of weight reduction, though other dynamic women don't develop confidence, for example, on account of inability to accomplish the ideal self-perception. Concerning essentialness, the outcomes were reliable with the possibility that benefits in emotional imperativeness might be related with higher actual work. Moreover, they are in accordance with the information of longitudinal investigations in which a huge and positive connection between recreation time actual work and emotional imperativeness appeared in examples of college students from different nations. This assessment showed a positive effect of high dynamic work on passionate vitality and certainty assessed by school students. Unmistakably, engaged energy of preparing may not be relied upon to get favorable ramifications for mental success; moderate real work may be adequate. Wang presumed that Tai Chi, a moderate and entire body work out, effectively affected psychological wellness of college students. In this line, in an investigation of 477 students of Spanish and Portuguese, gainful impacts on mental prosperity (stress and mind-set state) were identified with customary actual exercise, free of the force of training. The limitations to be noted here were, for instance, the cross-sectional nature which doesn't allow us to understand causality, anyway just to recognize relationship among factors. This energizes planned investigations of the connection between high actual work and mental prosperity. Most first class competitors have high abstract prosperity on a few measures, yet their actual work is far higher than is likely required. In this line, exactness of both recurrence and power of actual work requires more target assessment. Shepherd communicated that on overviews; respondents will all in all over-report genuine work and deprecate dormant activities, mirroring a more noteworthy measure of the socially needed lead. One other constraint might be not considering factors which intercede the connection of actual work with mental prosperity, for example, mentor established inspirational environment or game members' inspiration. Diverse evaluation is a significant future zone of investigation. To close, the revelations of the current assessment are essential to the broad domains of genuine work and mind science. It would be of most outrageous importance to propel unwinding time dynamic work in the school setting in which lifestyles are being joined.

Conclusion

Considering the aftereffects of the current exploration and other undifferentiated from examines, solid way of life schooling to students with powerful advances can be taken to improve the scholastic accomplishment. Appropriately, fusing the idea of way of life advancement in the prospectus of colleges will help students, to adequately and productively assume part in the improvement of their general public. To bring positive changes up in dietary propensities, advancement of wellbeing training programs zeroing in on normal active work is suggested.

References

1. Armstrong, S., & Oomen-Early, J. (2009) Social connectedness, self-esteem, and depression symptomatology among collegiate athletes versus nonathletes. Journal of American College Health, 57, 521-526.
2. Balaguer, I. (2002) Estilos de vida en la adolescencia. Valencia, Spain: Promolibro.
3. Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., García-Merita, M., & Mars, L. (2005) Implications of structured extracurricular activities on adolescents’ well-being and risk behaviors:
4. Motivational mechanisms. Oral presentation at the 9th European Congress of Psychology, Granada, Spain.
5. Biddle, S. J. H., & Mutrie, N. (2008) Psychology of physical activity: determinants, wellbeing and interventions. London: Routledge.
6. Gotwals, J., & Wayment, H. A. (2002) Evaluation strategies, self-esteem and athletic performance. Current Research in Social Psychology, 8, 84-101.
7. Markula, P. (1995) Firm but shapely, fit but sexy, strong but thin: the postmodern aerobicizing female bodies. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12, 424-453.
8. Rosenberg, M. (1965) Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univer. Press.
9. Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997) On energy, personality, and health: subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, 65, 529-565.
10. Sallis, J. F., & Owen, N. (1999) Physical activity and behavioral medicine. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
11. Shephard, R. J. (2003) Limits to the measurement of habitual physical activity by questionnaires. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37, 197-206.
12. Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Davis, C., & Cowles, M. (1991) Body image and exercise: a study of relationships and comparisons between physically active men and women. Sex Roles, 25, 33-44.

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON BODY MASS INDEX AND ANXIETY AMONG ADULT STRESSED WOMEN

*S.Ezhilarasi, ** Dr. S.Murugesan, *Full-Time Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India. E- Mail ID: yogasoundarya@gmail.com, **Associate Professor, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research(Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India.  E-Mail ID: murugeshyoga@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Anxiety among adult stressed women. For the purpose of study, 30 adult stressed women were selected randomly by using random group sampling method from Chennai city and their age was ranged between 20 and 30 years. The selected subjects were divided into two groups, i.e. experimental group I and control group II of 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences among the adult stressed women on selected Physiological and Psychological variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Anxiety due to yogic practices than the control group. Preliminary test was conducted on selected dependant variables for both groups before start of the training program. Experimental group underwent yogic practices for 60 minutes, Six days a week for a total period of 12 weeks. Practices include Loosening the Joints, Asanas, breathing and relaxation techniques. Control group did not undergo any treatment but in active rest. Post test was conducted on selected dependent variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Anxiety. The collected data were analysed with Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA). The level of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference on Body Mass Index (BMI) (decreased) and Anxiety (reduced) due to 12 weeks of yogic practices among adult stressed women. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence it is concluded that Yogic practices are beneficial for Adult Stressed Women to maintain healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) and to overcome Anxiety.

