Vol.2/2021/130

Providing Medical Care at Inter-University Sports Meet: A Case Study of Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University

Dr. Abhijeet Jagtap

Medical Officer and Academic Coordinator School of Allied Health Sciences,

Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University (Maharashtra)

Address for Correspondence:

Health Centre

Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University,

Pune-Solapur Highway, Kegaon

Solapur 413255

Contact:

Email-orthodoxj@gmail.com, ahjagtap@sus.ac.in

Mobile- 9730105961

Key Words: Medical Care, Interuniversity Sports Meet, Case Study, Solapur University.

Abstract:

Sports injuries are inevitable in any sports and must be dealt with prompt attention and medical care. When it comes to a big occasion such as Interuniversity Sports Meet, it necessitates meticulous micro-planning and actual implementation to provide medical care at such events. This paper describes the pre meet planning as well as on the field experiences related to sports injuries and medical care provided during the annual interuniversity sports meet conducted by Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University in the year before the lockdown period. More than three thousand sports person from twenty state universities across the Maharashtra state participated in this event that lasted for four days. This paper describes how preparations were done to handle sports injuries on the field, planning, budgeting and actual expenditure incurred to provide medical care during the sports meet.

Background:

Interuniversity Sports Festival which was formerly known as ASHWAMEDH mahotsav is one of its kind of mega sports event that is meant to provide a state level platform to the entire sports person belonging to various universities and colleges in the State of Maharashtra. The event is backed up by the Maharashtra Governor’s Office. All the UGC recognized state, deemed and private universities in and across Maharashtra state are eligible for participation in this event. This is an annual event that is hosted by the university approved by the governor’s office. It is mandatory for the host university to conduct minimum of five different sports games which are decided in consultation with all the physical directors of all the universities and host university can decided one game of its own choice. Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar University (PAHSUS) formerly known as Solapur University has been the host University for conducting the Interuniversity Sports Festival in the year 2019. PAHSUS is a state university established by the Maharashtra in the year 2004 and accredited by NAAC 'B’ Grade (CGPA 2.62). It is the only university in entire nation which is meant for a single district of Solapur situated in South-West Maharashtra. University has ten schools belonging to different faculties and a total of one thousand on campus students and more than one lac students studying from over hundred and ten affiliated colleges across the Solapur district.

About the 23rd Interuniversity Sports Festival:

23rd Interuniversity Sports Festival was hosted by PAHSUS from 26th December 2019 to 30th December 2019. More than three thousand sportsperson and coaches from twenty state universities across Maharashtra state participated in the event. All these participants were from twelve non-agricultural, four agricultural and four professional and technical universities across the Maharashtra State. The event consisted of five games namely Kho-Kho, Kabaddi, Basketball, Volleyball and Handball and Athletic and track events. Maximum participants were from Kabaddi (20.1%) followed by Volleyball, Basketball, Kho-Kho, Athletics and Handball respectively. Apart from the actual sports persons, there were more than six hundred coaches and supports staff and other dignitaries from all the universities attended the event. The event was inaugurated on 26th December at the auspicious hands of Shri. Bhagatsingh Koshyari, Honorable Chancellor of Maharashtra State.

Pre Planning for Medical Care:

Considering the number of participants in the event and their stay at the university campus for a period of five days, providing medical care to them was a challenging task. A special medical committee were appointed by the Vice Chancellor in consultation with University Medical Officer for planning and implementation of the same. The Medical Committee consisted of seven members belonging to medical and sports field. There were three medical experts namely principal of local government aided Ayurvedic college, Head of Medicine department from local govt. medical college and a experienced general surgeon from vicinity of university campus. Two physical directors belonging to aided and private colleges affiliated to the host university were also a part of the committee. Director of Sports and Physical Education of university was member secretary of the committee while University Health Officer headed the committee. Three meetings of the medical committee were held in the month of April, July and Sept 2019. The committee drafted a detailed plan for providing medical care across the event. Committee also prepared a budget estimate of Rs.3 lacs for the medical committee and was approved by the management council of the university. The budgetary provision was meant for purchase of necessary equipments, medicines, surgical, splints and other expenses such as remuneration to the outsourced staff, payment of ambulance charges etc.

Actual Provision of Medical Care:

As per the directives of the committees it was decided to set up one first aid centre at each events ground. Thus a total of five first aid centers were set up near each playing ground namely basketball, volleyball, kho-kho and Kabaddi, athletic track and handball ground. Each first aid centre was manned by two doctors, two auxiliary nurse midwives and NSS volunteers. Each first aid centre were provided with a fowlers bed, dressing trolleys and drums, patient curtains, wheel chairs, stretchers, biomedical waste dust bins along with equipments such as BP apparatus, Stethoscopes, Finger Pulse Oximeter, Glucometers and Body Mass Analyzers. The medical and nursing staff were kept in two shifts. Morning shift was started as 8 am till 2 pm and afternoon shift was from 2 pm to 8 pm. For night emergencies, a separate team was kept ready near residential facility which worked from 8 pm to 8 am. The medical teams were provided with breakfast, meals and dinner at the place of first aid centre to facilitate them to stay at the centre during the designated shifts. Two ambulances were kept ready during the day time and one ambulance at night time. Eleven doctors with thirty five nursing staff worked throughout the tournament period for on 24x7 bases. Apart from them University health centre was fully operational during these days. Minor injuries like abrasions, contusions, sprain, starin were managed at the first aid centers. Patients who needed monitoring or day care were shifted from the first aid centers to the university health centre where University Medical Officer and his support staff looked after the patients. Patients needing advanced care and hospitalization were sent to Solapur city for further management.

During the tournament period we recorded 533 patients at the first aid centers and health center. Majority patients were having minor injuries such as abrasion, contusion, sprain, strain and mild dehydration were treated on the ground only. Some patients needing intravenous fluid support were sent to university health centre where they received day care and send to the hostels again. Only four patients needed hospitalization out which one was having gastric infection and moderate dehydration, one was having renal colic and rest two had fractures of elbow and ankle respectively. Patients of fractured bones were belonging to Kabaddi.

Use of Public Private Partnership (PPP) to provide medical care:

Given the nature of tournament and number of participants, university health centre alone could not have handled the entire medical care alone. University health centre is manned by staff of four persons namely Medical Officer, Pharmacists, Nurse and Peon. This staff was not sufficient to handle the burden of patients, so Medical Committee decided to adopt Public Private Partnership for providing the medical care. For this University sought help from various local government and private medical institutions. The private partners reciprocated well and offered every possible help for this event. Seth Govindaji Raoji Ayurvedic Mahavidyalay (SGR) is a local Ayurvedic medical college, that offered help in the form their Post Graduate Trainee Doctors. A team of 11 doctors were sent for the help. Similarly a local private nursing institute Yashodhara Nursing College sent a team of 35 auxillary nurse midwives. Local Government Medical College sent their ambulance for complete five days period for patients transport in case of emergency. Similarly another ambulance was sent from Chandan Institute of Neurosciences (CNS) for the same. These ambulances were continuously posted at the play ground area. Apart from these help, volunteers from Parag Kulkarni Acupressure Team helped at the first aid centers. They gave acupressure treatment to patients which was quiet effective especially in sprain and strain patients. Volunteers from National Students Service Scheme (NSS) and National Cadet Corps (NCC) assisted medical teams and helped in maintaining disciplines at the centers.

Financial Management for Providing Medical Care:

University has approved a budgetary provision of Rs.3 lacs for the medical committee. Total expenditure made was Rs.1.44 lacs which was very well below the provision made. Itemized expenditure included Remuneration for the outsourced medicos and nursing staff (Rs.50,800), Purchase of Equipments and surgical (Rs.48,020), Purchase of medicines (Rs.22,020), Provision of breakfast and meals (Rs.11,899) and transport charges (Rs.11,471). The reason behind the economic expenditure was attributed to generosity shown by the private partners like CNS who provided ambulance totally free of cost and SGR College and Yashodhara College who sent the medical teams and expected nothing in return but university paid the remuneration to the doctors and nurses on daily basis.

Innovative Practices adopted during the Event:

University health centre brought out some innovative ideas to make this event memorable. University decided to prepare and publish a special booklet dedicated to sports and health. Various articles were invited from specialists and experts from various fields.. University Medical Officer worked as chief editor of this booklet. Finally this booklet called as AROGYBHAN:NIRAMAY KREEDAJIVAN was prepared and published at the auspicious hands of Governor of Maharashtra on the inaugural day of event. The booklet consisted of total 23 articles on various themes such as Sports Nutrition, Sports Psychology, Fitness and Diet, Yoga, First Aid Management, Career in Sports etc. Total 3500 copies of this booklet were distributed to all the participant sports persons, their coaches and other dignitaries.

Another innovative thing we did was to measure body mass index and other parameters of participant sports persons. For this we used Body Fat Analyzer machines. We trained the nursing staff for using these machines. Five machines were kept at each first aid centers. Total of seven hundred sports persons measured their body mass indices and they were handed over the reports and were counseled and guided on the same.

Conclusion:

Annual Interuniversity Sports Meet is an example of mega sports event where students get an opportunity to showcase their talents and skills on a bigger stage. The mega sports event poses multiple challenges due to the large number of sports participants. Providing accommodation, dining and transport facilities and avoiding disasters are some of the key challenges during such event. To provide medical care at mega sports event such as of Interuniversity Sports Meet is a challenging task that requires meticulous micro planning well in advance, proper budgeting and resource allocation and disciplined execution on the field. For this using PPP model offers and excellent opportunity to serve the purpose in best possible and cost effective manner.

Acknowledgement:

Author want to express his sincere gratitude to Dr. Mrunalini Fadnavis, Honorable Vice Chancellor of Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Dr. SK Pawar, Director of Sports and Physical Education for their constant support and belief in me.

