EFFICACY OF INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE INTERVAL TRAINING AND ITS CESSATION ON SELECTED SPEED PARAMETERS

*Mr. Rajasekar and **Dr.P.Johnson

* Research Scholar & **Assistant Professor,
University College of Physical Education & Sports Sciences,
Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of intensive and extensive interval training and detraining on selected speed parameters. To achieve the purpose of the study 45 male students were randomly selected and segregated them into three groups of 15 each. Speed, speed endurance and anaerobic power were considered as criterion variables, and these variables were assessed prior to and immediately after 12 weeks of training and also during the period of cessation of experimental treatment for 40 days at an interval of every 10 days, from intensive and extensive interval training groups and control group. The data collected was analyzed statistically using analysis of covariance and 3 x 5 factorial ANOVA with last factor repeated measures. The results of the study revealed that there was significant improvement on selected speed parameters, and the findings also showed that there was a significant decrease during the detraining period.

Introduction

Scientific training methods and application of basic principles of body mechanics in sports skill have been attributed to the higher level of performance in sports skills. Performance is the combined result of coordinated exertion and integration of a variety of functions. Although genetic factors environment and geographic location have an important role in performance, to certain extent performance depends upon the physical and motor fitness qualities in which definite improvement can be achieved through appropriate training (Boucher and Malina, 1999).

Sports' training is a programme of exercise designed to improve the skills and increase the energy capacities of an athlete for a particular event. These basic training procedures will serve better when utilized with modifications suited to individuals or a group dealt with. Sports activities consist of motor movement and action and their success depends to a great extent on how correctly they are performed. Techniques of training and improvement of tactical efficiency play a vital role in a training process (Fox, 1984).

One method of training that allows appropriate metabolic systems to be stressed is interval training. Interval training is based on the concept that more work can be performed at higher exercise intensities with the same or less fatigue compared to continuous running. The theoretical metabolic profile for exercise and rest intervals stressing anaerobic metabolism, fast glycolysis and phosphogen system is based on the knowledge of which energy systems predominate during exercise and time of substrate recovery. By choosing appropriate exercise intensities, exercise duration and rest interval, the appropriate energy systems can be trained (Baechle, 1994).

To bring about positive changes in an athlete's state and exercise overload must be applied. The training adaptation takes place only if the magnitude of the training load is above the habitual level. If an athlete uses a standard exercise with the same training load over a very long time, there will be no additional adaptations and the level of physical fitness will not substantially change. If the training load is too low, detraining occurs. Four factors mainly determine the time course of detraining; (1) duration of the immediately preceding period of training (period of accumulation),
(2) training experience of the athletes, (3) targeted motor abilities, and (4) amount of specific training loads during detraining (Zatsiorsky, 1995).

It has been scientifically accepted that any systemic training over a continuous period of time would lead to produce changes on athletic qualities. Based on reviewing the related literature, the following hypotheses were framed. Firstly, there would be significant improvement on selected speed parameters due to intensive and extensive interval training. Secondly, there would be significant differences between the experimental groups in improving the selected speed parameters. Thirdly, there would be a significant reduction of performance on selected speed parameters of experimental groups during the period of training cessation.

Method

Participants

Forty-five male students (age 17 ± 0.6 years, height 1.63 ± 4 cm and weight 59 ± 2 kg) were recruited for this study. After being fully informed of the risk associated with the study, the subjects gave their written informed consent to participate. The qualified medical officer examined the subjects and certified that they were fit enough to undergo the experimental protocol.

Training Regimen

The selected subjects were randomly segregated into three groups of 15 each. The group I underwent intensive interval training, group II underwent extensive interval training and group III acted as control. The duration of the training programme was 12 weeks with three sessions per week on alternative days. The training load for intensive and extensive interval training groups was 80-95% and 65-80% respectively. After 10 to 15 minutes of warm up at self selected workload, the subjects performed the interval training for 45 minutes to one hour per session. The subjects performed short sprints training for two days, and speed endurance training once in a week. Distance sprinted were 40-80m in short sprints and 120-180m in speed endurance training. An active recovery of 1-3 minutes between repetitions and 5 minutes between sets was given to intensive interval training group, whereas, extensive interval training group was provided with 3-4 minutes between repetitions and 5 minutes between sets.

After the completion of twelve week of interval training the subjects of experimental and control groups were physically detrained for 40 days. During this period the subjects were assessed once in 10 days (four cessation periods) to analysis whether there is any decrease in performance on the selected variables.

Testing Regimen

The selected dependent variables such as speed, speed endurance and anaerobic power were assessed prior to and immediately after the training period and also during the cessation of training for forty days at an interval of every 10 days. The speed was assessed by 50m run, speed endurance was assessed by administering 150m run and anaerobic power was assessed by using Margaria Kalamen anaerobic power test.

Statistical Analysis

The data pertaining to the variables confined to this study was examined by ANCOVA to determine the difference in the improvement of selected variables among groups by nullifying the pretest differences. The data collected from the three groups on speed, speed endurance and anaerobic power during post test, first, second, third and fourth cessation period was statistically analysed by using 3 x 5 factorial ANOVA with last factor repeated measure. Whenever the 'F' ratio was found to be significant, Scheffé S post hoc test was used to determine the significant paired mean difference. The level of significance was accepted at P < 0.05.

Results

Table 1

Adjusted Posttest Mean on Speed, Speed Endurance and Anaerobic Power of Experimental and Control Groups.

Variable	Intensive Interval Training	Extensive Interval Training	Control Group	SOV	Sum of Squares	df	Mean squares	Obtained 'F' ratio
Speed	7.193	7.507	7.853	B	3.252	2	1.626	147.818
				W	0.440	41	0.011
Speed Endurance	17.791	17.046	18.523	B	16.040	2	8.020	67.966
				W	4.832	41	0.118
Anaerobic Power	107.398	105.254	97.417	B	755.748	2	377.874	28.867
				W	536.679	41	13.090

The required table value for significance at 0.05 level of confidence with df 2 and 41 is 3.226.

The result of this study shows that there was a significant difference existing between experimental and control groups, since the obtained 'F' ratio value of adjusted posttest means were 147.818, 67.966 and 28.867 on speed, speed endurance and anaerobic power were greater than the required table value of 3.226 for given degrees of freedom at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence, the adjusted posttest 'F' ratio value was found to be significant, Scheffé S post hoc test was applied to find out the paired mean difference, if any.

Table 2

Scheffé S Post Hoc Test for Paired Mean difference on Speed, Speed Endurance and Anaerobic Power

Variables	Adjusted Post Test Mean			Mean Differences	Confidence Interval
	Intensive Interval Training	Extensive Interval Training	Control Group
Speed	7.193	7.507		0.314*	0.097
	7.193		7.853	0.660*	0.097
		7.507	7.853	0.346*	0.097
Speed Endurance	17.791	17.046		0.745*	0.319
	17.791		18.523	0.732*	0.319
		17.046	18.523	1.477*	0.319
Anaerobic Power	107.398	105.254		2.144	3.356
	107.398		97.417	9.981*	3.356
		105.254	97.417	7.837*	3.356

*Significant at .05 level.

Table-2 shows that both the training groups were significantly contributing to the improvement of selected speed parameters, however intensive interval training has better influence on speed and anaerobic power than that of the extensive interval training, whereas, extensive interval training has better influence on speed endurance than that of the intensive interval training.

The post training data on speed, speed endurance and anaerobic power of intensive interval training group has been increased by 9%, 4% and 10% from that of the baseline and thereafter during the detraining period the data on selected speed parameters declined to near baseline after fourth cessation period. Similarly, post training data on speed, speed endurance and anaerobic power of extensive interval training group has been increased by 5%, 7% and 9%, and it was observed that selected speed parameters reversed its training impact to near baseline after fourth cessation period of detraining.

From the result of the study it was found that there was no significant reduction in speed and anaerobic power during the first cessation period of both the experimental groups and during the second, third and fourth cessation periods significant reduction of performance was noticed. The result of the study also shows that speed endurance was not significantly reduced during the first and second cessation period but there was a reverse of the training impact during third and fourth cessation periods. However the reduction of the speed and anaerobic power are higher for intensive interval training group when compared with extensive interval training group during the early stage then it was gradually reduced. The rate of decrease on speed endurance was higher for extensive interval training group during the early stage than the intensive interval training group thereafter it was gradually declined towards the base line.

Discussion

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of intensive and extensive interval training and its cessation on selected speed parameters. The result of this study show that there was a significant improvement on selected speed parameters due to intensive and extensive interval training, and thereby the researcher's first hypothesis was accepted. Further, the study revealed that intensive interval training is better in improving speed and anaerobic power and extensive interval training is better in improving speed endurance. Thus, the researcher's second hypothesis was also accepted.

The foresaid observations of this study were in par with the earlier studies. Edge et al., (2005) found that high intensity interval training showed greater improvement in repeated sprint ability than moderate intensity interval training group. Dupont et al., (2004) concluded that sprint performance was improved due to high intensity interval training. Alcevedo and Goldfarb (1989) pointed out that to produce best performance, training intensities have to be equal to those, which will be attempted in the competition. Majdell and Alexander (1991) concluded that sprinting speed improved by a six week programme of training including conventional sprint exercises and over speed training. Creer et al., (2004) found that four weeks of high intensity sprint interval training combined with endurance training increased motor units activation. Dawson et al., (1998) found that six weeks of short sprint training improved speed and endurance and repeated sprinting ability. Cheetham and Williams (1987) found that 11.1% of improvement in peak running speed following high intensity training.

MacDougall et al., (1996) found that a relatively brief period of sprint training increased aerobic and anaerobic capacities in initially untrained individuals. Wenzel (1992) pointed out that speed training is an effective way to improve anaerobic power. Medbo and Burgers (1990) identified that sprinters have better anaerobic capacity than endurance athletes due to increase in anaerobic energy release. They also suggest that anaerobic capacity can be improved within six weeks of training. Laursen et al., (2006) concluded that anaerobic capacity was significantly improved due to high intensity interval training regimen. Nowberry and flowers (1999) concluded that sprint training in significantly better in improving anaerobic power. According to Fincher (2001) high intensity training produces greater anaerobic power.

The third hypothesis formulated in this study was accepted as the findings of the study revealed that there was no significant reduction in speed and anaerobic power during the first cessation, but thereafter significant reduction was noticed for both the experimental groups. It was also found that speed endurance was not significantly reduced during the first and second cessation period but it was gradually declined to base line during the third and fourth cessation period for both the experimental groups.

According to Wilmore and Costill, the greater the gains during training, the greater the losses during detraining. The well trained person has more to lose than the untrained person. According to Baechle (1994) endurance adaptations are most sensitive to periods of inactivity because of their enzymatic basis. When detraining occurs, the physiological functions go back to the normal. Tudor O. Bompa (1999) has written "speed tends to be the first ability affected by detraining, since the break down of protein and the degenerations of motor units decreases the power capabilities of muscle contraction. Speed deterioration may also be due to the nervous system's sensitivity to detraining. He pointed out that speed decrease followed by power, since muscle tension depends on the force and speed of stumili and firing rate.

It is inferred from the above literatures and from the results of the present study that systematically designed interval training develops the selected dependent variables such as speed, speed endurance and anaerobic power. The significant improvement in the above said variables highlights the effect of interval running training package designed for this study, its systematic, progressive loading patterns and appropriate recovery phase between session, set and repetition during the training period.

The impact of detraining was considerable with a linear deterioration of performance with extendable periods of cessation. Therefore, to prevent or minimize the changes that result from period of physical inactivity, the athletes and players are advised to participate in physical activities during the period of training cessation.

References

Alcevedo, E. O., and Goldfarb, A. H. (1989). "Increased Training Intensity Effects on Plasma Lactate, Ventilatory Threshold, and Endurance", Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 21, pp.563-568.

Baechle, Thomas R. Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, (Champaign: Human Kinetics, 1994), p.318.

Bompa, Tudor O. Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training, (4th ed.), (Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1999), pp.86-87.

Boucher, C., and Malina, R.M. (1999). "Genetics of Physical Fitness and Motor Performance", Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews, 11, p. 3206.

Cheetham, ME., and Williams, C. (1987). "High Intensity Training and Treadmill Sprint Performance". British Journal of Sports Medicine, 21:2, pp. 14-7

Creer, AR., et al. (2004). "Neural, Metabolic, and Performance Adaptations to Four Weeks of High Intensity Sprint Interval Training in Trained Cyclists", Int J Sports Med.25:2, pp. 92-8.

Dupont, G., et al. (2004). "The Effect of In Season, High Intensity Interval Training in Soccer Players", Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 18:3, pp. 584-9.

Edge, et al. (2005). "Effects of High and Moderate-Intensity Training on Metabolism and Repeated Sprints". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37:11, pp. 1975-82.

Fox, Edward L. Sports Physiology, (Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishers, 1984), p. 401.

Laursen, P.B., et al. (2005). Influence of high-intensity interval training on adaptations in well-trained cyclists. J Strength Cond Res. 19:3, pp. 527-33.

MacDougall, J. D., et al. (1996). "Muscle Enzymatic Adaptations to Sprint Interval Training", Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28:5, p.126.

Majdell, R., and Alexander, M.J. L. (1991). "The Effect of Over Speed Training on Kinematic Variables in Sprinting", Journal of Human Movement Study, 21:1.

Medbo, J. I., and Burgers, S. (1990). "Effect of Training on Anaerobic Capacity", Journal of Medicine, Science, Sports and Exercise, 22:4, pp. 501-507.

Newberry, J. E., and Flowers, L. (1999). "Effectiveness of Combining Sprint and High-Repetition Squat Resistance Training in Anaerobic Conditioning", Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31:5, p.1384

Wenzel, Ralph R. (1992). "The Effect of Speed Versus Non - Speed Training in Power Development", The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 6:2, pp.82 - 87.