Key words: Yoga, Adult stressed women, Yogic Practices, Body Mass Index (BMI), and Anxiety

INTRODUCTION

Everyone experiences stress. Stress can be positive and motivate women to achieve notable goals. But stress can also be negative and destructive, taking its toll in many life areas. When stress becomes chronic or excessive, it becomes harder to adapt and cope. Stress is body’s way of responding to any kind of demand or threat. Stressors are the external events, including pressures in people's lives, such as marriage, children, work, money and divorce. Women on daily basis undergo stressful situation while performing the chore which gets build up and become chronic if left unnoticed. Research indicates that women's biological response to stress is to "tend and befriend"; this is, make sure the women are safe and then network with other women in stressful times. During stress, hormones including adrenaline and cortisol flood the body, resulting in an increased need for oxygen, increased Body Mass Index (BMI) and blood pressure, constricted blood vessels in the skin, tensed muscles, increased blood sugar levels, increased clotting ability of blood, spilling of stored fat from cells into the bloodstream, constriction of bowel and intestinal muscles, Cortisol, a hormone released when you're under stress, is an appetite trigger. It also leads to heart problems, Headaches and migraines, irritable bowel syndrome, Pregnancy issues and menstrual problems. Psychosocial stress may lead to weight gain through neuroendocrine and inflammatory pathways that directly increase abdominal adiposity. Women have higher rates of Depression and anxiety as well as other psychological disorders including panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder than men.

Yoga play an important role in restoring health in a holistic manner and promoting better physical, mental, emotional and spiritual health. Yoga improves the functioning of organs, strengthens immunity, uplifts mood and brings a plethora of additional benefits. Regular yoga practice through asanas, pranayama and meditation can put on the path to holistic well-being. Yoga practices suggest they can reduce the impact of exaggerated stress responses and may be helpful for both anxiety and depression. In this respect, yoga functions like other self-soothing techniques, such as meditation, relaxation, exercise, or even socializing with friends. The evidence is growing that yoga practice is a relatively low-risk, high-yield approach to improving overall health.

CAUSES

• Financial status
• Job security
• Health
• Feeling unprepared or cluttered
• Lack of rest
• Improper Diet
• Relationship issues.

SYMPTOMS

• Headaches
• Fatigue
• Trouble sleep
• Sudden Weight gain/Weight loss
• Stomach upset
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Absentmindedness
• Frequent pains and aches
• Sexual issues
• Intake of drugs and Alcohol

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on selected Physiological variable such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Psychological variable such as Anxiety due to yogic practices among Adult Stressed Women.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Anxiety among Adult Stressed Women.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Anxiety among Adult Stressed Women due to yogic practices than the control group.

DELIMITATIONS  

• The study was confined to Adult Stressed Women only.
• Subjects were selected from Chennai only.
• The age of the subject was ranged from 20 to 30 years only.
• The study was delimited to 12 weeks only.
• The independent variables were yogic practices only.
• The study was conducted on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Anxiety as dependant variable only

LIMITTIONS

• The factors like Socio – Economical status were not taken into consideration.
• The climatic conditions were not considered.
• Factors like life style habits were not taken into consideration.
• Subject’s day to day activities were not taken into account.
• Diet and medication followed by subjects was controlled.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

O'Neill et.al., (2020) conducted the study on Too stressed to self-regulate Associations between stresses self-reported executive function, disinhibited eating and BMI in women. Participants were 249 women who completed an online survey measured stress using Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale, EF using the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), disinhibited eating using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, and self-reported BMI. Analysis on this cross-sectional sample of women to test our hypothesis that higher stress is associated with reduced EF, greater disinhibited eating, and higher BMI and tested the indirect effects from stress to disinhibited eating and from stress to BMI. Stress was related to lower EF (β = 0.53 p < .001), lower EF was related to greater disinhibited eating (β = 0.34, p < .001), and disinhibited eating was related to higher BMI (β = 0.37, p < .001). There was an indirect effect of stress on disinhibited eating through EF (β = 0.18, SE = 0.04, p < .001) and an indirect effect of stress on BMI through EF and disinhibited eating (β = 0.07, SE = 0.02, p < .001). Women with higher stress may have higher BMI, in part due to reduced EF and disinhibited eating; suggesting that interventions designed to improve stress management and EF may also improve success with weight control, at least in this population of women.