References:

Archives from Department of Sports and Physical Education, Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University.
Annual Report of Health Centre for 2019-20, PAH Solapur University, Solapur

Table 1. List of Participant Universities
Name of University	Type of University	No. of Participants
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad	StateNon Agricultural	141
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune	State Non Agricultural	144
Shivaji University, Kolhapur	State Non Agricultural	132
Mumbai University, Mumbai	State Non Agricultural	139
Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded	State Non Agricultural	139
Gondwana University, Gadchiroli	State Non Agricultural	120
Sant Gadagebaba University Amaravati	State Non Agricultural	143
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj University, Nagpur	State Non Agricultural	124
Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Solapur	State Non Agricultural	144
Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University	State Women	67
KB Chowdhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon	Non Agricultural State	129
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik	State Open	78
Kavi Kulguru Kalidas Sanskrit University Ramtek Nagpur	State Open	35
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik	State Professional	120
Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere, Raigad	State Technical	103
Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University	State Technical	94
Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University	State Agricultural	81
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth	State Agricultural	98
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth	State Agricultural	125
Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth	State Agricultural	108
		2264

Table 2. Sports wise participants distribution
Type of Game	Number of Participants		Total	Percentage
	Male	Female
Kho-Kho	215	192	407	17.9%
Kabaddi	228	228	456	20.1%
Basketball	210	174	384	16.9%
Volleyball	208	209	417	18.5%
Handball	115	120	235	10.5%
Athletic and Track Event	191	174	365	16.1%
	1167	1097	n = 2264

Table 3. Item wise Expenditure
Sr. No	Item	Expenditure Incurred
1	Medical Team Resource Remuneration	Rs.50,800
2	Providing Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner to Medical Team	Rs.11,899
3	Purchase of Surgical supplies and equipments	Rs.48,020
4	Purchase of Medicines	Rs.22,020
5	Medical Team Transport charges	Rs.11,471
	Total	Rs.1,44,210

Fig.1. Tournament Location 1- University Main Campus

Fig 2.Tournament Location 2- Athletic Track

Vol.2/2021/131

Understanding Cholesterol Types, Prevention, and Treatment

Mr.Ajinkya Avadhut Kudtarkar1 and Mr.suresh Nivartirao Jondhale2

1College Director of Physical Education and Sports, VVM’s Shree Damodar College of Commerce and Economics,Margao Goa. Ph.D. Scholar-SRTM University Nanded, Maharastra,India

2College Director of Physical Education and Sports, Saraswati Sangeet Kala Mahavidyalaya,Latur, Maharastra-India

February 2021

Abstract

Obesity is the leading cause of mortality and non –communicable diseases. Cholesterol is identified as a major non-communicable disease that causes cardiovascular health issues. This study aims to get a deeper understanding of the meaning of Cholesterol, its types, Prevention and Treatment. The researcher reviewed different thematic papers on Cholesterol, for which the researcher used vital words like Cholesterol, Atherosclerosis, Lipids, Lipoproteins, Serum Cholesterol to identify other papers in this domain. Cholesterol is a precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones, and it is a fat-likes substance (Lipid) present in the cell membrane. It can be divided into different types such as Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL), High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL), Very Low-Density lipoproteins (VLDL) and Triglycerides. However, there are many more classifications, but researchers have restricted these four types in this paper. Quitting smoking, engaging in physical activity, health check-ups; have been identified as primary preventive measures. Lifestyle changes such as eating a healthy diet and exercising, losing weight, medications with a consultation with supervisors were considered a treatment for high Cholesterol in reviewing the papers chosen by the researcher. Through this thematic evaluation, the researcher aimed to gain insight into Cholesterol's domain and understand its treatment methods.

Keywords: Cholesterol, High Density lipoprotein, Low Density Lipoprotein, Very Low Density Lipoprotein, Triglycerides

1 Introduction

Obesity is defined as the accumulation of body fat, so that it has a negative implication on health. The underlying disease is the unfavourable positive energy balance and mass gain. Obese individuals will vary in the volume of excess fat, the division within the body, and related health concerns. The excess fat caused by weight gain increases the risk related to obesity and diseases caused by obesity. Fat surrounded at an abdominal level is as equally risky as extra fat percentage. Hence, to differentiate between those at more risk due to” abdominal fat distribution” or” android obesity.” As known,” gynoid” fat division is less risky, in which fat is distributed around the body (WHO, 2000).

While obesity is itself a disease in its way, it is considered the main reason for other non-communicable diseases such as Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, Cardiovascular disease, cancer, high blood pressure, and hypercholesterolemia. The harmful health effects caused through obesity are induced to a larger or smaller extent by weight, Fat distribution in the body, weight gain during childhood, and an inactive lifestyle (WHO, 2000).

purpose of this study is to understand cholesterol-types, prevention and treatment

2 Understanding Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones, and it is a fat-like substance (Lipid) present in the cell membrane. It travels through the blood in distinct particles containing lipid and protein (Lipoproteins). Low-density lipoprotein, High-density Lipoproteins, and Very Low-density Lipoproteins are three major classes of lipoproteins (National cholesterol Education program,2002).

2.1 types of cholesterol

LDL Cholesterol forms a large part of total Serum cholesterol, approximately 60-70 per cent. It has a single Apo lipoprotein, namely Apo B100 (apo B). Major atherogenic lipoprotein is LDL cholesterol, and NCEP identifies it as major lipoprotein that needs to be lowered. This has become a major Lipoprotein cholesterol for reducing the risk of Cardiovascular disease (National cholesterol Education program,2002).

HDL Cholesterol forms 20-30 per cent of total Serum cholesterol. Apo-I and Apo A-II are the significant HDL apo lipoproteins. HDL Cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease are inversely correlated. A low level of HDL signifies other atherogenic factors; some research suggests HDL protects against atherosclerosis development (National cholesterol Education program,2002).

The Very Low-Density Lipoprotein contains 10-15 per cent of the total serum cholesterol, but it is part of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein. The major apo lipoproteins of VLDL are apo B-100, apo Cs (C-I, C-II, and C-III), and apo E. Liver and precursors LDL Produces Very Low-Density Lipoprotein, some types of VLDL, Specially VLDL remnants, appear to form atherosclerosis, Similar to LDL. Partially Degraded VLDL are part of VLDL remnants, and they are relatively enriched in cholesterol ester. IDL is one more type of lipoprotein that belongs to remnant lipoproteins; however, in Clinical practice, IDL is part of the LDL fraction (National cholesterol Education program,2002).

The last classification of lipoproteins, Chylomicrons, are triglycerides-rich lipoproteins; after a fat-containing meal, triglycerides are produced in the intestine and appear in the blood. In triglycerides, apo B-48 present instead of apo B-100 present in VLDL; other apo lipoproteins of chylomicrons is the same as VLDL. Chylomicron remnants which are partially degraded chylomicrons carries some atherogenic potential (National cholesterol Education program,2002). Although LDL is the primary cause of atherogenesis requiring clinical management, some new studies show that VLDL and HDL also play an important role in atherogenesis. Therefore, VLDL and HDL are the second most important in controlling a person at risk for Cardio Vascular diseases (National cholesterol Education program,2002).

2.2 Preventing Cholesterol

2.2.1 Quitting smoking as a preventive measure

Cigarette smoking has been established as a strong contributor to CHD risk and other sorts of CVD. The connection of smoking to CVD risked dose-dependent and observed in men and ladies. Observational data suggest that smoking cessation reduces the danger for CVD events which the decline in risk begins within months after quitting. 186 Randomized clinical trials of smoking cessation in primary prevention settings have revealed substantial reductions in risk for cardiac events in those that quit. Cigarette smoking features prominently within the risk assessment component of ATP III due to its CVD risks and, therefore, the substantial benefits of smoking cessation. Moreover, smokers benefit the maximum amount, if less, from LDL- lowering therapy as do non-smokers (National cholesterol Education program,2002).

2.2.2 Engaging in Physical Activity.

Physical inactivity is related to increased risk for CHD. Conversely, physical activity favourably modifies several risk factors; Physical Activity helps to lower LDL, Triglycerides levels, Raise HDL and improve sensitivity to insulin and lower vital sign. Evidence that physical activity can reduce risk for CHD comes from multiple observational studies. Therefore, physical inactivity is widely designated to be a serious risk factor for CHD, In ATP III, physical inactivity is also listed as a serious modifiable risk factor. The mechanisms whereby physical inactivity raises risk for CHD aren’t fully understood and are probably multifactorial. Physical inactivity reduces caloric expenditure and doubtless contributes to obesity and to its associated lipid and non-lipid risk factors, as well on insulin resistance.240 Beyond its effects on standard risk factors, physical inactivity may have adverse effects on cardiovascular fitness and performance. Many of the damaging effects of a sedentary lifestyle that raise CHD risk are often inferred from the actions of increased physical activity, which include a reduction in insulin resistance, lowering of vital sign, reducing serum triglycerides, raising HDL cholesterol, and improving cardiovascular risk (National cholesterol Education program,2002).

It has been suggested that a history of normal physical activity should count as a” negative risk factor,” similarly to high HDL cholesterol.

Although regular physical activity undoubtedly reduces baseline risk for CHD and should be encouraged, ATP III doesn’t specifically count it as a negative risk factor for setting the LDL cholesterol level (National cholesterol Education program,2002).

2.2.3 Health Check-Up

A fasting lipoprotein profile including major blood lipid fractions, i.e., total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride, should be obtained at least once every 5 years in adults age 20 and over. Since risk categories change slowly over time, the panel judged that lipoprotein measurement once every five years are adequate in otherwise low- risk persons. More frequent measurements are required for persons with multiple risk factors if the LDL level is merely slightly below the goal level, as will be described subsequently. If the testing opportunity is non-fasting, only the values for total cholesterol and HDL will be usable. In otherwise low-risk persons, further testing isn’t required if the HDL-cholesterol level is ¿ 40 mg/dL and total cholesterol is ¡ 200 mg/dl (National cholesterol Education program,2002).

2.3 Treatment of cholesterol

2.3.1 Adopting Healthful Lifestyle

Habits.

A multifactorial lifestyle approach to reducing risk for CHD. This approach is designated therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) and includes the subsequent components.

• Reduced intakes of saturated fats and cholesterol • Therapeutic dietary options for enhancing LDL lowering (plant stanols/sterols and increased viscous (soluble fibre) • Weight reduction Increased regular physical activity (National cholesterol Education program,2002).

The major LDL - raising dietary constituents are saturated fat and cholesterol. A discount in intakes of those components is that the core of the TLC Diet. The scientific foundation for the connection between high intakes of saturated fat and increased LDL levels dates back several decades. It consists of several lines of evidence: observational studies, metabolic and controlled feeding studies, and clinical studies, including randomized clinical trials. The opposite major nutrients — unsaturated fats, protein, and carbohydrates — don’t raise LDL cholesterol levels in developing an LDL - lowering diet (National cholesterol Education program,2002).

Increased emphasis on weight reduction as a part of LDL- lowering therapy for overweight/obese persons who enter clinical guidelines for cholesterol management. Indeed, weight control alone and lowering LDL cholesterol favourably influences all of the danger factors of metabolic syndrome (National cholesterol Education program,2002).