Wilmore, Jack H. and Costill, David L., Physiology of Sports and Exercise, (Champaign: Human Kinetics, 1994), p.403.

Zatsiorsky, Vladimir M. Science and Practice of Strength Training, (Champaign: Human Kinetics, 1995), p.123.

PERSONALITY TRAITS, EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND VALUE ORIENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL CRICKETER SANJAY BANGAR

* Bhandare Prasad and **Prof. Tiwari Pratap Singh

ABSTRACT

To understand human nature and personality of persons psychologists are continuously striving. It is very important for any human enterprise, more so in case of sports and games, where there is not only kaleidoscopic play of emotions but also name, fame, money and much more at stake. A comprehensive understanding of human nature would contribute in great measure for the all round development of the person, sporting activity and also improving the quality of life.

A psychological analysis case study of the above mentioned subject is conducted through ex-post-facto research method. Based on the objectives of the present study, Sixteen primary personality factor questionnaire (R. B Cattel, 1969), Emotional intelligence scale (Anukool Hyde, Sanjyot Pethe and Upinder Dhar 2007) and Value orientation scale (Chauhan N.S. 1973) were administered on the subject.

It is concluded that Sanjay Bangar is good natured, easy going, emotionally expressive, ready to co-operate, attentive to people, softhearted, kindly, adaptable, quick to grasp ideas, a fast learner, intelligent, emotionally mature, stable, realistic about life, unruffled, possessing ego strength, better able to maintain solid group morale, assertive, self assured, independent minded, cheerful, active, talkative, frank, expressive, effervescent and carefree. He is exacting in character, dominated by sense of duty, preserving, responsible, planful, "fill the unforgiving minute, sociable, bold, ready to try new things, spontaneous and abundant in emotional response. His "thick skinnedness" enables them to face wear and tear in dealing with people and grueling emotional situations, without fatigue. He is tough, realistic, "down to earth", independent, responsible but skeptical of subjective, cultural elaborations, free of jealous tendencies, adaptable, cheerful, uncompetitive, concerned about others, a good team worker, anxious to do the right things, attentive to practical matters, polished, experimental and shrewd, unruffled and to have unshakable nerve. He has a mature, unanxious confidence in themselves and their capacity to deal with things. He is experimenting, interested in intellectual matters, he has doubts on fundamental issues, prefers to work and make decisions with other people and like and depend on social approval and admiration He has undisciplined self-conflict and have significant control of his emotions and general behavior. Inclination to be socially aware, careful and he has lot of self respect and high regard for social reputation. He is sedate, relaxed, composed and satisfied person.

He has high emotional intelligence and higher value orientation.

*Physical Cultural Instructor, Govt. First Grade College, Surpur, Yadgir District, Karnataka.

**Director and Professor of Physical Education

Department of Physical Education, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga-585106, Karnataka.

INTRODUCTION

To understand human nature and personality of persons psychologists are continuously striving. It is very important for any human enterprise, more so in case of sports and games, where there is not only kaleidoscopic play of emotions but also name, fame, money and much more at stake. A comprehensive understanding of human nature would contribute in great measure for the all round development of the person, sporting activity and also improving the quality of life.

A case study conducted by M. Vanvek and B. J. Cratty (1970), on Robert, who was engaged in a combative sport for his country showed that how was an introvert, selfish and generally unsociable even though he was outgoing with people in a superficial way.

Sunil Gavaskar; His Life, Career and Contributions to Cricket, a case study was done by S. Sivaramakrishnan (1989). He concluded that, Sunil Gavaskar is a bit reserved, deviates towards more intelligence, affected by feelings, submissive, serious, slightly conscientious, timid, sensitive, suspicious, practical, shrewd, apprehensive, and conservative and deviant to be self sufficient, controlled and tense person.

There are a large number of studies on groups and categories of people in relation to personality, socio economic status, emotional intelligence, value orientation, locus of control, level of aspiration, self confidence, achievement motivation and mental endurance etc. In psychology individuals are studied in a comprehensive in a clinical setting. But one feels that understanding an individual who has made a mark, who has been greatly successful, who has been a highly influential railway employee and international cricketer represented indian cricket team.

Sanjay Bapusaheb Bangar born october 11, 1972, Bid, Maharashtra is a feisty allrounder who opens both the batting and the bowling for railways in India's Ranji Trophy, Sanjay Bangar is an exciting prospect - and something of a lucky mascot for India, who won five and drew one of his first six Tests, including three rare overseas victories. Bangar bowls wicket-to-wicket at a lively pace, and can move the ball both ways. As a batsman, he has been a steady accumulator of runs at domestic level, but also has an impressive fourth gear: his lusty hitting at No. 6 helped the Board President's XI to a victory in the 1998 Wills Trophy. An untimely injury kept him out of cricket for a while, but he returned in style, with a fine hundred against Zimbabwe in only his second Test, batting at No. 7, before moving to the top of the order to play a crucial role in India's historic innings victory over England at Headingley in 2002.

Hence the present researcher has felt necessary to conduct a case study on former international cricketer Sanjay Bangar to assess his level of personality traits, emotional intelligence and value orientation.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem formulated for the present study is to find out the level of personality traits, emotional intelligence, value orientation and achievements of former international cricketer Sanjay Bangar.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY

1. To study the level of personality traits of former international cricketer Sanjay Bangar.

2. To find out the level of emotional intelligence of former international cricketer Sanjay Bangar.

3. To study the level of value orientation of former international cricketer Sanjay Bangar.

HYPOTHESES

· There would be high scores in the sixteen primary personality factors of Sanjay Bangar.

· Sanjay Bangar would have high level of emotional intelligence, and value orientation.

DELIMITATIONS

· The research is delimited to study personality traits, emotional intelligence and value orientation of former international cricketer Sanjay Bangar.

· The study methods are delimited to interview and psychological questionnaire testing.

LIMITATIONS

· The study is limited to responses given by the subject to three psychological questionnaires and tests.

· The psychological conditions like anxiety, stress and strain of the subject are beyond the control of the investigator. Hence, they are the considered as limitations of the study.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

· This study assumes great significance given its comprehensive study of a former international cricketer Sanjay Bangar.

· This study will reveal the level personality traits, emotional intelligence and value orientation of former international cricketer Sanjay Bangar.

· This study will helps in assuming his achievements in relation to his personality traits, emotional intelligence and value.

METHODOLOGY

Tools

Following standardized tests and questionnaires were used in the present study,

1. Cattell's 16 PF Form 'C'Questionnaire (R.B. Cattell 1969)

2. Emotional Intelligence Scale (Anukool Hyde, Sanjyot Pethe and Upinder Dhar 2007).

3. Value Orientation Scale (Chauhan N.S. 1973).

Test Administration and Collection of Data

To collect necessary data pertaining to the present case study through questionnaires and interview method. The subject was administered to the Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (Form 'C'), Emotional Intelligence Scale and Value Orientation Scale. The data were in the form of answer given by the subject in response to the various questions of the questionnaire which are present in the questionnaires asked through interview method. The subject completed answering the questionnaire within the stipulated time after which the questionnaires were collected back and the standard scoring key was used to get the score. The scores were analyzed with the help of the standardized norms [key] provided in the tabular supplement of tests manual all questionnaires.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Sports activities affect the process of personality development in ways more than one. Social and environmental pressures, biological factors, frustration and tension in life are to be mended with full attention to develop mature form of personality. The present case study has been to assess the personality traits, emotional intelligence and value orientation of former international cricketer Sanjay Bangar and were assessed and presented in the following tables.

Analysis of 16 Primary Personality Factors

Table 1

Scores of 16 Primary Personality Factors

According to table 1 scores the subject have shown a tendency or inclination towards the higher direction or high sten score description in ten (A, B, C, E, F, G, H, N, Q1 and Q3) out of sixteen personality factors. The subject was average in one (M) out of the sixteen factors.

Towards the lower direction or low sten score description in five (I, L,O,Q2 and Q4) out of the sixteen personality factors.

Findings of the 16 primary personality factors

Factor A: Reserved Vs Outgoing

Sanjay Bangar tends to be good natured, easy going, emotionally expressive, ready to co-operate, attentive to people, softhearted, kindly and adaptable. He like occupations dealing with people and socially impressive situations and he rapidly from active groups. He is generous in personal relations, less afraid of criticism, and better able to remember names of people.

Factor B: Less Intelligent Vs More Intelligent

Sanjay Bangar tends to be quick to grasp ideas, a fast learner, intelligent. There is some correlation with level of culture, and some with alertness.

Factor C: Affected by Feelings Vs Emotionally Stable

Sanjay Bangar tends to be emotionally mature, stable, realistic about life, unruffled, possessing ego strength, better able to maintain solid group morale.

Factor E: Submissive Vs Dominant

Sanjay Bangar was assertive, self assured and independent minded. He tend to be authoritarian (managing others).

Factor F: Sober Vs Enthusiastic

Sanjay Bangar tends to be cheerful, active, talkative, frank, expressive, effervescent and carefree. He was frequently chosen as elected leader. He may be impulsive and mercurial.

Factor G: Expedient Vs Conscientious

Sanjay Bangar tends to be exacting in character, dominated by sense of duty, preserving, responsible, planful, "fill the unforgiving minute". He was usually conscientious and moralistic and he prefers hard working people to witty companions.

Factor H: Timid Vs Venturesome

Sanjay Bangar was sociable, bold, ready to try new things, spontaneous and abundant in emotional response. His "thick skinned ness" enables them to face weal and tear in dealing with people and grueling emotional situations, without fatigue.

Factor I: Tough-minded Vs Tender-minded

Sanjay Bangar tends to be tough, realistic, "down to earth", independent, responsible but skeptical of subjective, cultural elaborations. He tends to keep a group operating on a practical and realistic "no-nonsense" basis.

Factor L: Trusting Vs Suspicious

Sanjay Bangar tends to be free of jealous tendencies, adaptable, cheerful, uncompetitive, concerned about others and a good team worker.

Factor M: Practical Vs Imaginative

Sanjay Bangar tends to be anxious to do the right things, attentive to practical matters and subject to the dictation of what is obviously possible.

Factor N: Forthright Vs Shrewd

Sanjay Bangar, tends to be polished, experimental and shrewd. His approach to people and problems is usually perceptive, hard-headed and efficient.

Factor O: Self-assured Vs Apprehensive

Sanjay Bangar tends to be unruffled and to have unshakable nerve. He has a mature, unanxious confidence in themselves and their capacity to deal with things.

Factor Q₁: Conservative Vs Experimenting

Sanjay Bangar tends to be interested in intellectual matters and have doubts on fundamental issues. He was skeptical and inquiring regarding ideas, either old or new. Usually he was more well informed, less inclined to moralize, more inclined to experiment in life generally and more tolerant of inconvenience and change.

Factor Q₂: Group-oriented Vs Self-sufficient

Sanjay Bangar prefers to work and make decisions with other people and like and depend on social approval and admiration.

Factor Q3: Undisciplined self-conflict Vs Following Self-image

Sanjay Bangar tends to have strong control of their emotions and general behavior, are inclined to be socially aware and careful, and evidence what is commonly forced "self respect" and high regard for social reputation.

Factor Q₄: Relaxed Vs Tense

Sanjay Bangar tends to be sedate, relaxed, composed and satisfied (not frustrated).

Analysis of Emotional Intelligence Factors

Table 2

Scores of Emotional Intelligence factors

Table 2 presents the scores of emotional intelligence factors. The scores of emotional intelligence factors like self awareness (18), empathy (22), self motivation (30), emotional stability (18), managing relations (19), integrity (14), self development (9), value orientation (8), commitment (10) and altruistic behavior (9) clearly indicates that the subject having high level of emotional intelligence in all the ten factors.

Findings of the Emotional Intelligence factors

1. Self Awareness

Sanjay Bangar has high ability to empathize with, feel comparison for, validate, motivate, inspire, encourage and soothe others. He has high (more) ability to make intelligent decisions using a healthy balance of emotions and reason. He was neither too emotional nor too rational. He has high ability to manage and take responsibility for one own emotions, especially the responsibility for self motivation and personal happiness.

He has high ability of recognizing and naming one's own emotions and he has high knowledge of the causes of emotions and has high ability of recognizing the difference between feelings and actions.

2. Mood Management

Sanjay Bangar has high frustration tolerance ability and anger management, eliminates verbal pull downs, fights and group disruptions, better able to express anger appropriately without resorting to violence, fewer, suspensions or expulsions, less aggressive or self-destructive behavior, more positive feelings about self, school and family, better at handling stress.

3. Self-motivation

Sanjay Bangar was more responsible, better able to focus on task at hand and pay attention, less impulsive; more self controlled and improved scores on achievement tests.

4. Empathy

Sanjay Bangar was afflictive person and he make good companion because he was pleasant and agreeable. Others feel comfortable him and like him in other words, affiliative persons have superior emotional and social skills in dealing with others, derive gratification and reward from their interpersonal contacts, and tend to be source of happiness to others.

5. Managing Relations

Sanjay Bangar was more popular and outgoing; friendly and involved with peers, more sought out by peers, more concerned and considerate, more "prosocial" and harmonious in groups, more sharing, cooperation and helpfulness, more democratic in dealing with others.

Emotional Intelligence factors level in Sanjay Bangar

· High self awareness

· High empathy

· High self-motivation

· High emotional stability

· High managing relations

· High integrity

· High self development

· High value orientation

· High commitment

· High altruistic behavior

Analysis of Value Orientation Factors

Table 3

Scores of Value Orientation factors

Table 3 presents the scores of value orientation factors. The scores of value orientation factors like cosmopolitanism (9), scienticism (9), venturesomeness (8), progressivism (8), democratism (9) and empathy (8) clearly indicates that the subject having higher level in all the six factors according to standard norms of questionnaire manual.