Sarker et.al., (2013) conducted the study on “Direction of post-prandial ghrelin response associated with cortisol response, perceived stress and anxiety, and self-reported coping and hunger in obese women”. The appetite management and obesity is directly linked with neurobiological changes modulating stress. The orexigenic hormone, ghrelin may moderate anxiety and stress-related eating behaviour. The study involves analysis of ghrelin, cortisol and subjective hunger, anxiety, and stress; eating behaviour; coping ability among obese subjects before and after food intake. 18 obese subjects are chosen and were divided in to two group based on the response of ghrelin to a standard meal. A meal mediated suppression in serum ghrelin (post/pre < .94) was defined as a normal ghrelin response (NG) (n = 9) and failure to suppress (post/pre > 1.0) was designated as faulty ghrelin response (FG) (n = 9). Ghrelin and cortisol responses were correlated, r (18) = 0.558, p = .016. FG subjects had lower ratings of coping ability [t(2,16) = 2.437, p = .027 and higher ratings of hunger cues in the expected direction [t(2,16) = −2.061, p = .056] compared to NG subjects. Meal mediated declines in subjective hunger were observed for both NG [t(1,8) = 4.141, p = .003] and FG [t(1,8) = 2.718, p = .026]. NG also showed declines in subjective anxiety [t(1,8) = 2.977, p = .018], subjective stress [t(1,8) = 2.321, p = .049], and cortisol [t(1,8) = 4.214, p = .003].The results showcases Ghrelin may contribute to stress related eating disorder and has consistent relationship with stress, mood and obesity.

METHODOLOGY

To achieve the purpose of the study, 60 came forward, 45 were screened and 30 Adult Stressed Women were selected randomly from Chennai, between the age group from 20 to 30 years and they were divided into two groups I and II with 15 subjects in each group. Preliminary test was conducted for the two groups (I and II) on the selected dependent variables before the start of the training program. Group I subjects were given Yogic practices for 60 minutes , six days in a week for a total period of 12 weeks.

Yogic practices such Loosening the Joint ,Tadasana, Katichakrasana, Veerabhadrasana, Padahastasana, Trikonasana, Badhakonasana, Bharadwajasana,Sheshangasana, Vajrasana, Uttanapadasana, Halasana, Sarvangasana, Sethubandasana, Matsyasana, Bhujangasana , Dhanurasana ,Makarasana and Pranayama practices such as Kapalabhati , Bhastrika, Nadi Shodana Pranayama, Brahmari Pranayama followed by Yoga Nidra. Group II (Control Group) subjects were permitted to undergo their routine and normal lifestyle during the course of experiment without any specific training.

After 12 weeks, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Anxiety was measured. Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between experimental group and the control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

• The data pertaining to the variable collected from the groups before and after the training period were statistically analysed by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and the hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of confidence.
• The obtained F-ratio value for the body mass index and low density lipoprotein were greater than the table value, indicating that there was a significant difference among the post test and adjusted post-test means of the yogic practice group than the control group on selected Physiological and Psychological variables.

TABLE I

COMPUTATION OF MEAN AND ANALYSIS OF CO-VARIANCE (ANCOVA) OF BMI OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP (Scores in (Weight (kg) / Height (m) 2)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for df 1 and 28 = 4.20, 1 and 27 = 4.21).

The obtained F value on pre-test scores 1.19 was lesser than the required F value of 4.20 to be significant at 0.05 level. This proved that there was a significant difference between the groups a pre-test and post-test and the randomization at the pre-test was equal. The post test scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups, as obtained F value 20.18 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that the differences between the post- test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores were calculated and subjected to statistical treatment. The obtained F value 19.33was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that there was a significant difference on Body Mass Index (BMI)reduced due to 12 weeks of yogic practices among Adult Stressed Women. The result of this study on Body Mass Index (BMI) has in line with the study conducted by O'Neillet.al., (2020). The ordered adjusted means on stress were presented through bar diagram for better understanding of the results of this study in Figure -1

Figure – 1

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON BMI (Scores in (Weight (kg) / Height (m) 2)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for df 1 and 28 =   4.20, 1 and 27 = 4.21).