Physical inactivity may be a significant risk factor for CHD. It raises CHD risk in several ways, notably by augmenting the lipid and non-lipid risk factors of metabolic syndrome. It further enhances risk by impairing cardio by a shift in emphasis on managing the metabolic, vascular fitness and coronary blood flow. Regular physical activity can help reverse these adverse effects. It can have favourable effects on metabolic syndrome and may reduce VLDL levels, raise HDL cholesterol and, lower LDL levels. Regular physical activity lowers vital sign and reduces insulin resistance. It also has been reported to scale back risk for CHD independently of ordinary risk factors (National cholesterol Education program,2002).

2.3.2 Medications

LDL cholesterol is the primary target of treatment in clinical lipid management. The utilization of therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC), including LDL- lowering dietary options (plant stanols/ sterols and increased viscous fibre) will achieve the therapeutic goal in many persons. Nonetheless, some of the population whose short- and long-term risk for CHD would require LDL- lowering drugs to succeed in the prescribed goal for LDL cholesterol. The supply of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) allows attainment of the LDL goal in most higher-risk persons. Other agents—bile acid sequestrates, niacin, and a few fibrates—also can moderately lower LDL levels (National cholesterol Education program,2002).

If TLC alone fails to realize the LDL cholesterol goal, consideration is often given to adding drug therapy. In such cases, the third visit of dietary therapy are going to be the visit to initiate drug treatment. When drugs are used, however, TLC also should be used concomitantly. Dietary therapy provides additional CHD risk reduction beyond drug efficacy (National cholesterol Education program,2002).

3 Conclusion

Obesity is the leading cause of mortality and non –communicable diseases. Cholesterol is identified as a major non-communicable disease that causes cardiovascular health issues. Cholesterol is a precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones, and it is a fat-likes substance (Lipid) present in the cell membrane. It can be divided into different types such as Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL), High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL), Very Low-Density lipoproteins (VLDL) and Triglycerides. Quitting smoking, engaging in physical activity, health check-ups; have been identified as primary preventive measures. Lifestyle changes such as eating a healthy diet and exercising, losing weight, and medications with supervisors were considered a treatment for High Cholesterol.

References

1) National Cholesterol Education Program (US). Expert Panel on Detection, Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. (2002). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) (No. 2). The Program.

2) World Health Organization. (2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic.

Vol.2/2021/132

Yoga for Mental Health

Dr. B. A. Sarpate Dr. Bavikar Samir

HOD, Dept. Sports & Physical Education HOD Sports ?

Arts & Science College Patoda, Venkatesh Mahajan College,

Dist. Beed. Osmanabad, Dist. Osmanabad.

Abstract:

This research focus and study of mental fitness by Yoga, because staying healthy is not only necessary physically, but only by staying healthy mentally can we protect ourselves from external and internal diseases. People became more aware of their health after the arrival of Covid-19. Results from this study show that Yoga practice can increase physical strength and mental health as well. Now a days after the arrival of Covid-19 people increased physical activity in their daily routine. In addition to promoting mental health, yoga has also been included in its routine. Health is important for the development of the country. Apart from physical benefits, one of the most effective methods of yoga is mental well-being. Stress manifests itself in many ways, including neck or back pain, headaches, sleep problems, misuse, drugs, and inability to concentrate. Yoga structure of meditation and breathing can help improve a person's strength. It helps build mental peace and clarity, relieve chronic stress and intensify concentration. Yogasanas keep the mind fresh and increase in intelligence.

Keywords:

Yoga, Mental fitness, Mental health, Meditation, Stress manifests.

Introduction:

Yoga makes you happy, helps you to focus and concentrate, maintains your nervous system helps you sleep better, strengthens peace of mind, provides strong internal strength, by creating stability in the mind, you increase the will power to concentrate. In today's time, there are many means to concentrate. Yoga and Pranayama is the oldest and time tested remedy. Which will take you to your goal. Although it seems that yoga is mostly a method of physical exercise, but also mental exercise. This makes the body resilient and increases immunity, relieves stress, relaxes the nervous system and calms the mind. Today the whole world has known the importance of yoga. Knowing its importance, many people have adopted it and have benefited from it. Yoga improves our health. It not only improves the physical but also our mental health. People who do yoga regularly do not have problems like depression, stress. In the past few researches, it has been proved that Yoga is helpful in treating many types of psychosis. People who do yoga become mentally strong and lead happy lives. Doing yoga eliminates pessimism, we can start taking life positively. It has been proved in many studies that yoga gives many benefits to our brain.

Beneficial for the brain:

We all know that stress is responsible for many health related problems such as (inflammation, illness, sleepiness, depression). But the system built in your body helps to fight it. All you need is your body to work on it. Yoga helps your body in this. Some research has shown that by practicing yoga for only 15 minutes a day, there are chemical changes in the cells of your brain that relieve stress from your brain. You can also call it a relaxation technique. This keeps blood sugar levels correct, improves metabolism, the digestive system functions properly. Sometimes there are moments in your life when you find it difficult to take care of all the tasks throughout the day. But thankfully, the solution to this kind of problem is also hidden in yoga.

With the help of yoga you can improve your memory and concentration:

It is very beneficial according to women's health. This is the right way to keep your mind clear and your mind calm. When the static noise in your head goes away, you will find that you are able to focus on things. For improvisation of memory and concentration Yoga meditation is very beneficial thing. If your brain focus on something mentally the focus on brain improve concentration. It will automatically improve memory power.

Yoga reduces the effects of painful experiences:

Post-traumatic stress disorder problem is seen in the women who have been abused, or those who have accidentally been trapped in another country. In this, the patient suffers from a mental illness in which he often experiences nightmares and old memories. This treatment can be cured with some remedies, in some cases these treatments have failed. However, according to the American Psychological Association, the practice of Hatha Yoga has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms. It is helpful in taking the painful experience away from your thoughts.

There is no duality and disorder in the brain. The person's thinking becomes very elaborate and refined. Refined means clean and clear. In such a person's intelligence becomes very sharp and whatever he speaks, he only speaks with thought. Does not speak in emotions. The effect of continuing yoga is that your thinking changes as the body, mind and brain become energetic. Changing thinking also changes your life. Yoga leads to the development of positive thinking.

If there is any type of mental disease, it will disappear, such as anxiety, nervousness, restlessness, depression, bereavement, suspicious tendency, negativity, duality or confusion etc. Only a healthy brain can create a happy life and a bright future. While yoga awakens the energy of the body, the mysterious powers hidden in the interim part of our brain arise. Success in life requires positive energy of the body and brain power. It can be found only through yoga, not any other workout.

Helpful in removing anxiety

Yoga is a combination of many things like meditation, socialization and exercise. It is helpful in reducing your anxiety and depression. According to a Harvard University article, yoga regulates a person's stress response system. Here is a series of simple pranayamas that will help in focusing better:

Nadi Shodhan Pranayama
Bhramari Pranayama
Kapalbhati Pranayama
Bhastrika Pranayama
Brahma Mudra

It would not be wrong to say that both physical and mental health are complementary to each other, so being unwell is as much of a problem as that is why both are very important to be healthy. Only then can we live a healthy life, that is, we should strive for health on both levels. The importance of chanting is also mentioned in yoga for mental health benefits. Chanting gives mental peace, so mental peace also gives mental health.

Yoga is an integral part of Indian society. Yoga, conjunction and cooperation are the three main advocates of our lives. 'Yoga' refers to coupling that is, adding things. The great philosophy of Akhand is the core of Indian philosophy. If 'coincidence' is the basis of the idealistic outlook of the Indian public, then 'cooperation' is the strength of our social system, on which the entire Indian society rests. Man's hyper-mind is created by yoga and the common mind of society is driven by chance and the mind of the development of humanity is created by cooperation. That is why we are an equal society in spirituality, secularism and world welfare. The best yoga is cooperation, which is the basis of society. Yoga has been considered a collective presence of physical, mental, spiritual, intellectual and moral development through tolerance, sociability and moderation. Yoga connects individuals, society and creation. Rite, sophistication, socialization and creation of a strong and successful personality is possible only through yoga.

These Yogasanas are very beneficial for mental health:

Nowadays the practice of yoga has increased greatly and it is considered to be better for physical as well as mental health. However, it is very important to understand that yoga is not just one action, but a combination of many Yogasanas and postures, each of the Asanas involved have a different characteristic in themselves.

Vrikshasana:

To practice this Yogaasana, first of all, spread the yoga mats and join the two legs together and stand in a careful posture. Then keeping the balance of the body with the help of hands keep the left sole on the right thigh. Now move your hands over the head and come in a state of salutation. Stay in this state for a while, slowly come to the initial state and repeat the posture by relaxing the body for a while. Remember this first thing if you suffer from weakness in the body, high blood pressure, arthritis, migraine or vertigo (dizziness) problem, then do not practice this yoga as it can increase your problem greatly. Apart from this, if anyone has a problem of obesity, then he should not do this asana. Second thing is that people over 50 years of age and pregnant women should also avoid practicing this Yogasana.

Benefits of practicing Vasantasana:

Regular practice of Vriksasana can prove beneficial for health in many ways. By practicing this daily, the muscles of the stomach, back, legs and arms are strengthened. Apart from this, it also has a positive effect on the spinal cord and blood flow etc. Talking about the mental benefits from its practice, it can also be helpful in relieving anxiety and stress.

Hallasan:

Lie on your back on the ground. Take two deep breaths and release. After that, raise both the legs above the ground and slowly take the back of the head to the ground. You can use the hand to lift the waist from the ground. Keep the hands behind the back in a normal position on the ground. In this position, stop for a comfortable period and return to the previous position. Inhale and release at normal speed.

Limitations:

High blood pressure, heart disease and patients with slip disc and spondylitis should not practice.

Ujjayi pranayama:

Sit on the Padmasana, Sukhasana or chair with the spine, throat and head straight. Place both hands on the knees easily. Turn the tongue from the obverse to the upper palate. Take a deep, long and slow inhalation of the throat by narrowing the respiratory tract slightly. While inhaling, the sound of the throat comes out, while the nose exhales while exhaling. This is a frequency of Ujjayi Pranayama. Initially practice 15 to 20 frequencies. Slowly increase the frequencies to 120.

Meditation:

Sit on the Padmasana, Siddhasana, Sukhasana or chair with the spine, throat and head straight. Keep your hands on the knees in a jana mudra. Now take ten deep breaths and release. Practice this regularly for 10-15 minutes. During the practice, remove the mind from thoughts repeatedly and focus on the breath.