Findings of the Value Orientation factors

1. Localism Vs Cosmopolitanism

Sanjay Bangar was cosmopolite person. He would like to keep and promote relationship with many people even if available or distances. He was modernized and progressive mode of life.

2. Fatalism Vs Scienticism

Sanjay Bangar was scienticism in nature and believes upon scientific cause-effect relationship (i.e., an objective determination of things on the phenomenal level).

3. Non-Venturesomeness Vs Venturesomeness

Sanjay Bangar was venturesomeness in nature that relates to 'risk taking' or innovative behavior. He was experiment like person.

4. Autocratism Vs Democratism

Sanjay Bangar was democratism person, believes in new era and was tolerant and also co-operative in nature.

5. Traditionism Vs Progressivism

Sanjay Bangar was "Change Minded" person and believes in progressiveness. He believes in remaining resonant with the scientific strides that create new objects and meanings.

6. Non empathy Vs Empathy

Sanjay Bangar was empathy person and believes in individual and social roles. Both individual and social roles, integrate with each other for manufacture and exchange of utility, acquisition and communication of knowledge, creations and performances.

Based on the results of personality traits, emotional intelligence and value orientation of former international cricketer Sanjay Bangar it is felt that because of the above qualities he would able to achieve the following achievements.

Batting and fielding averages

	Mat	Inns	NO	Runs	HS	Ave	BF	SR	100	50	4s	6s	Ct	St
Tests	12	18	2	470	100*	29.37	1447	32.48	1	3	57	3	4	0
ODIs	15	15	2	180	57*	13.84	239	75.31	0	1	14	3	4	0
First-class	150	248	18	7596	212	33.02	--	--	13	42	--	--	128	0
List A	104	97	8	2382	115	26.76	--	--	2	15	--	--	29	0
Twenty20	28	24	1	314	67	13.65	268	117.16	0	2	29	13	5	0

Bowling averages

	Mat	Inns	Balls	Runs	Wkts	BBI	BBM	Ave	Econ	SR	4w	5w	10
Tests	12	14	762	343	7	2/23	2/23	49.00	2.70	108.8	0	0	0
ODIs	15	14	442	384	7	2/39	2/39	54.85	5.21	63.1	0	0	0
First-class	150	--	19396	8478	266	6/41	--	31.87	2.62	72.9	--	7	1
List A	104	--	3906	3276	80	4/35	4/35	40.95	5.03	48.8	2	0	0
Twenty20	28	25	482	575	26	5/16	5/16	22.11	7.15	18.5	0	1	0

Career statistics

Test debut	India v England at Mohali, Dec 3-6, 2001 scorecard
Last Test	New Zealand v India at Hamilton, Dec 19-22, 2002 scorecard
ODI debut	India v England at Chennai, Jan 25, 2002 scorecard
Last ODI	India v Zimbabwe at Adelaide, Jan 24, 2004 scorecard
First-class debut	1993/94
Last First-class	Baroda v Railways at Vadodara, Dec 24-27, 2010 scorecard
List A debut	1993/94
Last List A	Madhya Pradesh v Railways at Indore, Feb 16, 2010 scorecard
Twenty20 debut	Railways v Uttar Pradesh at Jaipur, Apr 3, 2007 scorecard
Last Twenty20	Madhya Pradesh v Railways at Jaipur, Oct 25, 2010 scorecard

• U-15, 1987-88 for Maharashtra
• U-19, 1990-92 for Bombay
• Ranji Trophy, 1993-99

· Wills Trophy for Board President's XI, 1996-98

CONCLUSIONS

· Sanjay Bangar is good natured, easy going, emotionally expressive, ready to co-operate, attentive to people, softhearted, kindly, adaptable, quick to grasp ideas, a fast learner, intelligent, emotionally mature, stable, realistic about life, unruffled, possessing ego strength, better able to maintain solid group morale, assertive, self assured, independent minded, cheerful, active, talkative, frank, expressive, effervescent and carefree.

· He is exacting in character, dominated by sense of duty, preserving, responsible, planful, "fill the unforgiving minute, sociable, bold, ready to try new things, spontaneous and abundant in emotional response. His "thick skinned ness" enables them to face wear and tear in dealing with people and grueling emotional situations, without fatigue.

· He is tough, realistic, "down to earth", independent, responsible but skeptical of subjective, cultural elaborations, free of jealous tendencies, adaptable, cheerful, uncompetitive, concerned about others, a good team worker, anxious to do the right things, attentive to practical matters, polished, experimental and shrewd, unruffled and to have unshakable nerve. He has a mature, unanxious confidence in themselves and their capacity to deal with things.

· He is experimenting, interested in intellectual matters, he has doubts on fundamental issues, prefers to work and make decisions with other people and like and depend on social approval and admiration

· He has undisciplined self-conflict and have significant control of his emotions and general behavior. Inclination to be socially aware, careful and he has lot of self respect and high regard for social reputation. He is sedate, relaxed, composed and satisfied person.

· He has high emotional intelligence and higher value orientation.

REFERENCE

1. Allport, G.W. (1937). Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. New York, Holt.

2. Allport, G.W. (1955): Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality. New Haven.

3. Cattell, R.B. (1946). The Description and Measurement of Personality. New York: World.

4. Cattell, R.B. (1950). Personality; A Systematic and Theoretical and Factual Study. New York. McGraw Hill.

5. Eysenck, H.J. (1947). Dimensions of Personality. London: Routledge & Kengan Paul.

6. Eysenck, H.J. (1966). The Structure of Human Personality. London: Methuen.

7. Gensemer, R.E. (1991). Physical Education. Perspectives. Inquiry. Application Wm.C.Brown Publishers, U.S.A.

8. Crombie, et.al. (2009). Emotional Intelligence Scores Predict Team Sports Performance in a National Cricket Competition. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching , Volume 4, Number 2, pp. 209-224(16).

9. Dennis M. et.al. (1998). Personality characteristics of male and female participants in team sports. Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 25, Issue 1 , July 1998, Pages 119-128.

10. Rozell, et.al, (2002), An Empirical Evaluation of Emotional Intelligence, The Impact on Management Development, Journal of Management Development, Vol.21, No.4, p272-89.

11. Sean Egan and Robert M. Stelmack (2002). A personality profile of Mount Everest climbers.

12. Shati, C.P.S. and Singh, R. (1988). Personality of west zone cricket players. NIS Scientific Journal, 11 (2).

13. Solmon, et.al. (1995), Value Orientations of Preservice Teachers, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Vol.66, No.3, p219-30.

14. Watson, G. et.al. (1982) Players Psychological Profile; Australian National Hockey Squad. A confidential Report, Perth. 1-11.

15. S. Sivaramakrishnan (1989). Sunil Gavaskar; His Life, Career and Contributions to Cricket, Published Ph.D. thesis, Madurai Kamraj University, Madurai.

"Relationship of Selected Anthropometric Measurement to Sprint Performance to University Athletes of Allahabad University"

Dr. Arvind Mishra

Head

Dept. of Physical Education

Allahabad Degree College, Allahabad

E mail- arvindadc@gmail.com

Cell. No…… 09415014720

Abstract : The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship of selected Anthropometric measurement to sprint performance by using different inter-block spacing. Ten male athletes, who have represented intervarsity in sprinting event and studying in the University of Allahabad, were selected as subjects for this study. Their age varied between 18 - 25 years. Only three starting position with inter-block spacing i.e. bunch start, medium start and elongated start were used for this study. Selected anthropometric measurement were height, sitting height, leg length, lower leg length, upper leg length, arm length and weight and different inter block spacing were bunch start, medium start and elongated start. The subjects run 100 m. and were timed at different check points that are 10 m., 20 m., 30 m. and 100 m. marks. In order to find out the reliability of data test-retest method was used. Coefficients of correlation were calculated by using Pearson's product moment correlation. As a result it is found that Different inter-block spacing had an effect on the performance of male sprinters at 100 m. mark and different inter-block spacing had some effect in different anthropometric variables at different check points.

KEY WORDS : Anthropometric measurement, Inter Block Spacing, Bunch Start, Medium Start, Elongated Start etc.

INTRODUCTION: Track and Field got its popularity because of its similarity with daily life doings. It is a known fact that soon after a human infant move to crawl to walk, he takes interest in throwing etc., which appeals him to follows therefore, that since the events on the track field programme are fundamental movements they soon find their place in the lives of the young aspirant youth.

Speed items commonly known as sprinting events have been on the agenda of the modern Olympic Games from the very beginning. Speed plays a vital role in all games and sports but it plays a very dominant role specialty for the sprinters. For a sprinter to give good performance, he must possess acceleration speed, sprinting speed, speed of movement and reaction time.

Sprinting is one of the popular events in track and field 100m, 200m, 400m etc are some of the events which demands supreme efforts, excellent physical fitness, sufficient strength and speed. These events have a different form of start from the other events such as 800m m and above which has standing starts. The sprinters of these events use blocks to start because of its mechanical advantages. Proper starting is one of the most important fundamentals of good sprinting. And often races are decided by inches made or lost on at the start. We can say that a start is the fuel that ignites the rocket propulsion of the sprinter to supreme speed with the sole purpose to reach maximum speed in minimum time.

Crouch start originated with Sherrill of Yale in 1988, and has been used universally since then. In starting it was made from holes dug in track but now it is accomplished by the assistance of starting blocks. Various research and experiments have shown that the crouch start position gives mechanical advantages and on the top of usage of blocks gives added push to the sprinter which is essential in short races.

The various starts which a sprinter normally takes are medium start, bunch start and elongated start. The form of individual sprinters may vary in details, but the basic fundamentals are the same.

The stronger foot is placed on the front block. The athletes' problem at start may be as where to place his feet so as to promote the maximum amount of work off his front foot combined with steadiness and control over the initial strides. This in effect will mean he must bring his foot as forward as possible without upsetting his initial strides. Furthermore the nearer he comes to the line the more weight he will have over and in front of the line and though his drive, off the front foot will built up more slowly and from a point nearer to the finish than an athlete who places his front foot further back. Not only the front block but also the back foot until you fined the power points on the blocks. These are the points where the sprinter feels he has maximum power to drive with both of his legs in shortest possible time.

In order to have a quick start the sprinter and their coaches had been experimenting different types of start the crouch start is probably one of the sports technique on which so many studies have been carried out but still answer too many questions awaited. For example inter block spacing with relation to the physical structure is still a difficult question to answer keeping in their view the researcher want to find out a logical solution for such a ticklish task.

Definitions of Operational Terms

Anthropometric measurement : Anthropometric measurement refer to those measurement of human body such as height, weight and measurement of certain body parts e.g. arm length, leg length and shoulder width etc.

Inter Block Spacing: Distance between the front edge of front and rear blocks known as inter block spacing.

Crouch Start: The three accepted positions are known as the bunch start, the medium start and the elongated start. A perfect start is one which gives (a) the quickest response to the gun, and (b) the maximum forward velocity and continuing acceleration subsequently and is achieved by the application of force from both legs assisted initially by the use of starting block.

Bunch Start: Where the feet are closer together, about one foot length apart.

Medium Start: Where the feet are further apart, about the length of the lower leg i.e. the knee of the rear leg is placed level at the toe of the front foot.

Elongated Start: Where the feet are even further apart, generally given slower movements but gives together strides which may be necessary particularly for hurdler enabling them to get to the correct take off position for the first hurdle.

The following anthropometric measurements were taken on each subject by using standard techniques:

Stature, sitting height, leg length, upper leg length, lower leg length, arm length and body weight The selection of the above mentioned anthropometric variables is based on the facts that these were mainly referred in literature and they may relate to the performance of sprinters.

Criterion Measures : The criterion measures chosen for testing hypothesis were

1. The time taken by subject in order to mn the distance of 10 m., 20 m.,30 m and 100 meters.

Administration of Tests:

Anthropometric Variables: For the purpose of the study only seven anthropometric measurements were taken.

Height: The height of the subject was taken with the help of stadiometer. The subject was asked to stand erect on the platform of the stadiometer, bare footed with heels, buttocks and back of the head touching the vertical stand of the stadiometer. The jaw of the stadiometer was placed parallel to the apex of head, and the measurement was recorded to the nearest half cm.

Sitting Height: The subject sat erect on a table with his feet unsupported. The right angle formed at the knee almost but not completely touched the edge of the table. The hands rested on the thighs. The head was oriented in the Frankfort plane (the upper border of the ear opening and the lower border of the eye socket on a horizontal line), and the distance between the vertex and the table was measured and recorded as the sitting height.

Leg Length: Leg length was measured with a flexible steel tape, from the greater trochanter head of the femur to the outside edge of the center of the foot.

Lower Leg Length: The fore leg length was measured vertically from the most protuberant part of the patella to the upper edge of the greater trochanter.

Upper leg Length: Thigh length was measured vertically from the most protuberant part of the patella to the upper edge of the greater trochanter.

Arm Length: Arm length was taken from acromion process to the tip of the third finger.

All the measurements were recorded to the nearest half cm.

Weight: Weight of each subject was recorded by using a weighing machine. The subject wore a swimming costume was asked to stand on the weighing machine and the weight was recorded to the nearest half kilogram.

Sprint Performance: Subjects were allowed to have sufficient warming up on their own so that they could give good performance. Proper commands of sprints were used to give for the start, to the subjects. The distance of 10 m, 20 m, 30 m and 100 m were marked. The timings of each subject were taken by two time keepers using digital manual times to the nearest 1/100th of a second.