TABLE II

ANALYSIS OF CO-VARIANCE (ANCOVA) OF THE MEANS OF TWO EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND THE CONTROL GROUP ON ANXIETY (SCORES IN MARKS)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for df 1 and 28 = 4.20, 1    and 27 = 4.21).

The obtained F value on pre-test scores 0.60 was lesser than the required F value of 4.20 to be significant at 0.05 level. This proved that there was a significant difference between the groups a pre-test and post-test and the randomization at the pre-test was equal. The post test scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups, as obtained F value 267.12 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that the differences between the post- test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores were calculated and subjected to statistical treatment. The obtained F value 265.51 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that there was a significant difference on Anxiety reduced due to 12 weeks of yogic practices among Adult Stressed Women. The result of this study on Anxiety has in line with the study conducted by Sarkeret.al., (2013)

The ordered adjusted means on stress were presented through bar diagram for better understanding of the results of this study in Figure -II.

Figure – II

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON ANXIETY (SCORES IN MARKS)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for df 1 and 28 = 4.20, 1    and 27 = 4.21).

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Physiological variable such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Psychological variable such as Anxiety due to yogic practices among Adult Stressed Women than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on Body Mass Index (BMI) (Decreased) and Anxiety (Reduced) due to yogic practices than the control group among Adult Stressed Women. The Hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of significant.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that yogic practices decreased Body Mass Index (BMI) and reduced anxiety significantly among Adult Stressed Women. Hence, yogic practices are beneficial to Adult Stressed Women to maintain healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) and to overcome anxiety.

REFERENCES

1. O'Neill, J., Kamper-DeMarco, K., Chen, X., & Orom, H. (2020). Too stressed to self-regulate? Associations between stress; self-reported executive function, disinhibited eating and BMI in women. Eating Behaviors, 39, 101417.
2. Sarker, M. R., Franks, S., & Caffrey, J. (2013). Direction of post-prandial ghrelin response associated with cortisol response, perceived stress and anxiety, and self-reported coping and hunger in obese women. Behavioural brain research, 257, 197-200.

Comparative Study of Physical Fitness Components Among Hockey and Baseball Players

1. Smt.Meera Tukaram Sakhare, Research Scholar(Physical Education), Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded (M.S)
2. Prof. Dr. Venkat Mane(Guide),  Research Guide(Physical Education), S.R.T.M.University, Nanded, Director of Physical Education &Sports Digambarrao Bindu Arts, Commerce & Science College,Bhokar Dist.Nanded. (M.S)

ABSTRACK:-In the present study an attempt has been made to compare of physical fitness compent’s among Hockey and Baseball female players of K.A.A.N.M.S College,Satana,Dist.Nashik Maharashtra State in India. The test of Physical fitness components was administered on the 400 meters track and modified, sit-ups. Chin-ups trunk flexion in college Gymnasium the criterion measurement was used suitable modification. The comparison of physical fitness components of endurance between Hockey and Baseball players are greater than the Hockey players.

Keywords: Physical fitness ,Hockey & Baseball

      INTRODUCTION:-

Every individual on earth wants to be physically fit to carry out his day to day tasks or activities. Theses activities of individuals very from Seolentry office work to competitive sports. Physically fitness levels of these individuals depend upon the nature of the task and vice versa.

Primitive man recognized physical fitness was necessary to his surviel. But the modern concept in this mechanical age ends the complication and forgotten it’s importance not only to this efficiency and happiness but also the survival of his life. There is a direct relationship between physical exercise and physical fitness. the degree to which the component life. Physical fitness contribute to a particular game a activity in them in sports more emphasis is laid on these component of physical fitness which are most fundamental to that particulars sports.

The physical fitness as muscular power Ability. Muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, speed are pre-requisites learning sports skills can be under-estimated. Carried learning is possible only when learner has adequate strength endurance speed and flexibility so that he may practice the correct movement required in the basic skills of any sports.

The game of Hockey is exciting for it involving almost continues movement action. In the sports games physical fitness plays a vital role in important of the players performers. Especially of the competitive level. Therefore, physical fitness in sports and games has become indispensable for superior performance.

     Objective :-

            To Know the physical fitness components of Hockey and Baseball players as require.

     Hypothesis:-

      the selected physical fitness components  comparison would not be any significant  difference in the level of physical fitness between the Hockey and Baseball female players

      Methodology:-

a. Sample :

The Sample consisted of 20 namely Hockey and 20 Baseball female players from K.A.A.N.M.S College,Satana,Dist.Nashik Maharashtra state. Which comprised to twenty (20) female players each served as subject for this study.

b. Administering test :

The test of physical fitness, components were administered on the 400 meters track Gymnasium hall of K.A.A.N.M.S College,Satana,Dist.Nashik and modified.

c. Tool Used :

The Present investigation has been conducted by using the criterion measurers chosen for testing hypothesis were.