Benefits:

Mind starts to concentrate and gets rid of stress and depression.

Yognidra:

It is helpful in relieving mental stress and emotional imbalance. With 10 minutes of daily practice of yoga sleep and relaxation, everyday stress is removed from the conscious and subconscious mind.

Sarvangasan:

Lie on your back. Raise both legs above the ground and lift the buttock above the ground with a light shock. Supporting the hands at the waist, lift the entire area below the neck in a straight line. In the final position, the entire body rises at 90 degrees above the neck. Pause for a comfortable time in this state of service. Then come back to the previous position. Its role is important in preventing the memory power from becoming weak, increasing it and transmitting pure blood and oxygen to the brain.

Benefits:

Reduce mental stress, improve concentration, and calm your mind.

What does research say?

According to a research by the Department of Psychiatry at Duke University's Duke School of Medicine, yoga postures improve blood circulation. This increases the secretion of Androphins hormone in the body, which increases focus and alertness. The results of the research are as follows.

Depression:

Among 69 adult people suffering from depression, 20% after three months of yoga practice and 40% after six months have shown improvement. The results were more positive for those who quit consuming alcohol.

Over Eating:

Up to 50% improvement in eating habits was observed in 90 obese women after 12 weeks of yoga. According to research, women who practice yoga follow the diet schedule more carefully than others.

Memory:

30 adults doing yoga for 8 weeks showed significant improvement in short-term memory, focus capacity and multitasking.

Insomnia (insomnia): 139 senior citizens suffering from insomnia showed improvement of 28 to 30% after doing yoga for six months 3 times a week. Depression was also less frequent than others.

Schizophrenia:

After two months of exercise, 18 percent of schizophrenia victims showed a 30 percent improvement in the intensity, positive attitude towards treatment, etc.

The Yogasanas mentioned above throw light on the benefits of treating mental disorders. However, there are many challenges in the clinical practice to adapt the practice to yoga. One challenge is the different yoga practices taught by different schools of Yoga. Furthermore, for specific disorders defined by modern medical diagnostic systems, there is a difficulty in correlating the benefits of yoga practices in traditional yoga literature.

It is useless to imagine a healthy mind without doing yoga regularly. The way yoga works at every level of your body, it affects the depths of the mind as well. Only then does the mind begin to calm down just by doing pranayama because the mind is directly related to our lives.

Conclusion:

Development of the internal capacity of the body also depends on how conscious the person is about physical health as well as mental health. That is why yoga has been included in the center of Indian way of life. Our forefathers associating yoga with life shows their vision that it should remain a part of the lifestyle and our society should be healthy. Our lifestyle is the cornerstone of our health. Our body and mind are both healthy, it depends on how we live our day to day life.

Mental health is particularly associated with the emotional side of man, which caters to the psychological needs of society and gives importance to social welfare. A healthy mindset makes our daily life happy, makes us happy, while most of the social problems in our daily behavior only lead people to behave with each other. Taking care of each other, helping, molding positive thinking in our lifestyle and being active towards progress with a happy mind gives us peace and ultimately happiness.

Reference:

Mitchell KS, Dick AM, DiMartino DM, et al. A pilot study of a randomized controlled trial of yoga as an intervention for PTSD symptoms in women. J Trauma Stress. Apr 2014;27(2):121-128.
https://hindi.whiteswanfoundation.org/mental-health-matters/wellbeing/specific-yoga-based-interventions-for-mental-illness
Yoga Anatomy 28 October 2011 by Leslie Kaminoff (Author), Amy Matthews (Author) (116-122)
Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha 1 August 2013 by Swami Satyananda Saraswati (Author) (44-51)
Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha Hindi: 1 (Hindi) Paperback – Import, 2 October 2017 by Swami Satyananda Saraswati (69-74)
https://www.esakal.com/health-fitness-wellness/article-write-devyani-m-yoga-390950
Yoga: A Healthy Way of Living NCERT book (Secondary Stage) (16-17)
Kozasa EH, Santos RF, Rueda AD, Benedito-Silva AA, De Ornellas FL, Leite JR. Evaluation of Siddha Samadhi Yoga for anxiety and depression symptoms: a preliminary study. Psychol Rep. Aug 2008;103(1):271-274.
Mental Health Care: Easy-Reference Guidebook by Pamela Smith, MD (86-87)

Vol.2/2021/133

THE EFFECT OF YOGASANA ON HB FACTOR

Prof.Deepali.S.Morey

(Phy.Director)

AISSMSIOIT,Pune

Dr.SharadAher

Agashe College Physical Education,

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of “Yogasana” on selected psychological factors such as anxiety. To achieve this purpose, 80 students studying in the AISSMS Institute of Information Technology (AISSMS IOIT) were randomly selected as subjects. They were divided into two equal groups; group 1 underwent Yogasana training for 24 weeks and group 2 acted as control group; that did not undergo any special training program apart from their regular program. All subjects of both groups were tested on selected dependent variables for a period of 6 months before and immediately after the training program. The analysis of covariance was used to analyze the significant difference, if any among the group. „T- Test for Equality of Means? and „Levene?s Test for Equality of Variances? was carried out on both the group. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between Yogasana group subjects and control group subjects for selected variables such as anxiety. And also it was found that there was a significant improvement on selected criterion variables due to Yogasana.

KEY WORD: Yogasana, Selected Psychology factor & Students .

INTRODUCTION:

Yoga has a complete message for humanity. It has a message for the human mind and it has also message for the human soul with intelligence and capable youth came fourth carry this message to every individual not only in India, but also in every part of the word.

Yogasana are simple action for keeping the internal and external part of the body in good health. No activity can be performed well so long as the internal and external part of the body is not in the good health. The body and mind are closely interred related.

Objective of the Study:

The objective of the study was to know the effect of Yogasana on some selected psychological factor.

Methodology:

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of the Yogasana on selected psychological factor such as anxiety. To achieve this purpose of the study 80 student Studying in the institute of Information technology were selected on the basic of random sampling method. They were divided in two equal groups. Each group consisted of the 40 subject. Group I underwent Yogasana per week for 24 weeks. Group II acted as control that did not undergo any special training program apart from their regular program me. The following variable namely anxiety criterion variables all the subject of two groups were tested on selected dependent variable at prior to immediately after training program. The analysis of covariance was used to analyses significant difference, if any among the group. The 0.05 level of confidence was fixed as the level of significance to test the „F? ratio obtained by the analysis of covariance, which was considerate as an appropriate.

Statistical Analysis of the Data:

Anxiety:

The analysis of covariance on Anxiety of the pre and post test score of Yogasana group and control have been analyzed and presented Table I

Table No. I: Analysis of Covariance of the Data on Anxiety of Pre and Post Test Scores of Yogasana and control groups

Test	Yogasana Group	Control Group	Source of Variance	Sum of Squares	Df	Mean Squares	Obtained „F? Ratio
Pre Test
Mean	18.2	17.9	Between	0.01	1	0.01	0.02
S.D	0.21	0.24	Within	11.51	28	0.41	0.02
Post Test
Mean	25.7	18.2	Between	119.64	1	119.64	291.80
S.D.	0.13	0.22	Within	11.41	28	0.41	291.80
Adjusted Post Test
Mean	24.9	18.1	Between	119.67	1	119.67	221.61
Mean	24.9	18.1	Within	14.68	27	0.54	221.61

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

(The table value required for significance at .05 level of confidence with df 1 and 28, 1 and 27 were 4.20 and 4.215 respectively)

The table I show that the adjusted post –test mean values of Yogasana group and control group are 25.7 and 18.2 respectively. The obtained “F” ratio of 37.48 for adjusted post-test means is greater than the required table value of 4.215 for df 1 and 27 required for significance at .05 level of confidence on flexibility

The results of the study indicated that there was a significant difference between the adjusted post-test means of Yogasana group and control group on Anxiety.

CONCLUSION:

On the basis of the analysis following conclusion drawn:

There was a significant difference between Yogasana group and control group on selected criterion variables such as long term memory and anxiety.
There was a significant improvement on selected criterion variable namely anxiety due to Yogasana.

REFERENCES:

Edward L. Fox & Donald K. Mathews ( 1981 ) , “ Blood flow and gas transport”,

The Physiological basis of physical Education and Athletes Saunders College Publishing, New York.

Gharote, M.L. (1976).Guidlines for Yogic Practice, Lonawala; Medha Publication.

Iyengar, B.K.S. (1991). Light on Yoga, Gopsons Papers Ltd. Nodia, India.

Iyengar, B.K.S. (1999). Gift of Yoga, Harpers Collins Publications india Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi

Joshi, K.S. ( 1992). Yogic Pranayama- breathing for long Life and Good health, ( New Delhi:

Orient Paper Backs )

Mahadev Desai ( 1972 ), Introduction to Gita, Bombay, Vakils Printing House.

Ockene IS, et.al(2004 ), “ Seasonal Variation in Serum Cholesterol Levels” Arch Intern Med.

Sharma, P.D. (1984), Yogasana and Pranayama for Health Bombay, India: Navneet Publication.

Vol.2/2021/134

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEADACHE FREQUENCY AMONG MIDDLE AGED WOMEN SUFFERING WITH MIGRAINE

*NALINI.G,**Dr. R. Elangovan, *Full-Time Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.24, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India. E- Mail ID: ngovin123@gmail.com, **Professor & Head, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.24, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India. E-Mail ID: relangovantnpesu@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

Migraine is a neurovascular and endocrine disorder which can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually on one side of the head. There is much research which relates that hypertensed women will have more frequency of migraine attack than the normal migraine women. The purpose of the random group experimental design was to find out the effect of yogic practices on systolic blood pressure and headache frequency among middle aged women suffering with migraine. For the purpose of the study, 45 middle aged women suffering only with migraine were selected randomly by random sampling design from Chennai city and they were divided into three groups I, II and III with 15 subjects in each group. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on systolic blood pressure and migraine frequency among middle aged women suffering with migraine than the control group due to yogic practices. It was also hypothesized that there would be significant differences on systolic blood pressure and headache frequency between hypertensed middle aged women suffering with migraine and the middle aged women suffering with migraine only due to yogic practices. Preliminary test was taken for all the Groups (I, II and III) on systolic blood pressure and headache frequency before the start of the training program. Group I (hypertensed middle aged women with migraine), Group II (middle aged women only with migraine) was given Yogic Practices for six days a week about 60 minutes a day for a total period of 24 weeks. Group III (Control Group) were in active rest. After the experimental period, all the three groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables. Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the mean differences among the experimental group I and II and the control group. The Scheffe’s post hoc test was used to find out the paired mean differences between the experimental groups. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence. The results of the study showed that systolic blood pressure (decreased) and headache frequency (reduced) were significantly decreased than the Control Group due to yogic practices and it was proved again that there were significant differences due to yogic practices on Systolic blood pressure (decreased) and headache frequency (reduced) of hypertensed middle aged women suffering with migraine than the middle aged women suffering with migraine only. Hence it was concluded that yogic practices are beneficial mainly to hypertensed middle aged women suffering with migraine.