Analysis of Data

In order to find out the relationship between the selected anthropometric measurements to sprint performance using different inter block spacing, Karle Pearson's product moment correlation was used. To test the hypothesis the level of significance was 0.05 level. The results were presented in a tabular form.

Findings

In order to ascertain the relationship of selected anthropometric measurements i.e. height. sitting height, leg length, upper leg length, lower leg length, arm length and weight with the performance of subjects at 10 m mark, 20 m mark 30 m mark and 100 m mark while using different inter block spacing i.e. bunch, medium and elongated are given in Table 1, 2, 3 and 4

As revealed by Table-1 that only in case of height at 10 m mark when the subjects have used medium start the value of coefficient of correlation (0.65) was found to be significant at .05 level of confidence. In case of all other variables the values of coefficient of correlation have shown insignificant relationship in different type of inter-block spacing.

As revealed in table-2 that there is a significant relationship between medium start and height (0.66), elongated start and sitting height (-0.72), medium start and leg length (0.70) in the performance of 20 m mark. In case of other variables the values of coefficient of correlation have shown insignificant relationship in different types of inter types of inter block spacing.

As revealed by Table-3 that only in case of leg length at 30 m. mark when the subject have used bunch start the value of coefficient of correlation (072) was found significant at the selected 0.05 level of confidence. In case of all other variables the values of coefficient at correlation have shown insignificant relationship in different type of inter block spacing.

As revealed in Table-4, in case of all variables the values of coefficient at correlation have shown insignificant relationship between 100 m. performance and different type of inter-block spacing at the selected 0.05 level of confidence.

Findings

The results of table-1 have exhibited the significant relationship between the heights of the subject with their performance of 10 meter when the subject used medium start. The obtained significant values of coefficient have shown the positive relationship between the height and the performance. As exhibited in table-2 that the heights of the subjects have shown the significant relationship with the performance of the subjects at 20 meter mark in case the subjects used medium start, the result had similar trends as discussed earlier.

The result of table-3 has shown the significant relationship between the leg length of the subjects and their performance in 30 meters when the subject used bunch start. The results had similar trends as discussed earlier

The result of table-4 has shown that no significant relationship has occurred between the Anthropometric Measurements i.e. (Height, Sitting height, Leg length, Upper leg length, Lower leg length, Arm length and Weight) and their performance in 100 meter Dash when the subjects used Bunch, Medium and Elongated start. This may be due to the fact that the students could not able to carry out the performance in 100 meter dash.

On the basis of Findings of the study following conclusions were drawn:

1. Different inter block spacing had an effect on the performance of male sprinters at 100 m. mark.
2. Different inter block spacing had some effect in different anthropometric variables at different check points.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Conger, Ray M., Track and Field (New York A. S Barnes and Co. 1939).
2. Cureton, Thomas Kirk Physical Fitness of Champion Athletes (Urbana: The University of Illinois Press, 1961).
3. Ecker, Tom Championship Track and Field (Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Prentice Hall Inc. 1957).
4. Johnson, Barry L and Nelson, Jack K Practical Measurements for Evaluation in Physical Education (Delhi Surjeet Publications 1982).
5. Jordon, Payton and Spencher, Bud, Champions in the Making (Englewood N J Prentice Hall inc 1968)
6. Luke. G Coaching High School Track and Field (London Nicholas Kaya Limited 1956.
7. Mathews, Donald K. Measurement in Physical Education (Philadelphia W. B. Saunders Co. 1976).
8. Pearson, G. F. D. Athletics (Edinburgh Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. 1963).
9. Sodhi, H S and Sidhu, L.S. Physique and Selection of Sportsman (Patiala Punjab Publishing House. 1934).
10. Stem, Julion V 'Championship Sprinting Scholastic Coach 32-6 (February 1963).
11. Beck, Charles W "Block Spacing and Selected Measurement in the Sprint Start," Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation 11 (196).
12. Blancani, Albert W. 'The Effect of Foot Width Placement o.n Sprint Starting" Dissertation Abstracts International 33 9 (March 1973).
13. Bosen, Ken O., et al. "Comparative Study of Starting with and Without Blocks to Determine Stride Length and Stride Frequency in the Acceleration Phase". NSNIS Scientific Journal 10:4 (October 1987):
14. Dickinson. A.D. Effect of Foot Spacing on the Starting Time and Speed in Sprinting and Relation of Physical Measurement of Foot Spacing' Research Quarterly 5 (1934)
15. Henry, Franklin M "Force-time Factor of the Sprint Start, Research Quarterly 23 3 (October 1952).
16. Keith, Gooden "The Relationship of Selected Anthropometric Measurements of the Leg and Foot to the Speed and Vertical Jump at Male Collegiate Track and Field Athletes," Completed
17. Morris, Harold Homes "The Effect of Starting Block, Length Angle and Position upon Sprint Performance". Dissertation Abstracts International 33: 1 (July 1972)
18. Spirduco, Craig Dcnvico, Relationship between Strength arid Speed as Affected by Limb Length, Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation 15 (1973).
19. Stock, Malcolm. 'Influence of Various Track Starting Positions of Speed,' Research Quarterly 33:4 (1962').

COMPARISON OF SPEED AND AEROBIC FITNESS BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW ACHIEVERS OF RDT HOCKEY ACADEMY HOCKEY PLAYERS

*Mr. G.P. RAJU and **Dr. P. JOHNSON

* Research Scholar & **Assistant Professor,
University College of Physical Education & Sports Sciences,
Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare high and low achievers on speed and aerobic fitness of hockey players from RDT Hockey Academy, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. To achieve this purpose, a total of twenty nine boys from RDT Hockey Academy, were considered. These players were classified into two groups namely high achiever (17) and low achievers (12), on the basis of level of participation in tournaments. This data was collected during the academic year '08 and '09. The anthropometric measures height, weight, percent body fat was measured initially for all the subjects. The criterion variables chosen for this study were speed which was measured by 30 meters sprint test. Aerobic capacity (VO₂ max) was estimated from 2400 meters run. ANOVA of unequal sample was employed to know the difference between high and low achievers hockey players from RDT Hockey Academy. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 for significance. Since two groups are involved Post-hoc test was not applied. The high achievers hockey players exhibited higher performances in sprint test and aerobic fitness that seems to be the result of a combined effect of age and level of competition.

Keywords: Hockey, Speed, Aerobic fitness, VO₂ max, ANOVA

Introduction

Match analyses make clear that field hockey is a high intensity non-continuous game in which the physiological demands are considerable (Ghosh, et al., 1991; Reilly & Borrie, 1992; Aziz, Chia & Teh, 2000). Players carry out all sorts of explosive actions such as intermittent sprinting with many changes of direction, cruising, and dribbling the ball, placing it in the category of ''heavy exercise''(Patel, Stier & Luckstead, 2002). To perform at the highest level, players need a well developed interval endurance capacity. This is the ability to perform high intensity activities such as running and sprinting, as well as the ability to recover well during low intensity activities such as walking and jogging (Lemmink & Visscher, 2003). In terms of energy requirements, the aerobic capacity is most important during matches at the elite level. Although great anaerobic capacity is needed during the many brief bursts of high energy release, it is the aerobic capacity that is needed for efficient recovery during the short rest periods (Bhanot & Sidhu, 1983).

In ''normal'' children, aerobic capacity that is, maximum oxygen uptake increases proportionally to body size and mass in both sexes (Krahenbuhl, Skinner & Kohrt, 1985; Kemper, 2004; Kemper & Koppes, 2004). Generally, anaerobic performance also increases with age. Girls improve from late childhood to 14-15 years of age, whereas in boys the increase continues to 19 years. In late childhood and early adolescence, sex differences are evident and they are magnified later in adolescence (Martin & Malina, 1998).

Factors that affect the development of aerobic and anaerobic capacity are multidimensional. The adolescent period is characterized by acceleration of somatic growth and rapid changes in body composition and hormonal status, including growth spurt and increase in fat-free mass (Bitar, et al, 2000). Anthropometric characteristics such as body height, lean body mass, and percentage body fat influence the physiological aspects of a sports performance, such as interval endurance capacity. Increase in body height is related to an increase in lung volume and therefore with an increase in metabolism and endurance. A gain in lean body mass is related to an increase in muscle mass and therefore positively influences endurance, in contrast with a gain in body fat, which negatively influences endurance (Astrand, et al, 2003).

It is generally known that, with training, players can improve their performance by increasing aerobic and anaerobic energy output during a particular movement. This is also the case in youth players (Powers & Howley, 2001). However, it is not self evident that all players make use of their interval endurance capacity to the full during training or competition. A player has to be motivated to do so because intense activity can cause uncomfortable side effects such as fatigue and muscle soreness. Motivation affects the intensity and persistence of a player's behaviour, which in sport can obviously have a big impact on performance (Silva, 1984).The above characteristics of the players that is, age, performance level, sex, anthropometric factors, training, and motivation can potentially explain the development of interval endurance capacity in talented youth field hockey players. The goal of this study was to compare high and low achievers on speed and aerobic fitness of hockey players from RDT Hockey Academy, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh.

Methodology

Subjects

To achieve this purpose, a total of twenty nine boys from RDT Hockey Academy, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, were considered. These players were classified into two groups namely high achiever (17) and low achievers (12), on the basis of level of participation in tournaments. The players who played nationals were considered as high achievers and state level participants wee considered as low achievers. The mean age of the selected subjects was 13.91±1.78. The training regimen lasted for one year. These subjects were from below poverty line families in rural and suburbs surroundings. In the RDT Hockey Academy, Anantapur, the students were provided with free boarding and lodging, so that they can meet out the energy requirements for their optimal growth and hockey playing ability.

Variables and tests

This data was collected during the academic year '08 and '09. The anthropometric measures height, weight, percent body fat was measured initially for all the subjects and later they were classified into two groups on basis of level of participation in competition. The criterion variables chosen for this study were speed which was measured by 30 meters sprint test. Aerobic capacity (VO₂ max) was estimated from 2400 meters run. The following equation can be used to estimate VO₂max.

VO₂max (ml/kg/min) = 3.5 + 483 / (time in minutes)

Training Protocol

The subjects of both the age categories confined to this study underwent training regimen consisting two sessions a day, seven daysa week for forty-eight weeks. Pre-season training starts with conditioning and strength training, moving on to skill training as the season approaches. Match practice and fitness are improved moving into the season. There are usually 3-4 hockey skills training sessions per week with a game on the weekend. Training sessions are generally 1-2 hours in length with the intensity of sessions reducing towards the end of the week in preparation for competition. Cross training sessions such as resistance training, flexibility, speed and endurance may form parts of these sessions or extra training throughout the week. The usual competitive season involves one game per week on the weekend.

Statistical technique

ANOVA of unequal sample was employed to know the difference between high and low achievers hockey players from RDT Hockey Academy, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 for significance. Since two groups are involved Post-hoc test was not applied.

Results

The anthropometrical characteristics of the participants to this study are shown in table 1.

Table 1: Anthropometric characteristics of high and low achievers

The table 2 reveals that there is a significant difference in speed between high and low achievers as the obtained F ratio of 5.17 is greater than the required table value of 4.20 at α = 0.05 for the df of 1and 27. Furthermore high achievers have greater aerobic fitness than low achievers (59.28 ± 3.38 and 56.66 ± 2.51 ml.kg.^-1min^-1 respectively). The difference of 3.92% was observed in speed between high and low achievers of hockey players from RDT Hockey Academy, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. The high achievers were significantly faster in 50m sprint than low achievers (4.89 ± 0.24 and 5.09 ± 0.21 seconds respectively).

Table 2: ANOVA for speed and aerobic fitness of high and low achievers

Variable	Groups	No of Subjects	Mean± SD	SOV	ss	df	MS	F
Speed	High Achievers	17	4.89 ± 0.24	B	.282	1	.282	5.17*
	Low Achievers	12	5.09 ± 0.21	W	1.468	27	.054
Aerobic Fitness	High Achievers	17	59.28 ± 3.38	B	48.282	1	48.282	5.16*
	Low Achievers	12	56.66 ± 2.51	W	252.350	27	9.346

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

From table 2 it is also understood that there is a significant difference in aerobic fitness too between high and low achievers as the obtained F ratio of 5.16 is greater than the required table value of 4.20 at α = 0.05 for the df of 1and 27. The difference of 4.42% was observed in aerobic fitness between high and low achievers of hockey players from RDT Hockey Academy, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh.

Discussion

Hockey is one of the most popular games in the world in general and India in particular. Hockey being most competitive sport, a player who is physically fit does not only enjoy more but he is also capable of using all the skills attained and mastered by him throughout, right from beginning to end of the game. The twin combination of both skill and physical fitness is indispensible for a player without either of which he will not be able to achieve much, specifically in order to play any ball game competently. Star player must have stamina to run for at least three hours at a stretch, strength to execute the skills like hitting, pushing, scooping more forcibly, speed to run quickly with or without the ball, power to execute any skill with maximum force in minimum possible time as for trying in shooting circle and clearing the ball from dangerous zone, agility to rapidly change body position and direction like in tackling and dodging, balance the agility to maintain body equilibrium during vigorous movements like shooting on wrong foot and a player should have good reaction time during stopping, tackling and in goal keeping as well (Nabhendra Singh, 2010).

The purpose of this study was to compare speed and aerobic fitness between high and low achievers hockey players from RDT Hockey Academy, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. The result showed high achievers found better than low achievers in both speed and aerobic capacity. The aerobic capacity of the high achievers (59.28 ±3.38 ml kg⁻¹ min⁻¹) and low achievers (56.66±2.51 ml kg⁻¹ min ⁻¹) show difference this is possibly due to supervised fitness training performed throughout the year (Proctor & Joyner, 1997; Lawrenson, Hoff & Richardson, 2004) daily lifestyle (Aoyagi & Katsuta, 1990) and/or genetic factors (Taylor, Cable, Faulkner, et al, 2004). The possible explanation for the difference between the two groups of boys is the greater number of hours spent in training. It is well known that with training players can improve their performance by increasing their aerobic and anaerobic energy output during a particular movement. This is also the case in youth players (Powers & Howley, 2001).