1. Standing Broad Jump (leg explosive strength) the standing broad jumps was selected.
2. 4 x 10 meters shuttle – run (Coordinative abilities)
3. 12 minutes Run – walk (Endurance)
4. Flexibility (To measures the trunk flexibility) the trunk flexion test used.
5. 50 meters Dash (speed) to measure speed the 50 meters dash test was used.

d. Statistical Technique :

The ‘t’ ration was adopted for Comparison of selected physical fitness components among selected subject.

Analysis of the Data & Results of the Study :

The statistical analysis of data related to selected factors of physical fitness variables are coordinative abilities. Muscular strength, endurance, endurance flexibility. Speed were collected on Hockey and Baseball players groups from K.A.A.N.M.S College, Satana,Dist.Nashik.Who participated in inter college tournaments organized by Pune University. 

            Data :-

The  data  of the performance  of subject well computed by correlating of score of first day with those of third day. The value of   ‘v’  obtained by muscular power coordinative abilities, muscular strength. Cardiovascular strength, cardio – vascular endurance, flexibility and speed.

Physical fitness of Hockey and Baseball

              1,3,4, - Significant at 0.01 level, 2 at 0.5 level, 5 Not a significant

Testing of Hypothesis:-

            Speed:-

The first hypothesis state that the there is significant difference in speed performance of Hockey and Baseball players.

Revels that the mean scores of Hockey Players is lesser than the Baseball players. Here the higher score lesser the performance and the result showed significant.

           Endurance:;-

The summary of endurance performance of between two groups. Is the mean scores of endurance of Baseball players is greater than the Hockey players and the ‘t’ ratio found to be significant.

           Strength:-

Summary of strength performance of both groups.

Mean score strength performance of Hockey players is greater than the Baseball and the ‘t’ ratio showed significant at 0.01 level of confidence.

           Coordinative ability:-

Comparison of ability performance of Hockaey and Baseball players showed in table Sr.No 4 as Mean scores of Coordinative ability  performance of Baseball is lesser than the Hockey players and ‘t’ ratio is showed is significant.

            Flexibility:-

Comparison of flexibility performance of Hockey and Baseball players. As per table Sr.No.5 conclusions. mean scores of flexibility performance of Hockey Players is lesser than the Baseball players at ‘t’ ration result shows not significant.

           Findings:-

The result of study generally supported to the proposed hypothesis. The significant may be due to the fact that the major component are different potential in two produce this component, in both offensive and defensive players in Hockey  leg strength when compared Baseball. Apparently it is to believe that leg strength is required in both games but in reality one needs. Physical strength endurance speed flexibility to co-ordinate running movements with hand in both games components like agility is more required in Hockey and Baseball.

Further the result of the study shows that there would be not any significant deference in physical fitness components of Hockey and Baseball players. The less significance may due to the fact that field of sport and games where individual has to perform complex motor task on in grated functioning of physical variables is of permanent important. The ability of the sportsman to perform a task effectively and efficiently is an interact on between once physical and mental capacities.

           Conclusion:-

On the basis of analysis of the rate the following conclusions are made. the comparison of physical fitness between Hockey and Baseball teams. the result shows significant and the mean performance of Hockey players are greater than Baseball players.

Comparison of physical fitness components of endurance between Hockey and Baseball player the result should significant and the mean score performance of endurance of Baseball players is greater than the Hockey players.

However, the components of physical fitness between Hockey and Baseball players the result shown significant and the mean score performance of Hockey players is greater than Baseball shown significant similarly that flexibility comparison result also not shown significant result.

REFERENCES:-

       1.  Andrews Barr erai (March 1976) Physical fitness  values of Canadian and south African school boys Dissertation abstracts international 36 5912.

       2.  Ganguly sk (1981) short Term Yogo training programmed on cardio – vascular endurance.

       3.  SNIPES Journal 42 45-51

       4.  Rountrees (2008) the ahlete’s Guide to yoga An integrated Approach to strength flexibility and focus velo press, colerado.

       5.  American college of sports medicine(1988) physical fitness in children and youth. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 20 422-428.

       6.  Baumbartner, T.A., and Jackson, A.S. (1982). Measurement for evaluation in physical education (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.