KEYWORDS: Hypertension, Migraine, Systolic, Blood Pressure, Headache frequency, Yogic Practices.

INTRODUCTION

Migraine is a neurovascular and endocrinal disorder. It is the painful headache due to fluctuation in blood flow to the brain or the fluctuations of hormones such as serotonin and estrogen often play a role in pain sensitivity for migraine sufferers. Migraine n women are often associated with the fluctuations of estrogen hormone which in turn cause the nerves to more sensitive to pain and blood vessel to contract. Vasoconstriction and Vaso dilation are more common among migraine people, but not the same to all migraine sufferers. Hypertensed middle aged women are more prone to severe headache rather the women with migraine only.

Inflammation of the blood vessels and the overproduction of Nitric oxide (NO) is also one of the reasons for migraine sufferers. The two major categories of migraine are migraine with aura ( classical migraine) and migraine without aura (common migraine).Symptoms of the migraine include acute, frequent headache ,sensitivity to light, distorted vision, dizziness, light headedness, nasal congestion, sensitivity to sound, etc

Yoga is the perfect restorative practices which can be followed easily by the hypertensed middle aged women with migraine at the body and mind level. It is more effective since the yogic practices are based on the individual rather the practice specific. It is not only for physical and mental fitness, it promotes the total well being. Yoga therapy is the specific set of yogic practices using props according to the individual and the stage of the illness. The main focus of the yoga therapy for middle aged women with migraine is to balance nitric oxide secretion, the blood flow, hormones and nervous activity in the brain by promoting more oxygen and stimulating the vagus nerve.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on systolic blood pressure and headache frequency due to yogic practices among hypertensed middle aged women suffering with migraine

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on systolic blood pressure and headache frequency among hypertensed middle aged women suffering with migraine

HYPOTHESIS

. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on systolic blood pressure and headache frequency among middle aged women suffering with migraine due to Yogic practices than the control group.
It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on systolic blood pressure and headache frequency between hypertensed middle aged women suffering with migraine and the middle aged women suffering with migraine only due to yogic practices.

DELIMITATIONS

The study was confined to middle age women only.
The age of the subject was ranged from 40 to 50 years only.
The study was confined to yogic practices as independent variable only
The study was confined to systolic blood pressure and migraine frequency as dependent variables only.

LIMITATIONS

The factors like Socio-Economical status were not taken into consideration.
The climatic conditions were not considered.
Factors like Life style habits were not taken into consideration.
Subject’s day to day activities were not taken into account.
Diet and Medications followed by subjects was not controlled.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Anand Kumar et.al., (2020) conducted a randomized clinical trial on effect of yoga as add-on therapy in migraine at a single tertiary care academic hospital in New Delhi, India. Patients enrolled were aged 18-50 years with a diagnosis of episodic migraine and were randomized into medical and yoga groups (1:1). Randomization was computer-generated with a variable block size and concealed. A predesigned yoga intervention was given for 3 months. Outcomes were recorded by a blinded assessor. The primary endpoint was a decrease in headache frequency, headache intensity, and Headache Impact Test (HIT)-6 score. Secondary outcomes included change in Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) score, pill count, and proportion of headache free patients. 60 patients with episodic migraine were randomly assigned to medical and yoga groups. A total of 114 patients completed the trial. Baseline measures were comparable except for a higher mean headache frequency in the yoga group. Compared to medical therapy, the yoga group showed a significant mean delta value reduction in headache frequency (delta difference 3.53. Yoga as an add-on therapy in migraine is superior to medical therapy alone. It may be useful to integrate a cost-effective and safe intervention like yoga into the management of migraine.

Mahsa Zamani Boroujeni et.al., (2015) conducted a study on the effect of yoga intervention on blood NO in female migraineurs. Thirty-two female patients with migraine took part and were randomly divided into two groups. The control group (n = 14) received medication and the yoga group (n = 18) participated in 12 weeks yoga training in addition to receiving the same medication as that of the control group. Frequency and duration of headache were assessed by a questionnaire. Visual Analogue Scale was used to measure the severity of headache, and the metabolite of NO also was measured by Griess reaction. Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) was also used to assess the impact of headache on patients’ lives. Data were analyzed by t-test mean variance. When comparing yoga and control groups after 12 weeks, the results showed a

reduction in headache severity, frequency, and headache impact on patients’ lives after the intervention in the yoga group however, the changes in the control group were not significant. Duration of headache also reduced after 12 weeks in the yoga group, but the results were not significant A non-significant increase was seen in blood NO level in both groups after treatment

METHODOLOGY

To achieve the purpose of the study, 80 came forward, 60 were screened and 45 middle aged women suffering with migraine were selected randomly from Chennai city, between the age group of 40 and 50 years and they were divided into three groups I, II and III with 15 subjects in each group. Preliminary test was conducted for all the three groups (I, II and III) on the selected dependent variables before the start of the training program. Group I and II subjects were given Yogic practices for 60 minutes, six days in a week for a total period of 24 weeks.

Yogic practices such as Ardha Uttanasana, Adhomukha Svanasana, Sashankasana, ,

Sethubandhasan, Marjariasana, Viparita Karani, Matsyasana, Simhasana, Janu Sirasasana, Shavasan and Pranayama practices such as Anulom Viloma, Sectional Breathing, Bhrammari, Shambavi mudra, Khechari mudra, followed by Yoga Nidra and Mindful meditation were given in restorative mode to group I and group II subjects.

Group III (Control Group) subjects were permitted to undergo their routine and normal lifestyle during the course of experiment without any specific training.

After 24 weeks, the three groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables such as Systolic blood pressure and headache frequency (Headache Disability Questionnaire). The scores were statistically measured using Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) to find out the significant mean differences between the three groups (Group I, II and III). The Scheffe’s post hoc test would be used to find out the paired mean differences between the experimental groups. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The data pertaining to the variable collected from the three groups before and after the training period were statistically analyzed by using Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant mean difference. The Scheffe’s post hoc test would be used to find out the paired mean differences between the experimental groups and the hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of confidence. These are shown in the tables below.

RESULTS ON SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE TABLE I ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF THE MEANS OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUP1, GROUP II AND THE CONTROL GROUP ON SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE(SCORES IN mmHg)

TEST	EX-GP1 (HYPERTENSION WITH MIGRAINE)	EX-GP2 (MIGRAINE ONLY)	CONTROL GROUP	sv	ss	df	MS	F
Pre test	136.47	128.6	126.73	between	800.53	2	400.27	63.14
Pre test	136.47	128.6	126.73	within	266.27	42	6.34	63.14
Post test	126.8	127.07	130	between	94.58	2	47.29	4.08*
Post test	126.8	127.07	130	within	487.33	42	11.6	4.08*
Adjusted	122.49	128.54	132.84	between	238.56	2	119.28	14.24*
Adjusted	122.49	128.54	132.84	within	343.35	41	8.37	14.24*
Mean gain	-9.67	-1.53	3.27

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. Table F ratio (0.05) (2,42 =3.22 and 2, 41 = 3.23).

This proved that the differences between the post test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores were calculated and subjected to statistical treatment. The obtained F value 4.08 was greater than the required F value of 3.23. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to 24 weeks of yogic practices on Systolic blood pressure and in line with the study conducted by Mahsa Zamani Boroujeni et.al., (2015).

Since significant improvements were recorded, the results were subjected to post hoc analysis using Scheffe's Confidence Interval test. The results were presented in Table II

TABLE II

SCHEFFE’S POST-HOC TEST SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

EX-GRP 1 (HYP-M)	EX-GRP 2 (M)	CG	MEAN DIFFERENCE	CD at 5% Level
122.49	128.54		6.05*	3.29
122.49		132.84	10.35*
	128.54	132.84	4.30*

*significant at 0.05 level of confidence

The difference of paired mean difference value of the two experimental groups is greater than the C.I value. Hence it is concluded that there is significant difference in Systolic blood pressure between Group I and Group II

The pre-test, post-test and adjusted post-test mean values of Systolic blood pressure for the

Group I, II and the control group on Systolic blood pressure were graphically presented in Figure

Figure 1 BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE (Scores in mmHg)

RESULTS ON HEADACHE FREQUENCY TABLE III ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF THE MEANS OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUP1, GROUP II AND THE CONTROL GROUP ON HEADACHE FREQUENCY (SCORES IN NO. OF DAYS)

TEST	EX-GP1 (HYPERTENSION WITH MIGRAINE)	EX-GP2 (MIGRAINE ONLY)	CONTROL GROUP	sv	ss	df	MS	F
Pre test	6.67	4.93	4.93	between	30.04	2	15.02	8.62
Pre test	6.67	4.93	4.93	within	73.2	42	1.74	8.62
Post test	4.0	4.07	6.07	between	41.38	2	20.69	13.19*
Post test	4.0	4.07	6.07	within	65.87	42	1.57	13.19*
Adjusted	3.26	4.44	6.44	between	63.78	2	31.89	36.81*
Adjusted	3.26	4.44	6.44	within	35.52	41	0.87	36.81*
Mean gain	-2.67	-0.87	1.13

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. Table F ratio (0.05) (2,42 =3.22 and 2, 41 = 3.23).

This proved that the differences between the post test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores were calculated and subjected to statistical treatment. The obtained F value 13.19 was greater than the required F value of 3.23. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to 24 weeks of yogic practices on headache frequency and the result is in line with the study conducted by Anand Kumar et.al., (2020).