Another interesting finding in this study was the fact that high achievers outclassed low achievers, probably because of age and weight differences which are determinant factors in short term muscle power (Van Praagh and Doré 2002). Anaerobic trainability increases with age (from childhood to adulthood with greater increases during puberty) and also with the increase in glycolytic enzyme activity (particularly phosphofructokinase) triggered by training (Fournier et al., 1982).

According to Howe, Davidson and Sloboda (1998), a talent originates in genetically transmitted structures and hence is at least partly innate. It is likely that both nature and nurture are essential, since today the standard of competition has increased to the point that only those athletes who combine their talent with intensive training have the potential to achieve elite status.

Conclusion

The hockey players considered as high achievers in this study exhibited higher performances than their counterparts in sprint test and aerobic fitness that seems to be the result of a combined effect of age and level of competition.

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17. Powers SK, Howley ET. (2001). Exercise physiology: theory and application to fitness and performance, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

18. Proctor DN, Joyner MJ. (1997). Skeletal muscle mass and the reduction of VO₂max in trained older subjects. J Appl Physiol 82(5):1411-5.

19. Lawrenson L, Hoff J, Richardson RS. (2004). Aging attenuates vascular and metabolic plasticity but does not limit improvement in muscle VO ₂max . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 286(4):1565-72.

20. Aoyagi Y, Katsuta S. (1990). Relationship between the starting age of training and physical fitness in old age. Can J Sport Sci 15(1):65-71.

21. Taylor AH, Cable NT, Faulkner G, et al. (2004). Physical activity and older adults: a review of health benefits and the effectiveness of interventions. J Sports Sci 22(8):703-25.

22. Howe, M. J. A., Davidson, J. W., & Sloboda, J. A. (1998). Innate talents: Reality or myth?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 399-442.

YOGA AND GAMES AS PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR ORPHANAGED AND DEAF MUTE CHILDREN

Arvind V Patil*, Prathap Singh Tiwari** and Majeed*** (* Research Fellow and corresponding author, ** Director, *** Research Fellow) Department of Physical Education Gulbarga University, Gulbarga- 585 106 (Karnataka)

Abstract:

This study was designed to evaluate (a) autonomic parameters in two categories of subjects (age range 14 ± 2 years), viz. orphanage girls (OG), and deaf and mute subjects (DM) with appropriate age-matched, control groups i.e. children staying at home and those normal subjects. (b) To compare the effect of yoga with games in the OG group and the effects of yoga with gardening in the DM group.

Recordings were made of respiration, ECG, and skin resistance. The orphanage group were randomly assigned to yoga and games groups and followed up after six months, while for the deaf and mute group subjects were randomly assigned to yoga and physical activity group with a follow up after three weeks. In the first comparison orphanage girls had significantly faster, irregular breathing (indicative of anxiety) and lower skill resistance, while deaf and mute children had faster, irregular breathing and higher heart rates and diastolic blood pressure values. In the second comparison the yoga groups of both categories of subjects showed a decrease in breath rate, which became more rhythmic. Hence a yoga program including relaxation and awareness is useful in the handling of these subjects.

YOGA AND GAMES AS PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR ORPHANAGED AND DEAF MUTE CHILDREN

Arvind V Patil*, Prathap Singh Tiwari** and Majeed*** (* Research Fellow and corresponding author, ** Director, *** Research Fellow) Department of Physical Education Gulbarga University, Gulbarga- 585 106 (Karnataka)

INTRODUCTION : Mental arousal may be correlated with diverse factors related to family or environment, as well as the status of one's corporeal and mental health. For example children in a community home in Finland were described as physically normally developed but were socially and emotionally disturbed (Ahvenainen et al., 1984). A report on physiological measures showed that the resting electrical activity of selected facial and back muscles was significantly higher in community home boys than in a control group of the same age in an ordinary school (Rauhala et al., 1990). Another group of subjects who were reported to have significantly greater levels of anxiety than usual is subjects with impaired vision. This greater anxiety was specially related to physical threat (Ollendick et al., 1985). The practice of yoga is known to reduce autonomic arousal (Wallace et al., 1971; Joseph et al., 1981). Increased physical activity has shown to reduce autonomic reactivity to mental stressors.

The present study compares the autonomic arousal of two groups of subjects, i.e. orphanage girls and physically disadvantaged deaf and mute girls. Both groups were compared to their respective control groups. The second part of the study describes and compares the use of yoga with games or physical activity such as gardening.

METHOD :

Part I consisted of 28 orphanage girls with ages of 14 ± 2 years. They all had a history of difficulty in adjusting in society. A comparison was made with 28 age-matched girls who were attending a regular school and staying at home. Also twenty eight deaf and mute girls of the same age-range were compared with all equal number of aged girls who could hear and speak normally. In part II orphanage girls were divided into pairs matched for age and period of stay in the orphanages. Girls of a pair were randomly assigned to yoga and games. The follow up was carried out after 6 months. Also, 24 deaf and mute children were divided into pairs matched for age, sex. Girls of a pair were randomly assigned to yoga and games groups. The record was carried out after 21 days.

Measurements: Measurements for part 1 were made under identical conditions. A moderately lit, sound attenuated small house was used for recording. After 15 minutes of rest assessments were made for 10 minutes while subjects were seated at no intricacy.

A polygraph was used to record the Electrocardiogram (ECG), respiration, and the skin resistance. The ECG was recorded using standard limb lead 1 configuration. Skin resistance was recorded using silver chloride disc electrodes filled with electrode paste, and placed in contact with the volar surfaces of the distal phalanges of the index and middle fingers of the left hand. A constant current of 10 microamperes was passed between the electrodes. Respiration was recorded using a volumetric pressure transducer. Girls were asked to stand erect and transducer was fixed around the trunk, approximately 5 cm below the lower costal margin. The blood pressure was also recorded.

Yoga techniques included Simple yogasanas, postures which are maintained for as long as possible (50 minutes) and guided relaxation in shavasan (10 minutes). The games session included jogging in place. Rapid bending forward and backwards, twisting, and bending sideways (40 minutes) as well as games such as relay races in which all the girls had to take an active part for 20 minutes. The physical activity program consisted of working in the garden, with comparable physical exercise as that of the yoga program, involving a similar amount of bending or stretching.

DATA ANALYSIS : The heart rate in beats per minute was obtained by counting the number of QRS complexes in successive 60-sec epochs continuously. The skin resistance (in kilo ohms) was sampled at 20-sec intervals continuously. The breath rate in breath cycles per minute was obtained by counting the breath cycles in 60-sec epochs continuously. For each subject the average of values obtained during the 10-min recording session were analyzed. In Part I of the study comparisons were made using the Mann Whitney U test. In part II comparisons between yoga and the corresponding group were made using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test.

RESULTS
Part I: The orphanage group had significantly faster breath rates and lower skin resistance values than the regular school group (Graph - I). The group with deaf and mute subjects had significantly higher heart rates, breath rates and higher diastolic blood pressure values than the group with normal vision.

Graph I : Percentage change in autonomic parameters in orphanage girls, and deaf and mute girls with reference to their respective control groups. +, - indicates increase, decrease respectively. * indicates significant difference compared to the respective controls.

Part II: Both the orphanage groups (yoga, games) showed significant reductions in heart rate through the magnitude of change was similar to non significant decrease in breath rate following 6 months of the programs (Graph-II). The yoga group alone showed a decrease in breath rate though the magnitude of change was similar to the non- significant decrease in breath rate seen in the games group. In the deaf and mute subjects the yoga group showed a significant decrease in breath rate.

Graph II: Percentage changes in autonomic parameter in both groups of orphanage girls and deaf and mute girls.

+, - indicates increase, decrease respectively * indicates significant difference when data from at the start and end of the programs compared

DISCUSSION: Part I of the study showed that orphanage girls had significantly higher heart rates and lower skin resistance values than girls of the same age who were living at home. Also the deaf and mute subjects had significantly higher heart rates, breath rates and diastolic blood pressure values compared to children with normal girls. Part II of the study showed that within both categories of subjects (orphanage girls, deaf and mute) the yoga groups showed significant reductions in breathe rates. In the orphanage girls group both yoga and games group showed decreases in heart rates. It was interesting to note that the changes in skin resistance occurred in opposite directions for the yoga and non-yoga groups of both categories of girls. The orphanage girl's yoga group showed an increase in skin resistance, while the games group showed a decrease in skin resistance. The reverse was true for the deaf and mute subjects.

Both the orphanage girls and deaf and mute subjects showed signs of physiological arousal. These results were similar to previous reports on community home boys (Rauhala et al., 1990) and the visually impaired (Wycherley & Nicklin. 1970). The most obvious difference between the groups was that the orphanage girls group had a lower skin resistance than normal and the deaf and mute had a higher skin resistance than normal. Both categories of subjects reduced their breath rates following yoga. Visual inspection of the records of both categories of subjects showed that both the orphanage girls and deaf and mute subjects showed more irregular breath patterns than the corresponding control subjects. Fear and anxiety were likely bases for irregular breathing i.e., very rapid and jerky (Ax. 1953; Bloch et al., 1991). The fear and anxiety of the orphanage girls group were believed to be related to social insecurity, whereas that of the deaf and mute subjects was attributed to fear of physical injury in the unfamiliar setting (Ollendick et al., 1985). Also there was a difference in skin resistance values the orphanage girls yoga group showed an increase, whereas the deaf and mute yoga group showed a decrease in skin resistance values. This was especially interesting as the orphanage girls group had a lower skin resistance to begin with, while that of the deaf and mute was higher than the control initially. Hence it appeared that the practice of yoga not only reduced arousal but also served to normalize other functions in both categories of subjects

REFERENCE:
1. Ahvenainen O, Lindholm H and Nikkanen P (1984): Community Home students in Spring, 1981, (National Board of Social Wellfore, Finland)

2. Ax AF (1953): The physiologic differentiation between fear and anger in humans, Psychological Medicine. 15, 433-442.
3. Bloch S, Lemeignan M, and Aguilera TN (1991): Specific respiratory patterns distinguish among human basic emotions, Intl. J. of Psychophysiology. 11, 141-154.
4. Joseph S, Sridharan SKB, Patil MD, Kumaria A, Selvamurthy W, Joseph NT, and Nayar HS (1981): Study of some physiological and biochemical parameters in subjects undergoing yogic training, Ind. J. Med. Res. 74, 120-124.
5. Ollendick TH, Matson JL and Helsel WJ (1985): Fears in visually impaired and normally sighted youths, Behavioral Res. Therapy. 23(3), 375-378.

6. Rauhala E, Alho H, Hanninen O and Helin P (1990): Relaxation trailing combined with increased physical activity lowers psychophysiological activation in community homeboys, Intl. J. of Psychophysiology. 10, 63-68.
7. Wallace RK, Benson H and Wilson AF (1971): A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state. American J. of Physiol. 221, 785-799.
8. Wycherley RJ and Nicklin BH (1970): The heart rate of blind and sighted pedestrians on a town route. Ergonomics. 13(2), 181-192.

Performance Analysis and Integration with Coaching

Sri G.Shyam Mohan Reddy

ABSTRACT

This paper reviews the key events occurring within a training session or match. The traning session equipped only with the knowledge of the sport in question and the innate powers of observation. Yet analysis based on accurate observation and recall is a key tool for improving future performance. That's where the relatively new discipline of performance analysis comes in. Facilitating by advances in Information technology (IT) and digital photography, performance analysis (PA) is now acknowledged as an aid to performance enhancement at all levels. Essentially, PA is about creating a valid and reliable record of performance by means of systematic observations that can be analysed with a view to facilitating change.

INTRODUCTION

In any sporting situation, especially team games, it is difficult, if not impossible, for coaches to notice and remember all the events occurring during the match.

The process relies on two distinct sports science disciplines:

• notational/match analysis, which uses means to record aspects of team performance;
• biomechanics, which revolves around the sporting impact of body movements.

The two disciplines use similar methods to collect data and both rely on IT for data analysis. But the main thing they have in common is the use of measured observation during or after an event to quantify performance in an accurate, reliable and valid way.

Coaching Process

The fact is, though, that while coaches are expected to be experts at observing and analysing performance, research has pointed to severe human limitations within these processes.

Two key studies have highlighted memory retention problems, with coaches able to recall only 30-50% of key performance factors they had witnessed, even with special training in observation.

The coaching process itself is not necessarily flawed, but it is obvious that the observation and analysis phases of this process have severe limitations. Although many great coaches are able to anticipate events and make appropriate changes to influence performance, even the best are prone to human error, leading to wrong decisions; hence the need for a systematic PA approach within coaching practice, using valid and reliable performance data to monitor and evaluate performers.

Without such an approach, coaches are liable to form biased opinions of their athletes' or players' performances, leading to potentially incorrect substitution decisions or training prescriptions. Technological advances and declining costs have given coaches access to laptop computers, digital cameras and analysis software, making the whole process of PA simpler and less arduous.

This process can be used to identify and measure a range of 'performance indicators' that have a real bearing on the outcome of any given sport, so providing a better understanding of how success can be achieved at all levels of performance.

These include:

• tactical indicators (patterns of play);
• technical indicators (technique/performance);
• physiological indicators (intensity profiles);
• psychological indicators (arousal, motivation).

Before deciding which performance indicators we wish to focus on in analysing the performance of your athletes, it is a good idea to consult a technical expert in your particular sport or study past research to identify indicators that are known to contribute to successful performance. Because the chosen indicators should guide how the system will be designed, we need to make these decisions first.