Since significant improvements were recorded between the group I and group II, the results were subjected to post hoc analysis using Scheffe's Confidence Interval test. The results were presented in Table IV

TABLE IV

SCHEFFE’S POST-HOC TEST HEADACHE FREQUENCY

EX-GRP 1 (HYP-M)	EX-GRP 2 (M)	CG	MEAN DIFFERENCE	CD at 5% Level
3.26	4.44		1.18*	1.06
3.26		6.44	3.18*
	4.44	6.44	2.00*

*significant at 0.05 level of confidence

The difference of paired mean difference value of the two experimental groups is greater than the C.I value. Hence it is concluded that there is significant difference in headache frequency between Group I and Group II

The pre-test, post-test and adjusted post-test mean values of headache frequency for the Group I,

II and the control group on headache frequency were graphically presented in Figure 2

Figure 2

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON HEADACHE FREQUENCY (Scores in Number of days)

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on systolic blood pressure and migraine frequency among middle aged women suffering with migraine due to Yogic practices than the control group.
The results proved that there were significant differences on Systolic blood pressure (decreased) and headache frequency( reduced) due to yogic practices among middle aged women suffering with migraine than the control group
It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on systolic blood pressure and headache frequency of hypertensed middle aged women suffering with migraine and the middle aged women suffering with migraine only due to yogic practices.
The results proved that there were significant differences due to yogic practices on Systolic blood pressure (decreased) and headache frequency (reduced) between hypertensed middle aged women suffering with migraine than the middle aged women suffering with migraine only

CONCLUSION

It is concluded that yogic practices significantly decreased Systolic blood pressure and reduced the headache frequency among middle aged women suffering with migraine than the control group.
It is concluded that yogic practices significantly decreased Systolic blood pressure and reduced the headache frequency of hypertensed middle aged women suffering with migraine than the middle aged women suffering with migraine only. Hence yoga is highly powerful and cost effective adjuvant therapy to hypertensed middle aged women suffering with migraine.

REFERENCES:

Anand Kumar, Rohit Bhatia, Gautam Sharma, Dhanlika Dhanlika, Sreenivas Vishnubhatla, Rajesh Kumar Singh, Deepa Dash, Manjari Tripathi, M.V. Padma Srivastava (2020). A randomized clinical trial on Effect of yoga as add-on therapy in migraine ,American academy of neurology, PMID: 32376640,DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009473
Mahsa Zamani Boroujeni, Seyed Mohamad Marandi ,1 Fahimeh Esfarjani ,1 Mina Sattar ,1 Vahid Shaygannejad ,2 and Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard (2015). Yoga intervention on blood NO in female migraineurs, Advanced Biomedical Research, PMID: 26918241, PMCID: PMC4746941

Vol.2/2021/135

REACTIVE AGILITY: PERCEPTION, DECISION AND ACTION

Erika Zemková1,2

1Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia

2Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia

Abstract

Reactive agility consists of stimulus perception, decision-making and movement execution. This study deals with i) within and between-group differences in sensory and motor components of agility performance, and ii) an acute response to sport-specific exercise and adaptive changes in agility components following the athletic training. Providing information on each components of reactive agility is useful for revealing weaknesses in performance when designing exercise programs.

Introduction

Traditional view on agility was based on pre-planned movements with no perceptual component in a form of reaction to a given stimulus. Reactive agility addresses both the physical component, such as change of direction speed, and the cognitive component, such as anticipation and pattern recognition. From a practical point of view, information regarding these components of agility performance is of great interest. The sensory component include simple reaction time, i.e. the interval between the appearance of the stimulus and the beginning of response, and multi-choice reaction time, i.e. the stimulus identification and response selection, and the motor component is a movement time. Thus, agility time is an indicator of the speed of movement in response to visual stimuli.

To measure agility time, subjects are instructed to use either the left or right lower limb to make contact with one of the four mats located in four corners outside of a pre-defined square (Figure 1). They are encouraged to execute leg movements as quickly as possible and to touch the mats in accordance with the location of the stimulus in one of the corners of the screen. The results is total agility time and agility time in each movement direction.

Individual differences in sensory and motor components of agility performance

We compared simple reaction time, multi-choice reaction time, and agility time (reaction time plus movement time) in two athletes with varied demands on their agility skills. Simple and multi-choice reaction times were longer in the subject A than B. However, agility time was better in the subject A than B. This indicates that movement time was shorter in the subject A than B. This may be ascribed to the fact that the subject A was an elite karate-kata competitor who does not need to respond any stimuli but must be able to move a short distance very quickly. On the other hand, the subject B was not able to transfer his/her ability to react quicker to visual stimuli than subject A into better agility performance. While multi-choice reaction time represented 64% of the agility time in the subject A, in the subject B it was only 43%. In addition, individual differences in agility time were greater (about 26%) than in simple and multi-choice reaction times (18% and 9% respectively). These individual differences in sensory and motor components of agility reflect sport-specific adaptation.

Between-group differences in sensory and motor components of agility performance

The contribution of sensory and motor component on agility performance was also tested in groups of athletes with different demands on decision-making and movement velocity (Zemková, 2016). Groups of karate-kata competitors, karate-kumite competitors, hockeyball goalies, hockeyball players, soccer goalies, and soccer players underwent measurements of simple reaction time, two-choice reaction time, step initiation velocity and reactive agility time while moving different distances (i.e. the distance of 0.8 m and responses to 40 stimuli for karate-kata and -kumite competitors, 1.6 m and 20 stimuli for hockeyball players and goalies, and 3.2 m and 10 stimuli for soccer players and goalies). The Agility Index that quantifies the relative contribution of movement time to the agility performance was calculated (Zemková, 2017). The remaining part is attributed to the change of direction, running speed and anaerobic/aerobic capacity when moving longer distances.

Both simple and two-choice reaction times were significantly shorter in karate-kumite competitors than in karate-kata competitors (19.6% and 23.0% respectively). The agility time with movement distance of 0.8 m between the subject and the mats was also significantly shorter in karate-kumite competitors than in karate-kata competitors (8.2%). However, maximal step velocity did not differ significantly between these groups (3.3%).

Hockeyball goalies achieved significantly better values than players in both the simple (7.9%) and two-choice reaction time (10.3%). However, agility time with movement distance of 1.6 m between the subject and the mats was significantly shorter in players than in goalies (10.9%). Also, maximal step velocity was significantly higher in players than in goalies (13.8%).

Soccer goalies surpassed players in both the simple (10.3%) and two-choice reaction time (12.0%). However, agility time with movement distance of 3.2 m between the subject and the mats was significantly shorter in players than in goalies (14.2%). The maximal step velocity was also significantly higher in players than in goalies (16.8%).

Further analysis revealed (Zemková, Hamar, 2017) that simple reaction time, two-choice reaction time, and maximal step velocity were highly related to agility time in the test with a shorter traveling distance of 0.8 m. While simple and two-choice reaction times also strongly correlated with agility time in the test with longer traveling distances of 1.6 m, there still remains considerable variation in the factors that contribute to performance over each traveling distance. There were no significant relations of maximal step velocity to agility time in the tests with traveling distances of 1.6 m and 3.2 m. Therefore, other factors most likely contributed to agility performance, namely change-of-direction running velocity and anaerobic/aerobic capacity when responding 20 stimuli on a distance of 1.6 m and 10 stimuli on a distance of 3.2 m.

These findings were corroborated by a higher Agility Index found in karate-kumite than karate-kata competitors. Similarly, a higher Agility Index was identified in hockeyball and soccer goalies than in hockeyball and soccer players. While higher Agility Indexes indicate the use of both sensory and motor components in their performance, their lower values signify the predominant contribution of speed abilities to agility performance. It menas that players may require varied agility skill training utilising motor rather than sensory functions, as the longer distances appear more reliant on change-of-direction running velocity and anaerobic/aerobic capabilities.

Taken together, better simple and two-choice reaction times in karate-kumite than karate-kata competitors most likely contributed to enhanced agility performance, as there were no significant differences in movement velocity between these groups. The contribution of movement time to the agility time was 33.5% in karate-kata competitors and 44.2% in karate-kumite competitors. Simple and two-choice reactions were also shorter in hockeyball goalies than players when traveling distance of 1.6 m, as well as in soccer goalies than players when traveling longer distance of 3.2 m. In contrast, higher maximal step velocity was recorded in both hockeyball and soccer players than goalies. Higher movement time most likely contributed to better agility time in both hockeyball and soccer players than goalies. The contribution of movement time to the agility time was lower in players of hockeyball (28.3%) and soccer (19.9%) than goalies of hockeyball (42.7%) and soccer (39.4%).

These findings highlighted differential contributions of reaction time and step velocity to the agility time, depending upon traveling distances. It appears that cognitive and motor skills are better in karate-kumite than karate-kata competitors, when only stepping reactions are required. When moving longer distances, better agility time is in soccer and hockeyball players than goalies. While the motor component of agility performance seems to be predominant in players in terms of faster movement execution, in goalies it is the sensory component allowing faster decision making.

Effect of exercise on sensory and motor components of agility performance

Our next study investigated the effect of soccer match induced fatigue on agility, explosive power of lower limbs, static and dynamic balance, speed of step initiation and the soccer kick (Zemková, Hamar, 2009). After the first half of a match, only dynamic balance with eyes closed was impaired, and ground contact time significantly increased. A further increase was observed after the second half of a match. Along with dynamic balance with eyes open, agility performance in the test with shorter (0.8 m) distance between mats was also affected. However, there were no significant changes in static balance with eyes open and eyes closed, agility performance in the test with longer (1.5 m) distance between mats, speed of step initiation and the soccer kick, squat and countermovement jump height after the match.

Taking into account no significant changes in speed of step initiation, it is most likely that impairment of sensory rather than motor component contributed to an increased agility time when moving a shorter distance after the soccer match.

Pre-post training changes in sensory and motor components of agility performance

Finally, the effect of 6 weeks of combined agility-balance training (4–5 sessions a week in duration of 30 minutes) on simple and two-choice reaction times, simple and two-choice agility times, static and dynamic balance, speed of step initiation, strength differentiation accuracy, and explosive power of lower limbs (10-second maximal jumps, countermovement jump, squat jump, drop jump from a 45 cm box) in basketball players was evaluated (Zemková, Hamar, 2010). They performed reaction tasks similar to game-like situations on either wobble boards (experimental group 1) or a stable surface (experimental group 2).

Combined agility-balance training in experimental group 1 improved dynamic balance not only under visual control but also when the eyes were closed. Training also increased run out speed that most likely contributed to enhanced agility performance, reduced ground contact time during drop jump, and improved the ability to differentiate the intensity of muscle contraction during repeated jumps. However, such training has proven to be insufficient to improve static balance, simple and two-choice reaction times, and jumping performance. On the other hand, the experimental group 2 failed to show any significant improvement in these abilities except for the enhancement of jump performance.

Thus, there were no significant changes in simple and two-choice reaction times after the training. However, a significantly shorter simple and two-choice agility times were found. Maximal velocity of step initiation also significantly increased. This faster movement execution very probably contributed to the enhancement of agility performance. This assumption was corroborated by a significant correlation between the reduction in agility time and an increase in maximal velocity of step initiation after the training.

Also of interest, was the additional finding that the improvement in agility performance in older players (on average 21 years) was greater than in their younger, less experienced counterparts (on average 15 years). This may be attributed to faster feedback control of movement execution, i.e. as experience level increased with practice, the movement time decreased.

Conclusion

Within and between-group differences exist in sensory and motor components of agility performance, particularly among athletes of combat and team sports. It seems that fatigue induced by a sport-specific exercises induces impairment of the sensory rather than the motor component of agility performance. On the other hand, improvement in the motor component contribute to an improvement in agility time after the athletic training. These findings have to be taken into account when exercise programs in athletes with different demands on agility skills are designed. More information can be found in a book entitled ”Toward an understanding of agility performance” (Zemková, Hamar, 2015).

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences (No. 1/0089/20).

References

Zemková E, Hamar D (2009). The effect of soccer match induced fatigue on neuromuscular performance. Kinesiology, 41(2): 195?202.

Zemková E, Hamar D (2010). The effect of 6-week of combined agility-balance training on neuromuscular performance in basketball players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 50(3): 262?267.

Zemková E, Hamar D (2015). Toward an understanding of agility performance. 2nd edition. Boskovice: František Šalé – Albert.

Zemková E (2016). Differential contribution of reaction time and movement velocity to the agility performance reflects sport-specific demands. Human Movement, 17(2): 94?101.

Zemková E (2017). Agility index as a measurement tool based on stimuli number and traveling distances. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(8): 2141?2146.

Zemková E, Hamar D (2017). Association of speed of decision making and change of direction. Functional Neurology, Rehabilitation, and Ergonomics, 7(4): 10?15.

Vol.2/2021/136

EFFECT OF YOGA PRACTICE WITH AND WITHOUT VARMA THERAPY

ON SELECTED RISK FACTORS AMONG MIDDLE AGED ASTHMA MEN

R. Durairaji Ph.D. Scholar [Full Time],

Faculty of Yoga Sciences & Therapy,

Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research

[Deemed to Be University]

No 12, Vembuliamman Kovil Street, West K.K Nagar

Chennai-78, Tamilnadu, India.

Email: kccdurai@yahoo.com

Dr. S.Murugesan, Associate Professor,

Faculty of Yoga Sciences & Therapy,

Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research

[Deemed to Be University]

No 12, Vembuliamman Kovil Street, West K.K Nagar

Chennai-78, Tamilnadu, India.

Email: muruugeshyoga@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Asthma is the most common respiratory disorder in Canada. Despite significant improvement in the diagnosis and management of this disorder, the majority of Canadians with asthma remain poorly controlled. In most patients, however, control can be achieved through the use of avoidance measures and appropriate pharmacological interventions. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) represent the standard of care for the majority of patients. Combination ICS/long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) inhalers are preferred for most adults who fail to achieve control with ICS therapy. Allergen-specific immunotherapy represents a potentially disease-modifying therapy for many patients with asthma, but should only be prescribed by physicians with appropriate training in allergy. Regular monitoring of asthma control, adherence to therapy and inhaler technique are also essential components of asthma management. This article provides a review of current literature and guidelines for the appropriate diagnosis and management of asthma.

Introduction

Asthma remains the most common chronic respiratory disease in Canada, affecting approximately 10% of the population [1]. Although asthma is often believed to be a disorder localized to the lungs, current evidence indi- cates that it may represent a component of systemic air- way disease involving the entire respiratory tract, and this is supported by the fact that asthma frequently coexists with other atopic disorders, particularly allergic rhinitis [2].

Despite significant improvements in the diagnosis and management of asthma over the past decade, as well as the availability of comprehensive and widely-accepted national and international clinical practice guidelines for the disease, asthma control in Canada remains sub Opti- mal. Results from the recent Reality of Asthma Control (TRAC) in Canada study suggest that over 50% of Cana- dians with asthma have uncontrolled disease [3]. Poor asthma control contributes to unnecessary morbidity, limitations to daily activities and impairments in overall quality of life [1].

This article provides an overview of diagnostic and therapeutic guideline recommendations from the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) and the Canadian Thor- acic Society and as well as a review of current literature related to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and appropriate- ate treatment of asthma.

Definition

Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness (an exaggerated airway- narrowing response to triggers, such as allergens and exercise), that leads to recurrent symptoms such as wheezing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest tightness and coughing. Symptom episodes are generally asso- ciated with widespread, but variable, airflow obstruction within the lungs that is usually reversible either sponta- neously or with appropriate asthma treatment [4].The mediators and cytokines released during the early phase of an immune response to an inciting allergen, trigger a further inflammatory response (late-phase asth- matic response) that leads to further airway inflamma- tion and bronchial hyperreactivity [5].

Evidence suggests that there may be a genetic predis- position for the development of asthma. A number of chromosomal regions associated with asthma suscept- ibility have been identified, such as those related to the production of IgE antibodies, expression of airway hyperresponsiveness, and the production of inflamma- tory mediators. However, further study is required to determine specific genes involved in asthma as well as the gene-environment interactions that may lead to expression of the disease [4,5].

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of asthma involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and objective assessments of lung function (spirometry preferred) to confirm the diagnosis (see Table 1). Bronchoprovocation challenge testing and assessing for markers of airway inflammation may also be helpful for diagnosing the disease, particularly when objective measurements of lung func- tion are normal despite the presence of asthma symp- toms [4,6,7].

Medical history

The diagnosis of asthma should be suspected in patients with recurrent cough, wheeze, chest tightness and short- ness of breath. Symptoms that are variable, occur upon exposure to allergens or irritants, that worsen at night, and that respond to appropriate asthma therapy are strongly suggestive of asthma [4,7]. Alternative causes of suspected asthma symptoms should be excluded, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bron- chitis, chronic sinusitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, recurrent respiratory infections, and heart disease.

A positive family history of asthma or other atopic diseases and/or a personal history of atopic disorders, particularly allergic rhinitis, can also be helpful in identi- fying patients with asthma. During the history, it is also important to examine for possible triggers of asthma symptoms, such as dust mites, cockroaches, animal dan- der, moulds, pollens, exercise, and exposure to tobacco smoke or cold air. Exposure to agents encountered in the work environment can also cause asthma. If work- related asthma is suspected, details of work exposures and improvements in asthma symptoms during holidays should be explored. It is also important to assess comorbidities that can aggravate asthma symptoms, such as allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, obstructive sleep apnea and gastroesophageal reflux disease [7].

The diagnosis of asthma in young children is often more difficult since episodic wheezing and cough are common in this patient population and spirometry is unreliable in patients under 6 years of age. A useful method of confirming the diagnosis in young children is a trial of treatment with short-acting bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs). Marked clinical improvement during treatment and deterioration upon cessation of therapy supports a diagnosis of asthma [4,8,9].

Physical examination

Given the variability of asthma symptoms, the physical examination of patients with suspected asthma is often unremarkable. Physical findings are usually only evident if the patient is symptomatic. Therefore, the absence of physical findings does not rule out a diagnosis of asthma. The most common abnormal physical finding is wheezing on auscultation, which confirms the presence of airflow limitation [4]. Physicians should also examine the upper respiratory tract and skin for signs of concur- rent atopic conditions such as allergic rhinitis or derma- titis [7].

Objective measurements of lung function

Spirometry is the preferred objective measure to assess for reversible airway obstruction (i.e., rapid improve- ment in lung function after inhalation of a rapid-acting bronchodilator) and to confirm a diagnosis of asthma. It is recommended for all patients over 6 years of age who are able to undergo lung function testing [4,6].

Spirometry must be performed according to proper protocols. It is commonly performed in pulmonary function laboratories, but can also be performed in pri- mary-care offices. During spirometry, the patient is instructed to take the deepest breath possible and then to exhale as hard and as fully as possible into the mouthpiece of the spirometer.

Spirometry measures the forced vital capacity (FVC, the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled) and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). The ratio of FEV1 to FVC provides a measure of airflow obstruction. A diagnosis of asthma is confirmed when there is: (1) an improvement in FEV1 of at least 12% and at least 200 mL 15–20 minutes after administration of an inhaled rapid-acting bronchodilator, or (2) an improvement in FEV1 of at least 20% and at least 200 mL after 2 weeks of treatment with an anti-inflamma- tory agent. In the general population, the FEV1/FVC ratio is usually greater than 0.80 (and possibly greater than 0.90 in children) and, therefore, any values less than these suggest airflow limitation and also support a diagnosis of asthma. Because of the variability of asthma symptoms, patients will not exhibit reversible airway obstruction at every visit. Therefore, to increase sensitive- ity, spirometry should be repeated, particularly when patients are symptomatic [6,7].

Peak expiratory flow (PEF) monitoring is an accepta- ble alternative when spirometry is not available, and can also be useful for diagnosing occupational asthma and/ or monitoring response to asthma treatments. PEF is usually measured in the morning and in the evening. A diurnal variation in PEF of more than 20% or an improvement of at least 60 L/min or at least 20% after inhalation of a rapid-acting bronchodilator suggests asthma [6]. Although simpler to perform than spirome- try, PEF is not as reliable. Therefore, as mentioned ear- lier, spirometry is the preferred method of documenting airflow limitation and confirming the diagnosis of asthma.

Challenge testing

When lung function tests are normal, but symptoms suggest asthma, measurements of airway responsiveness using direct airway challenges to inhaled bronchocon- strictor stimuli (e.g., methacholine or histamine) or indirect challenges with mannitol or exercise may help confirm a diagnosis of asthma.

Challenge testing should be conducted in accor- dance with strict protocols in a laboratory or other facility equipped to manage acute bronchospasms. Testing involves the patient inhaling increasing doses or concentrations of a stimulus until a given level of bronchoconstriction is achieved, typically a 20% fall in FEV1. An inhaled rapid-acting bronchodilator is then provided to reverse the obstruction. Test results are usually expressed as the dose or concentration of the provoking agent that causes the FEV1 to drop by 20% (the PD20 or PC20, respectively). For methacholine, a PC20 value less than 8 mg/mL is considered a positive result indicative of airway hyperreactivity, and sup- ports a diagnosis of asthma. However, positive chal- lenge tests are not specific to asthma and may occur with other conditions such as allergic rhinitis and COPD. Therefore, challenge testing may be most use- ful for ruling out asthma. A negative test result in a symptomatic patient not receiving anti-inflammatory therapy is highly sensitive for ruling out the disease [7].