The first step is to create a logical structure to the game itself. This means defining the range of possible actions in the game and linking these actions with possible outcomes, thus describing the sequential path the performance can take.

Performance analysis have tended to focus on tactical and technical indicators and, in so doing, have contributed to our understanding of the physiological, psychological and tactical demands of many sports. For example, in basketball one aspect of a team's performance may be appraised by the ratio of shots taken to baskets scored, while in golf, performance may be assessed by the number of greens hit in regulation.

Indicators provide simple information that can be used to describe and define a particular performance. But it is important to be careful over how the data is presented since, in isolation, these can give a distorted impression of performance.

Comparing performances between teams, team members and within individuals is often easier and more accurate if the performance indicators are expressed in terms of ratios, such as possession to turnovers, winners to errors, and passes taken to passes completed.

An individual's performance profile can become distorted if the correct comparisons are not made, since profiles may differ according to the opposition. For example, presenting an individual soccer midfielder's performance could be misleading without comparison with the opposing player's or team's data.

Performance data for an individual can be presented in three ways to evaluate success:

1. In relation to the opponent's data. This allows for a direct comparison with the opposition, but could be misleading if the players are not of a similar standard;
2. In relation to players of the same standard. This allows for comparison between equals, which is useful providing data of this nature is available or can be compiled;
3. In relation to their own profiles of previous performances. Over the course of a number of competitive matches, a normative profile of a player or team can be created for comparative purposes. A player can then be assessed against his own normative profile to assess the relative merits of his latest performance.

Performance can be analysed in two ways within team sports:

• Individual assessment of players within the team, for example strikers in football;
• Assessment of an aspect of performance for the whole team, eg monitoring of scoring effectiveness in basketball.

There are two main methods of coding the observations made within a sporting situation: 'live coding' and post-play coding. The former requires a high degree of competency in coding a sporting situation, with video footage fed directly into a laptop and coded via the keyboard as events unfold within the training session or game. With post-play coding, the video footage is again fed into a laptop and the information coded via the keyboard, with the advantage that the footage can be slowed down or reviewed more than once to ensure the observations are accurate.

Sequential Path of analysis

Movement sequences to be analysed

1. Headers -> won/lost? -> Position on the pitch

2. Shot -> header/foot? ->on target/off target?->Successful/unsuccessful

3. Possession-> won/lost? ->how won/lost -> position on pitch?

The players were also given individual goal-setting plans aimed at overcoming their weaknesses. To establish the value of the whole process, another full game was analysed in the same way four weeks later. The results showed significant improvement by the strikers and substantial progress towards their individual goals.

A performance analysis process was used to provide an objective analysis of the team's offence, producing a ratio of the number of plays run to the number of unstructured offences, and the success ratio for each type of offence.

The results were analysed for

• Plays : Instructured offences
• Percentage contribution
• Play success ratio success:insucessful offences
• Percentage Success
• Unstructure Success ratio success:unsucessful offences
• Percentage success

CONCLUSION

· The coaches can able to present their players with an objective demonstration of the value of using the plays practised in training with the information technology and digital photography.

· Filming four games in succession - two after the analysis - enabled the coaches to track

progress and provide positive feedback to the players.

References

• Coleman, S (1998) Biomechanics and its application to coaching practice. In Cross, N & Lyle, J (Eds). The Coaching Process: Principles and Practice for Sport (pp131-141). Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd: Oxford
• Journal of Sports Science.
• Journal of Sports Behaviour.

AN EXPLORATION INTO THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF

CAPT. GOPAL NARAYAN DEVANG

*Jugadar Manju Arun and **Dr. Tiwari Pratap Singh

* Director of Physical Education, St. Mira's College for Girls, Pune, Maharastra.

** Director and Professor of Physical Education, Department of Physical Education,

Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, Karnataka.

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ABSTRACT

Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang is from Pune who has won many awards at national and international level therefore he is a champion in the field of boxing game and received many awards at National and International level for his performance as a Boxer. What makes an individual to stand at the top in his own field of choice would be very much helpful to develop some models to coach the young competitors. Therefore in the present study an attempt was made to explore the nature doing and executing the planned and non-planned activities, his feelings and perceptions about his own abilities, activities as well as about his appearance. Along with these amount of satisfaction he is having with life was also explored. In other words nature of procrastination, current thoughts, perceived social support and satisfaction with life were examined. It is well known fact that intrinsic motivators are powerful than the extrinsic motivators to attain higher level success in any given situation irrespective of problems, difficulties and challenges. This is an ex-post-facto research design and Procrastination Scale (Lay. C 1986), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet, et.al. 1988), Current Thoughts Scale (Hertherton and Polivy 1991) and Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diner, et.al. 1985) are used.

Based on the operational idiographic method technique (Kedarnath B.T. 2007) it was found that Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang is a doer and not having any significant elements of procrastination, he is having significant amount of social support for any kind of works challenges, at the same time his thoughts about his own performance, appearance and society are significantly pleasantful and he is not at all having any kind of feelings of regression, rather he has developed significantly higher amount of feelings of meaningfulness and satisfaction about his life.

Key words: Procrastination, Current thoughts, Satisfaction, Perceived social support etc.

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INTRODUCTION

Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang is from Pune who has won many awards at national and international level therefore he is a champion in the field of boxing game and received many awards at National and International level for his performance as a Boxer. What makes an individual to stand at the top in his own field of choice would be very much helpful to develop some models to coach the young competitors. Therefore in the present study an attempt was made to explore the nature doing and executing the planned and non-planned activities, his feelings and perceptions about his own abilities, activities as well as about his appearance. Along with these amount of satisfaction he is having with life was also explored. In other words nature of procrastination, current thoughts, perceived social support and satisfaction with life were examined. It is well known fact that intrinsic motivators are powerful than the extrinsic motivators to attain higher level success in any given situation irrespective of problems, difficulties and challenges.

Procrastination individuals are having the habit of postponing the things only when it is inevitable or having the habit of postponing the things without any reason or doing and implementing the tasks without postponing them even in critical situations (Lay.C, 1986). Strong and consistent predictors of procrastination were task aversiveness, task delay, self-efficacy, impulsiveness, as well as conscientiousness and its facets of self-control, distractibility, organization, and achievement motivation. The Satisfaction with life is to address the concept of life satisfaction as a whole and thus, to reflect a global perspective of the individual's values rather than to assess satisfaction with sub-dimensions of life (Diener et al. 1985). It measures in particular, the reaction to the 'discrepancy or balance' between one's life achievements and expectations. Current thoughts measures state of self-esteem and what you are thinking at this moment (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991). Perceived social support measures in three dimensions i.e., family, friends and significant other (Zemet, et.al. 1988).

A brief description about his achievements in National and International level is given below,

INTERNATIONAL LEVEL ACHIEVEMENTS:

1. 1984 1^st S.A.F. Games, Gold Medalist, Nepal

2. 1985 King's Cup, Bangkok Lost Quarter Final.

3. 1985 XIIth Asian Boxing, Bangkok Lost Quarter Final.

4. 1985 IInd S.A.F. Games, Gold Medalist, Dhaka.

5. 1985 VIIIth President Cup, Bronze Medalist, Indonesia.

6. 1985 India Vs Nepal, Gold Medalist, India.

7. 1986 Xth Asian Games, Bronze Medalist, Seoul.

8. 1987 IIIrd S.A.F. Games, Gold Medalist, India

9. 1987 XIIIth Asian Boxing, Bronze Medalist, Kuwait.

10. 1988 Friendly Tournament, USSR Gold Medalist.

11. 1989 Inter Cup, Lost Quarter Final, West Germany.

12. 1989 XIVth Asian Boxing Silver Medalist, China.

13. 1989 Vth World Cup, USSR VIth Rank.

14. 1990 Common Wealth Games Lost Quarter Final, Auckland.

15. 1990 XIth Asian Games, Bronze Medalist Beijing China.

16. 1990 Indo-Iraq Best Boxer, Gold Medalist, Bombay.

17. 1990 6^th World Cup, 4^th Rank, Bombay.

18. 1991 1^st Asian Invitation Boxing Quarter Final Bangkok.

19. 1987 India Vs Thailand Gold Medalist, Bombay.

20. 1989 IVth S.A.F. Games Lost Quarter Final, Islamabad.

21. 1990 India Vs USSR Gold Medalist, Hyderabad.

NATIONAL LEVEL ACHIEVEMENT:

1. Junior National Champion for 3 years.

2. Senior National Champion for 7 years since 1984.

3. 1^st National Games, New Delhi Gold Medalist & Best Boxer Awardee.

4. 1985 Shiva Chatrapatti Awardee

5. 1989 Best Services Sportsman Awardee.

6. 1989 Arjuna Awardee.

A close at the above mentioned achievements at National and International level is a clear indicator of some of his unique psychological qualities which would have made him to emerge as a powerful individual by which he could got Arjuna award in the year 1989 and even at International level created his own impression. Based on his achievements it can be consumed that he could not have got the habit of postponing the necessary activities, challenges and works. At the same time he could have got strong social support as and when needed which would have been instrumental for his remarkable achievements and he would be having satisfactory feelings about his own achievements in various situations, he would have cultivated present and powerful thoughts about his appearance and the way how society think about him and such a person could have satisfaction with his life and his achievements and such individuals only could bring their innermost best qualities and ideals into their life. An individual with all the qualities mentioned would be critical also while practicing their ideals as well as while living life according to their ideals.

OBJECTIVES:

1. To study whether he has got the habit of postponing the necessary things or implementing the necessary things at the right time.

2. To study the nature of perceived social support of the Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang.

3. To study the nature of current thoughts related to his own performance, appearance and the way how society around him is thinking.

4. To study the level of his satisfaction with life.

These are the major objectives of the study by which some of these qualities could be considered to analyze his life achievement.

METHODOLOGY:

The present study a case study of Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang looking at his achievements in National and International level, if is assumed that some of the qualities and psychological factors would have been instrumental for his ideal life, therefore the study is considered as an ex-post-facto research study. Therefore the following hypotheses were formulated.

HYPOTHESES:

1. In the present study therefore it is assumed that he would be having the habit of doing the things according to their necessities without postponing them.

2. He would have developed a very positive and supportive outlook about life by which others around him could be supportive also.

3. He would have developed pleasant and positive thoughts about his own performance, his appearance as well as about the people the way how they perceive in other words he would be thinker about his own thoughts related to his appearance his abilities and performance as well as the society around him in a positive way.

4. He would be having satisfaction with his life and life conditions without having the feelings of regression.

TOOLS:

Based on the objectives of the present study, Procrastination Scale (LAY 1986), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet and Farley, 1988), Current Thoughts Scale (Hertherton and Polivy 1991) and Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diner, Emmons, Larsen and Griffin, 1985) are used.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Glance at Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang's achievements at National and International levels in itself is a model to the many. He is one of the best Boxer and republic of India has respected him by giving "Arjuna Award" in the year 1989 and he himself was a junior National champion for three years and senior National Champion for seven years and at International Level also his achievements are inspirational and model for many. Therefore his achievements were analyzed by considering some of the psychological factors in the present study. It was assumed that Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang could not be having the habit of postponing the necessary tasks and it is expected that he would be doing the things on time which would be instrumental at some extent for his achievements. To study this procrastination scale was used in the present study. The results are presented in the following table.No.1.

Table.No.1

Responses of Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang to Procrastination Scale

Table No.1 gives the information about his responses to the 15 statements to Procrastination Scale and the respective score on each statement.

To the 1^st item i.e., 'I often find myself performing tasks that I had intended to do days before' for this his response is 'moderately uncharacteristic' that indicates that he is doing the things in most of times on time instead of postponing them but not always.

To the 2^nd item i.e., 'When it is time to get up in the morning, I most often get right out of bed' his response to this is 'moderately uncharacteristic' that shows that most of the times he did not get out of bed when it is time to get up. This is an indicator that he is not very much strict and punctual when it comes to getting up in the morning. Only a few times he is punctual in getting up at right time.

To the 3^rd item i.e., 'A letter it may sit for days after I write it before mailing it' he responded with 'moderately uncharacteristic' wherein he is very much punctual for responding to a letter and mailing it in most of the times. Only for a few times he would not do it at light time.

To the 4^th item i.e., 'I generally return phone calls promptly' he said 'moderately uncharacteristic'. In this he is not particular in many times for return phone calls.'

To the 5^th statement i.e., 'Even with jobs that require little else except sitting down and doing them, I find they seldom get done for days' for this has response is 'moderately uncharacteristic' that indicates that he is in many times very much particular in accomplishing the work on time and also at the required time. In other words he in more conscious and active when it comes to accomplishing the needful tasks within the stipulated time.

To the 6^th item i.e., 'I usually make decisions as soon as possible' his response 'extremely characteristic' that is in directing the fact that in almost all times he makes decisions very fast without taking much time on it. It also shows that when in comes to decision making he never takes much time or never postpones even for while.

To the 7^th item i.e., 'I generally delay before starting on work I have to do.' His response is 'moderately uncharacteristic' saying that in many more times he generally does not delay to accomplish the needful tasks and works. Only for a few times he may delay.

To the 8^th item i.e., 'When preparing to go out, I am seldom caught having to do something at the last minute' has response is moderately un-characteristic that shows that in many a times he is not being troubled by some kind of work whenever he prepared to go out. In other words while going out he would not find himself in one or the other work by which he cannot go out on right time.

To the 9^th item i.e. 'In preparing for some deadline, I often waste time by doing other things' his response is 'moderately uncharacteristic' that shows that in many more times he does not delay or he does not waste time by doing other things while preparing for some deadline.

To the 10^th item i.e. 'I often have a task finished sooner than necessary' his response is' moderately characteristic' that shows that accomplish the tasks well in advance than the expected time.

To the 11^th item i.e. 'I always seem to end up shopping for birthday or Christmas gift's at the last minute' his response is ''moderately uncharacteristic' that shows that in festival or birthday celebrations he has got the habits of purchasing the gifts well in advance instead of purchasing them in the last moment.

To the 12^th item i.e. 'I usually buy even an essential item at the last minute' his response is also indicates that in many times he is having four sightedness about the needful things that are to be purchased.

To the 13^th item i.e. 'I usually accomplish all the things I plan to do in a day' his response is 'extremely characteristic' that indicates the fact that he is very much particular in accomplishing all the planned things on the right time in almost all times.

To the 14^th item i.e. 'I am continuously saying "I'll do it tomorrow' his response is 'moderately uncharacteristic' indicates the fact that in many more times he does not think or wish to postponed any work even for a day.

For the 15^th item i.e. 'I usually take care of all the tasks I have to do before I settle down and relax for the evening' his response is 'extremely a characteristic' that is indicating the fact that in almost all times before testing only he could accomplish all the necessary activities. Based on the above the formulated hypothesis is accepted.

Table.No.2 gives the information about his responses to the 12 statements of Multidimensional scale of perceived social support and the respective score on each statement.

Table.No.2

Responses of Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang to Multidimensional

Scale of Perceived Social Support on Family factor

Table.No.2 shows the responses of Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang to Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support on 'family' factor.

In the above table it is shown that how the decrease social support and its extent in item of his responses is given his response 'mildly agree' on the 1^st item i.e. 'My family really tries to help me' indicates that his family members are helping him in his endeavors but it is not upto his expectations. This fact is clearly expressed if we consider his response as 'mildly agree' on 2^nd item. i.e. 'I get the emotional help and support I need from my family' wherein he is not getting emotional help and support upto his expectations from his any of the family members but fact is that his family members are trying to help him as well as extending emotional help and support at their level but at the same time they are listening his problems whenever he is dressing and talking about the problems this is very much clear in his response as 'strongly agree' on the item. No. 3 i.e. 'I can talk about my problems with my family' and at the same time many of his family members are very much ready to extend their helping hand while making decisions this can be observed if we glance at his response as strongly agree on item. No. '4' i.e., 'My family is willing to help me make decision'.

Table.No.3

Responses of Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang to Multidimensional

Scale of Perceived Social Support on Friends factor

Table.No.3 shows the responses of Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang to Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support on 'friends' factor.

He has got very good friends with whom he can have self disclosure to have emotional balance and at the same time he is ready to talk about his problems with his friends without any hesitations which is clear from his responses on item No.1, 2, 3 and 4 as 'strongly agree' shows the fact that his friends are truly trying to help him in many more situations and at the same time he is not very much dependent on his friends, rather he is very critical about his friends particularly when things go wrong.

Table.No.4

Responses of Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang to Multidimensional

Scale of Perceived Social Support on Significant Other factor

Table.No.4 shows the responses of Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang to Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support on 'Significant Other' factor.

To the 1^st item i.e., 'There is a special person who is around when I am in need' he responded with 'strongly agree' that indicates that he needs significant other special person who supports him whenever he in need.

To the 2^nd item i.e. 'There is a special person with whom I can share my joys and sorrows' he responded with 'strongly agree' on this statement indicates the fact that he has got a person with whom he could have self disclosure as and when needed for his joys and well as sorrows they in itself could boost his emotional world by which he can attain higher levels of success. Also response on item No.3 i.e. 'I have a special person who is a real source of comfort to me' is 'strongly agree' indicating the fact that he has got such a person who could take care of him in tough times as well as in happy movements by which he is having greater level comfort in his life, but when it comes to his deep rooted feelings there is a significant other who can take care of his feelings at minimum level. This is clear if we observe his responses middle agree on the 4^th statement. i.e., 'There is a special person in my life who cares about my feelings' his response on this statement is an indicator that he has got some his own unique feelings but many around him are not upto his expectations.

CURRENT THOUGHTS

Table.No.5

Responses of Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang to Current Thoughts

Scale on Performance factor

Table No.5 shows present state of mind in terms of his own thoughts and feelings about his own performance and achievements, appearance and look and his thoughts about how the society thinks. As it is well known fact that most of the times success or failure of an individual will be decided by his thoughts and feeling about oneself rather than his abilities and skills. Abilities and skills of course are instrumental whereas feelings and thoughts about oneself are instrumental. Therefore it is hypothesized that Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang would be having more positive thoughts about oneself. The above table gives description about his self evaluation about himself on each of the items along with weighted score.

His response on item.No.1 is 'very much' that indicates that he is having more amount of confidence about his abilities. Then his response on item. No.2 is 'a little bit' indicating the fact that very rarely he feels disturbed or frustrated about his performance. In other words he is more and more confident and happy about his performance in many more situations and the weighted score on this is +4. On item No.3 his response is 'not at all' and the weighted score it +5 which shows that he is very perfect in reading as well as understanding whether he reads. His response on item. No. 4 is 'very much' and the weighted score in +4 that shows he is having positive self concept about himself. His response on Item No.5 is 'very much' indicating the fact that he is having very much confidence on his ability to understand the things as they are. His response on item No.6 is 'not at all' and the weighted score is +5 which signifies the fact that he is having extremely positive feeling about his ability to understand any abstract things whichever he records and studies. His response on item No.7 is 'not at all' and the weighted score is +5 indicating the fact that in most of the times or in almost all times for his own doings he feels extremely well rather than doubting. As a whole it can be said that he is having nearer to extremely positive thoughts about his own performance and abilities this would have caused and made him to be a successful individual as a boxer as well as an ideal person or model person. Based on the above the formulated hypothesis is accepted.

Table.No.6

Responses of Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang to Current Thoughts

Scale on Appearance factor

Table.No.6 shows current thoughts of Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang about his own thoughts on the appearance factor. His response on each item and the weighted score also was given in the table. His response on item.No.1 is 'very much' and the weighted score is +4 that shows that he has developed positive feelings and thoughts about his own body and its look. His response on item.No.2 is 'very much' with the weighted score of +4 that signifies the fact that others around him are respecting and admiring for his appearance about which he feels very much happy. On item.No.3 his response is 'not at all' and the weighted score is +5 that is indicating the fact that he is very much conscious and confident to maintain the weight and the at same time he very much proud his weight. In the same way he is having very much pleasant and favorable feeling about his set. They are very much clear on his response on item No. 4 is 'very much' having the weighted score +4. So also his response is same with item.No.5 having the weighted score of +4 that is an indicator of his own. Very much pleasant thought about himself and his appearance at the present moment. All the above responses can be highly approved on the basis his response as 'not at all' on item No.6 which has got the weighted score +5. In other words his response on 6 ^th item shows that he feels extremely pleasant and happy about his own appearance even at this moment also. On the whole it can be said that he is having very much pleasant, positive and highly satisfactory thoughts about his appearance that would have resulted or made him to be a successful champion and ideal as well as model individual.

Table.No.7

Responses of Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang to Current

Thoughts Scale on Social factor

Most of the times what society thinks about us is not more important rather what thoughts. I have developed and what thoughts I am thinking about the society that which is thinking about me, Therefore in the above table.No.7 current thoughts of Capt. Govind Narayan Devang about his thinking about the thoughts at the society that which is thinking him along with his response and weighted score.

His response on item No.1 is 'very much' with weighted score -4 that shows that he is a little bit worried about society whether it regards him as a success or failure person. On item No.2 his response is 'very much' with weighted score is -4 that indicates that he is little bit feels self conscious about himself and society that leads him towards positive self.

His response on item No.3 is a little bit and weighted score is +5 that shows the fact that he is extremely displeased with himself and society. On item No.4 his response is 'not at all' and weighted score is +5 that indicate that he is not at all worried how society would treat him.

His response on item No.5 is 'not at all' having the weighted score of +5 that indicates in the present also he does not feel at all that others are superior to him or he is inferior to others. At the same time the same response 'not at all' having the weighted score of +5 on 6^th item indicates that he is natural, spontaneous and never makes any impressions whenever he interacts with others, which denotes the fact that he is very comfortable with himself with all his qualities because of that only he would not be involving in creating impressions. And at the same time he is never worried about his behavior with others and also never imagined that he would go foolish out foolishly. This quality is very much hence if we look at his response as 'not at all' to the 7^th item and his response has got +5 weighted score that affirms the above said quality.

As a whole it can be said that he doubts only a little bit the way how society thinks about him. Where it comes to his success or failure as a result of that he is becoming very much set conscious in fact that is not at all required on the contrary he is very much confident and developed very much pleasant thoughts and feelings about his activities and behaviors and he never allows himself informing repressions or never thinks that it is necessary to create any impressions. At the same neither he disregards himself nor others and he is very simple in his thoughts and behaviors. Because of such qualities he would emerged as an ideal and successful person. Based on the above the formulated hypothesis is accepted.

SATISFACTION WITH LIFE

A person who is successfully living his ideals and who has developed positive and pleasant feel thoughts and feelings about his own performance and appearance as well as society and on individual who is being supported by society in general, by the family members, friends and significant others such as individual would be leading a very much satisfactory life without having any regrets, either for his own actions, achievements or the others. Based on this logic it is assumed that Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang would be having greater level of satisfaction with his life.

Table.No.8

Responses of Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang to

Satisfaction with Life Scale

The above given table. No. 8 clearly indicates his response and description on 5 items of satisfaction with life scale. It is very much clear that he responded with 'agree' remark that has got 6 weighted score on all the five items. Wherein he himself accepted that his life is very much nearer to ideal and whatever conditions he has got in his life are excellent by which he is feeling satisfied his life and non any feelings of regents either about the got things or about the missed things and it is very much evident that he never has got any feelings missing or regrets this is clear if we observe his response on item No.5. A person who says that if another chance is given is ready to live the same changing nothing of this life. On seven points scale overall he has got 6^th Point.

CONCLUSIONS:

Based on the above discussions and analysis the following conclusions have been drawn;

1. Procrastination quality as expected is not there in Capt. Gopal Narayan Devang.

2. His perception about the social support is very much pleasant and he is having greater amount of social support.

3. His present state of mind about his performance, appearance as well as society is very much positive and pleasantful.

4. He has no any feelings of regressions rather having very strong amount of meaningfulness and satisfaction feelings of life are there in him.

REFERENCE:

1. Canty, Mitchall, J & Zimet, G.D. (2000): Psychometric properties of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in urban adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 391-400.

2. Diener, E., Emmons, R.A., Larsen, R.J., & Griffin, S. (1985): The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 1-5.

3. Galotti, K.M. (2000): Cognitive psychology in and out of the laboratory (2^nd edition) Watdsworth, An International Thomson Publishing Company.

4. Heartherton, T.F. & Polivy. J (1991): Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 895-910.

5. Kedarnath, B.T. (2007): HRD and Psychometry. Proceeding of ICBRD, Vol.III and IV.

6. Kerlinger F.A., (2007). Foundations of Behavioral Research, Surjeet Publications, New Delhi.

7. Lay, C. (1996): At Last, my research article on procrastination. Journal of Research in Personality, 20, 474-495.

8. Pavrot, W., & Diener, E. (1993): Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 164-172.

9. Zimet, et.al. (1988): The Multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30-41.

10. Zimet, et.al. (1990): Psychometric characteristics of the Multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 610-617.

Effect of Aerobics Training Programme on Body Fat and Selected Anthropometric Measurements of Obese Boys

Dr. Arvind Mishra

Head

Dept. of Physical Education

Allahabad Degree College, Allahabad

University of Allahabad

E mail- arvindadc@gmail.com

Cell No.09415014720

Abstract:

Our daily life is a last and luxuries due to people are not physically fit and strong. They faced so many problem related to health. To cure those problems everyday requires exercise physical fitness and health are the integral parts of human life. Fitness and wellness of a person are correlated to each other. Aerobics gives a tremendous helps in not only developing ones physical fitness ability but also helps in making our body into good physique or body shape it also helps to reduce the BMI [Body mass index] . In this study a sample of 50 males subjects were selected from Allahabad Public School, Allahabad, by using the BMI formula by considering purposive sampling technique. They were in the age group of 12 to 14 years. The investigator selected two groups viz; experimental and control groups. The experimental group was given training in aerobic and control group was under gone day to day activity. The duration of experimental group is for eight weeks. From the interpretation of the data the results of Anthropometric measurements which shows significant enhancement in body weight in which "t" value is -4.02 which is statistically significant at the 0.01 level. B.M.I measurement, "t" value is 2.94 which is significant at 0.05 level. Chest circumference "t" value is -4.38 are statistically significant at 0.01 level. Abdominal circumference "t" value is -4.16 which is significant at 0.01 level. Thigh circumference "t" value is -8.70 which is significant at 0.01 level. Triceps skin fold "t" value is -3.26 which is significant at 0.05 level. Sub scapula skin fold "t" value is -4.98 which is significant at 0.01 level. Therefore statistically concluded that the Aerobic exercise training programme has good effect on B.M.I. anthropometric measurement and body fat.

K ey words : Aerobics, Body Composition, Obesity, Anthropometry.

Introduction :

The life of our modern civilization Due to scientific development enjoys the high level of physical comforts even know to men. Modern technology is trying hard to make our life easier, more luxurious more comfortable but less vigorous. Physical fitness is the most vital element of human life because for many people, women and children like the courage of modern living is stress can institute a whole host of physical disorders, headache migraine, back trouble etc. Exercise fights this arch, energy of health and happiness. It is free and it takes few hours to do so that no need of sleeping pills or laxatives. Now a day the word "Aerobic" is a new and certainly fashionable one. Aerobic gives a tremendous helping not only developing ones physical fitness ability but also helps in making our body into good physique or body shape. The objectives of the study were to study the effect of aerobic training on body Weight, Height, B.M.I, Chest circumference, Abdominal circumference, Thigh circumference, Triceps skin fold, Sub scapula skin fold, Thigh skin fold of experimental group and as compared to controlled group.

It was hypothesized that: There is no significant difference in the mean score of body Weight, mean score of standing Height, mean score of B.M.I, mean score of Chest circumference, mean score of abdominal circumference, mean score of Thigh circumference, mean score of Triceps skin fold, mean score of Sub scapula skin fold and mean score of Thigh skin fold of Control and Experimental group.

LIMITATION : It was not possible to control the day to day activities of the subjects selected for experimental as well as control group. The food habits, standard of living, rest and sleep of the selected subjects were not being controlled because the participants were coming from different socio-economic background.

Method and Procedures:

A sample of 50 subjects (boys) were selected from Allahabad Public School, Allahabad by using the BMI formula by considering purposive sampling technique. They were in the age group of 12 to 14 years. There were two groups viz one was a control group and another was experimental group. The experimental group's subjects were exposed to training in aerobic exercise for total period of eight weeks, whereas the control group's subjects have not received the above training. However the subjects of control group were engaged with physical education activity. Daily program consist warming up exercises for 10 minutes, training for 40 minutes and cooling down for 10 minutes. The duration of training was 60 minutes 5 days per week for a total period of eight weeks.

To accomplish the study following dependent variables were included :

Blue print of Dependent variables

Variables	Test	Unit
Height	Standing height	C.M
Weight	Body weight	Kilogram
Chest circumferences	Chest circumferences	C.M
Abdomen circumferences	Abdomen circumferences	C.M
Thigh circumferences	Thigh circumferences	C.M
Triceps skin fold	Triceps skin fold	M.M
Sub scapular skin fold	Sub scapular skin fold	M.M
Thigh skin fold	Thigh skin fold	M.M

 

Independent variables

Marching Grapevine L - Step, V-step, A-step, Lunges, Mambo Cha-Cha-Cha, Knee Press down

The data were analyzed by using "t" scale with the help of SPSS software.

Results:

I. Result Of Selected Variables On The Controlled Group (Within group)

In the case of weight measured in body weight the mean scores of pre and post tests of the controlled group are 54.84 (±9.46) and 54.86 (±9.49) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is - .02 and "t‟ value is - .22 which is not significant at 0.05 level (p>0.05). In the case of Height measured in standing height test the mean scores of pre and post test of the controlled group are 151.64 (±6.84) and 152.64 (±6.27) Respectively, whereas, the mean difference is-1.00 and "t" value is which is-.87 which is not significant at 0.05 level (p>0.05). In the case of BMI measured in Weight (in kg) / Height (in mts) formula of the controlled group are 23.72 (±2.68) and 23.56 (±2.69) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is .16 and "t" value is 1.52 which is not significant at 0.05 level (p>0.05) In the case of Chest circumference as measured in chest circumference test the mean scores of pre and post tests of the controlled group are 34.68(±2.86) and 34.84(±2.87) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is - .16 and "t" value is -1.69 which is not significant at 0.05 level (p>0.05) In the case of abdominal circumferences as measured by abdominal circumferences test the mean scores of pre and post test of the controlled group are 33.26(±3.03) and 33.24 (±3.48) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is .02 and "t" value is .13 which is not significant at 0.05 level (p>0.05). In the case of Thigh circumferences as measured in Thigh Circumferences test the mean scores of pre and post test of the controlled group are 22.80(±2.27) and 23.16 (±2.34) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is - .36 and "t" value is -2.69 which is significant at 0.05 level (p<0.05). In the case of Triceps skin fold as measured in Triceps skin Fold test the mean scores of pre and post test of the controlled group are 23.60(±6.36) and 23.80(±6.39) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is - .20 and "t" value is -1.15 which is not significant at 0.05 level (p<0.05). In the case of Sub scapular skin fold as measured in Sub Scapular skin fold test the mean scores of pre and post test of the controlled group are 27.36(±7.95) and 27.52 (±8.12) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is - .16 and "t" value is -1.00 which is not significant at 0.05 level (p<0.05). In the case of Thigh skin fold as measured in Thigh skin Fold test the mean scores of pre and post test of the controlled group are 37.40(±8.56) and 37.72(±8.81) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is - .32 and "t" value is -1.78 which is not significant at 0.05 level (p<0.05).

Table-1

Comparison of mean between the pre & post of the control group

Variable	Score Unit	Pre-Test Mean ±S.D	Post-Test Mean ± S.D	Mean Difference	Standard Error	't'	Significance
Weight	Kg	54.84 ( ±9.46)	54.86 ( ±9.49)	- .02	0.9	- .22	.824 P>0.05
Height	C.M.	151.64 ( ±6.84)	152.64 ( ±6.27)	-1.00	1.15	-.87	.393 P>0.05
BMI	Kgm2	23.72 ( ±2.68)	23.56 ( ±2.69)	.16	.10	1.52	.140 P>0.05
Chest circumference	C.M.	34.68 (±2.86)	34.84 (±2.87)	- .16	.09	-1.69	.103 P>0.05
Abdominal circumference	C.M.	33.26 (±3.03)	33.24 (±3.48)	.02	.16	.13	.900 P>0.05
Thigh circumference	C.M.	22.80 (±2.27)	23.16 (±2.34)	- .36	.13	-2.69	.013 P<0.05
Triceps Skin fold	M.M.	23.60 (±6.36)	23.80 (±6.39)	- .20	.17	-1.15	.260 P>0.05
Sub Scapular Skin fold	M.M.	27.36 (±7.95)	27.52 (±8.12)	- .16	.16	-1.00	.327 P>0.05

Height measured in standing height test the Mean scores of pre and post test of the experimental group are151.36 (±6.30) and152.68 (±5.62)respectively, whereas, the mean difference is -1.32 and "t" value is -2.91 which is significant at 0.05evel (p<0.05). It is seen from Table-2 that in case of BMI measured in Weight (in kg) / Height (in mts)2 formula of the experimental group are23.74 (±2.83) and 23.17 (±2.87) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is .56 and "t" value is 6.35 which is significant at 0.01(p< 0.05). It is seen from Table-2, that in case of Chest circumference as measured in chest circumference test the mean scores of pre and post tests of the experimental group are34.84 (±3.10) and 34.22 (±2.95) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is .62 and "t" value is 4.11 which is significant at 0.01 level (p<0.01). It is seen from Table-2 that in case of abdominal circumferences as measured in abdominal circumferences test the mean scores of pre and post test of the experimental group are 33.04 (±3.69) and32.04 (±3.82) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is .17 and "t" value is 5.69 which is significant at 0.01 level (p<0.01). It is seen from Table-2 that in case of Thigh circumferences as measured in Thigh Circumferences test the mean scores of pre and post test of the experimental group are 23.50 (±2.86) and 21.72 (±3.06) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is 1.78 and "t"value is 8.63 which is significant at 0.01 level (p<0.01). It is seen from Table-2 that in case of Triceps skin fold as measured in Triceps skin Fold test the mean scores of pre and post test of the experimental group are23.68 (±3.88) and 23.08 (±3.57) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is .60 and "t" value is 3.46 which is significant at 0.05 level (p<0.05). It is seen from Table-2 that in case of Sub scapular skin fold as measured in Sub Scapular skin fold test the mean scores of pre and post test of the experimental group are 26.96(±5.20) and 26.00 (±5.21) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is .96 and "t" value is 6.08 which is significant at 0.01 level (p<0.01). It is seen from Table-2 that in case of Thigh skin fold as measured in Thigh skin Fold test the mean scores of pre and post test of the experimental group are39.28 (±7.68) and 38.40(±7.64ss) respectively, whereas, the mean difference is .88 and "t" value is 4.74 which is significant at 0.01 level (p<0.01)

III. Comparison of Results of Selected Variables, Between Control and Experimental Group.

In case of body weight the mean gain of the controlled and experimental group is .02 and -.60 respectively, whereas the difference in mean gain of both group is -.62 which is in favors of Experimental group however the "t" value of the same is -4.02 which is significant at 0.01 level. This indicates that the Aerobic training programme helps to lose the body weight significantly.

In case of Height the mean gain of the controlled and experimental group is 1.00 and 1.32 respectively, whereas the difference in mean gain of both group is .32 which is in favors of control group however the "t" value of the same is1.24 which is not significant at 0.05 level. This indicates that the Aerobic training programme not improves the Height significantly.

Thus, the null hypothesis, formulated in this study , "There is no significant different in the mean score of standing Height of control and experimental group" has been retained.

In case of B.M.I the mean gain of the controlled and experimental group is .16 and .56 respectively, where as the difference in mean gain of both group is .40 which is in favors of experimental group however the "t" value of the same is 2.94 which is significant at 0.05 level. This indicates that the Aerobic training programme not improves the B.M.I significantly.

In case of Chest circumference the mean gain of the controlled and experimental group is .16 and -.62 respectively, whereas the difference in mean gain of both group is .78 which is in favors of experimental group however the "t" value of the same is -4.38 which is significant at 0.01 level. This indicates that the Aerobic training programme not improves the Chest circumferences significantly.

In case of Abdominal circumference the mean gain of the controlled and experimental group is -.02 and -1.00 respectively, whereas the difference in mean gain of both group is .98 which is in favors of experimental group however the "t" value of the same is -4.16 which is significant at 0.01 level. This indicates that the Aerobic training programme improves the abdominal circumferences significantly.

In case of Thigh circumference the mean gain of the controlled and experimental group is .36 and -1.78 respectively, whereas the difference in mean gain of both group is 2.14 which is in favors of control group however the "t" value of the same is -8.70 which is significant at 0.01 level. This indicates that the Aerobic training programme not improves the Thigh circumferences significantly.

In case of Triceps Skin fold the mean gain of the controlled and experimental group is .20 and -.60 respectively, whereas the difference in mean gain of both group is .80 which is in favors of experimental group however the "t" value of the same is -3.26 which is significant at 0.05 level. This indicates that the Aerobic training programme improves the Triceps Skin fold significantly.

In case of Sub scapula Skin fold the mean gain of the controlled and experimental group is .16 and -.96 respectively, whereas the difference in mean gain of both group is 1.12 which is in favors of experimental group however the "t" value of the same is -4.98 which is significant at 0.01 level. This indicates that the Aerobic training programme improves the Sub scapula Skin fold significantly.

In case of Thigh Skin fold the mean gain of the controlled and experimental group is .32 and -.88 respectively, whereas the difference in mean gain of both group is 1.20 which is in favors of experimental group however the „t‟ value of the same is -4.64 which is significant at 0.01 level. This indicates that the Aerobic training programme improves the Thigh Skin fold significantly.

Thus, the null hypothesis, formulated in this study, "There is no significant difference in the mean score of body Weight, mean score of B.M.I, mean score of Chest circumference, mean score of abdominal circumference, mean score of Thigh circumference, mean score of Triceps skin fold, mean score of Sub scapula skin fold and mean score of Thigh skin fold of Control and Experimental group" have been rejected.

Table 2

Comparison of Mean Gain in selected variables between Control and experimental group

Variables	Group Compared		Mean Gain		Mean Differe-nce		Standard Error Mean Gain		't'		Signifi-cance.
Height	Control Vs Experimental		1.00 1.32		.32		1.24		.26		.797 p>0.05
B.M.I.	Control Vs Experimental		.16 .56		.40		.14		2.94		.005 P<0.05
Chest Circumfer	Control Vs Experimental		.16 -.62		.78		.17		-4.38		.000 P<.000
Abdominal Circumference		Control Vs Experimental		-.02 -1.00		.98		.23		-4.16		.000 P<.000
Thigh Circumference		Control Vs Experimental		.36 -1.78		2.14		.25		-8.70		.000 P<.000
Triceps Skin fold		Control Vs Experimental		.20 -.60		.80		.24		-3.26		.002 P<.000
Thigh Skin fold		Control Vs Experimental		.32 -.88		1.20		.25		-4.64		.000 P<.000

Discussion

From the interpretation of the data the following results of Anthropometric measurements which shows significant enhancement in body weight in which „t‟ value is -4.02 which is statistically significant at the 0.01 level. B.M.I measurement „t‟ value is 2.94 which is significant at 0.05 level. Chest circumference "t" value is -4.38 is statistically significant at 0.01 level. Abdominal circumference „t‟ value is -4.16 which is significant at 0.01 level. Thigh circumference „t‟ value is -8.70 which is significant at 0.01 level. Triceps skin fold „t‟ value is -3.26 which is significant at 0.05 level. Sub scapula skin fold „t‟ value is -4.98 which is significant at 0.01 level. Whereas the analysis of the data reveals the mean gain in Height measurement „t‟ value is -.16 which is not significant at 0.05 level.

That means the selected Aerobic training programme did not shows significant effect on Height. The analysis of data reveals that the experimental group has improved in the body Weight, B.M.I, Chest circumference, and abdominal circumferences, Thigh circumference, Triceps skin fold, Sub scapula skin fold, Thigh skin fold. Further in case of Height the experimental group scores shows significant improvement in mean between pre and post test (Table No 2 Height „t‟ value -2.91). But not shows significant improvement in Table No.3 (Height "t' value .26). Therefore statistically concluded that the treatment given to Height is partially successful.

On the basis of the above discussion, the results can be concluded as: Eight week training of Aerobic exercise imparted in this study was effective in reducing excessive body weight, effective in reducing Chest circumference, abdominal circumference, and thigh circumference , effective in reducing Triceps, sub scapula, and Thigh skin fold.

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