Challenge testing is contraindicated in patients with FEV1 values less than 60-70% of the normal predicted value (since bronchoprovocation could cause significant bronchospasms), in patients with uncontrolled hyperten- sion or in those who recently experienced a stroke or myocardial infarct.

Non-invasive markers of airway inflammation

The measurement of inflammatory markers such as spu- tum eosinophilia (amount of eosinophils in the sputum) or levels of exhaled nitric oxide (a gaseous molecule produced by some cells during an inflammatory response) can also be useful for diagnosing asthma. Evi- dence suggests that exhaled nitric oxide levels may be better able to identify asthmatic patients than basic lung function testing, and may also be useful for monitoring patient response to asthma therapy [7]. Although these tests have been studied in the diagnosis and monitoring of asthma, they are not yet widely used in Canada. With further clinical evidence and use, these markers of air- way inflammation will likely become more commonly available.

Allergy skin testing

Allergy skin testing is also recommended to determine the allergic status of the patient and to identify possible asthma triggers. Testing is typically performed using the allergens relevant to the patient’s geographic region. Although allergen-specific IgE tests that provide an in vitro measure of a patient’s specific IgE levels against particular allergens have been suggested as an alterna- tive to skin tests, these tests are less sensitive and more expensive than skin tests [4,6].

Asanas for Asthma

Sukasana pose (Easy pose)

This relaxing and simple pose is great for asthma relief. It focuses on your breathing and improves the lung function. It will also relieve stress. It is the pose you use for meditation. It is advisable to do this asana in the morning and sit in this pose for as long as possible

How to do it: Begin by sitting down on the floor with your legs crossed. You should be comfortable. You can use a towel for extra support by rolling it up and keeping it under your tailbone, being you hands in front of your chest in prayer position. You can also keep your left palm on your belly and right on your heart. Now, close your eyes and take deep breaths. Pay attention to your breathing. DO this for about five minutes.

2. Dandasana (Staff pose)

Dandasana or the staff pose stretches your chest and improves your posture. The pose is known to treat asthma. It also strengthens your core and back muscles.

How to do it: Start by sitting down with your legs in from of you and your hands at your side. Keep your legs together by joining your feet and the inner side of your legs. Your spine should be straight. Now, breathe deeply and hold this position for about one minute. Make sure your legs are together.

Upavistha Konasana (Seated Wide Angle Pose)

The seated wide angle pose or upanvistha Konasanma opens up your chest and stretches your upper body. It will help you breathe better. It is advisable to perform this asana on an empty stomach in the morning. You can also do it in the evening but make sure you do it four to six hours after your last meal.

How to do it: Start by sitting down on the floor with your back against a wall. Your back and shoulders should touch the wall. Keep your hands at your side with your palms on the floor. Push your upper body upward by pressing down your palms. Now, spread your legs as wide apart as possible. You can use your hands to push your legs apart. Keep your hands in front of you and take a deep breath. Hold this position for about a minutes and then return to the original position.

Uttanasana (Forward bend pose)

Uttanasana or the forward bend pose is a calming pose. It will help your relieve stress and will calm you. It is also a natural treatment for asthma as it will open up your lungs.

How to do it: Begin by standing straight with your legs hip-width apart and your hands at your side. Now, bend forward from your hips. Hold the opposite elbow and let your body loose and hanging. Hold this position for about five deep breaths and then come back to the original position.

5. Baddhakonasana (Butterfly pose)

Baddhakonasana or the butterfly asana is another relaxing pose. It will stretch your body and give relief from asthma.

How to do it: Start by sitting down with the soles of your feet together. Hold the toes with both your hand flap your legs like butterfly wings. Hold your body slightly bent forward. Do this for five deep breaths and then return to the original position.

Pranayamas For Asthma

Pranayama Can Help Asthma Patients

While doing yoga your ‘nadis’ or energy channels of your body open up. These channels help in circulating energy to each part of your system. This leads to healing of the mind and body which improves your well-being. It can also reduce the chances of getting an asthma attack and help you do physical activities with ease. Yoga helps with cholesterol and the poses are easy to learn and can be practiced at any time of the day even if you are at home with the help on online Yoga sessions.

Nadi Shodhana, commonly known as anulom vilom clears up the blocked energy channels in your body and helps it heal. It also relaxes your mind and helps you sleep better. Kapal bhati is a popular pranayama which has many benefits like speeding up the metabolism, improving blood circulation, energising the nervous system, and promoting energy flow throughout the body. Bhastrika pranayama is done along with Kapal Bhati to cleanse the airways of the body. It involves deep breathing with forceful exhaling that builds strength in your lungs and increases your stamina. These can be helpful to safeguard an asthma patient’s health, and yoga can also help in controlling chronic diseases but consult with your doctor before adding them to your routine.

YOGA THERAPY FOR ASTHMA

Jala Neti-Yogic Cleansing of the Nasal Passage

The practice of nasal cleansing purifies the air sinuses, invigorates the brain, tones up the optic nerves and thus improves sight.

-Hathayogapradipika, II, 30.

Jala Neti

A handy yogic technique useful for irrigation of nasal passage and sinusoidal cavities to make it free of dirt, debris, potential disease agents (bacteria & viruses) and excess mucus. The ordinary nasal infections such as the polyp, adenoid growth, deformities of the septum and the most common of all troubles – the recurring nasal catarrh – are also all mostly preventable and could be easily avoided by a little timely care of this organ.

The amount of dust we inhale and the adulterated food and poisonous drinks we are daily swallowing, clogging throughout biophysical mechanism is unavoidable. The nasal passage accordingly suffers from dust accumulation and stuffing. Handkerchiefs cannot remove all the dust and mucus accumulated. When one sleeps on one side the refuse begins to encrust in the nare of the other side, which during the period remains blocked. The slightest variation in the usual amount of air inhaled, as a result of morbid accumulation in the nasal canal, impairs the natural freedom in breathing, and this, in turn, produces deleterious effects upon the composition and oxygen quality of blood cells and also circulation is disturbed. Thereby, causing functional disturbances in the circulatory, digestive, nervous and other systems. The cumulative effect is the lowering of the vital index.

“In all problem solving or in problem prevention, we must have strong commitment to higher goals. The Kriyas take help of natural agencies and elements and build self-reliance.”

Method–

It is non-injurious, non-irritating and absolutely simple. The beginners in yoga and for that matter, even the layman could practice this yoga nasal douche not only without any misgiving but with positive benefits. So, just when you wash your teeth and mouth, both in the morning and in the evening, do not forget to cleanse your nose.

Put a quarter teaspoon of salt into one glass of warm water. Stir until dissolved.

Cup palm. Pour this salted warm water in it and suck through one nostril while blocking other nostril with index finger.

Allow water to escape through nostrils or mouth. Repeat twice.

Use each palm alternatively for each nostril.

Blow nose of all water, discharging water through one nostril at a time.

LIMITATIONS– NASAL OBSTRUCTIONS, COLD

JalaNeti Benefits-

Nasal passage hygiene is maintained. Dirt and bacteria trapped with the mucus in the nostril is easily and safely cleared.

Bouts of allergies or rhinitis are reduced.

Effective tool which helps immensely in pacifying asthmatic symptoms making breathing easier.

Helps to prevent tinnitus and middle ear infections.

Reduces sinusitis and migraine attack frequency.

Thoroughly cleanses the upper respiratory tract. Common complaints such as sore throats, tonsils and dry coughs are reduced.

Cleanses the eyes ducts and vision is improved

Sense of smell is improved and aids digestion.

Cleanses the nervous system and clams the mind, helps relieve stress built-up.

When done regularly irritation and anger reduction is experienced.

Ancient yogis used this technique to improve upon their meditation.

One of the important shatkarma’s which play a vital role in purification of the body and have manifold, wondrous results and are held in high esteem by eminent yogis. Hatha Yoga Pradipika 2:23

So try out this simple, do it yourself-DIY shatkarma and enjoy every rejuvenating breathe of fresh air.

Varma for Asthma

Asthma is a chronic lung disease that makes breathing difficult for millions of people across the globe. It is a condition in which the lining of the airways become swollen or inflamed, making them sensitive to irritations and allergic reactions. People suffering from this problem often experience symptoms like periodic attacks or episodes of tightness in the chest, wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. The challenging thing about asthma is that it cannot be cured, it can only be managed. Moreover, it is not age-bound, even a small child can show symptoms ofasthma. Inhalers and medicines are considered to be the best way to handle the problem at hand but apart from that, massaging some acupressure points can also help ease the symptoms. Pressing acupressure points are harmless healing option to asthma. Collarbone pressure points
You will find these pressure points below your collarbone on the outer side of your chest. These points are located three fingers-width below the collar bone. Press these points with your fingers for 3 to 4 minutes regularly.

Applying pressure here will help you get relief from chest congestion, emotional distress, breathing difficulties and coughing problems
The base of the thumb pressure point
This point is located near the base of the thumb. It is the sore fleshy area below your thumb. Place the thumb of your other hand at the centre of the sore area and press it gently. Hold this point for 5 minutes. Doing this regularly will help you get relief from coughing, swollen throat and shallow breathing.
The wrist pressure points
You can locate this pressure point on the wrist below the base of your thumb. Place the thumb of your other hand on the small groove on your wrist and hold it for 3 to 4 minutes. Repeat the same with the other hand. Applying pressure will help you in reducing lung problems, coughing and other symptoms of asthma.

The throat pressure point
This point is located just below your Adam’s apple. Place your index finger on the grove, located 3-4 inches below your Adam's apple and apply slight pressure on it. Hold this point for 5 minutes for relief. Do this regularly thrice a day for easy breathing.

Elbow pressure points
This pressure point can be easily found on the elbow joint. Pressing this point for 5 minutes every day will provide relief from breathing and wheezing problems.

Conclusion

This study revealed that all the psychological and asthma control variables evaluated are independent predicters of asthma QoL,but the main variables are anxiety, depression and patient related asthma upto 56% of patients with severe asthma have severe anxiety and 19% have depression . traditionally, asthma-practice guidelines have focused on optimizing lung function and the US FDA has required increases in lung function and reduction of exacerbation has primary outcomes in clinical trials of asthma therapeutics.

References:

1. Yoga Beats Asthma, by Stella Weller

2. Asthma for Common Men, by Dr. Vikram Vineyek

3. Bronchial Asthma and Respiratory Disorders and it Management through Yoga, by Shri Parma and Aggarwal

4. Basic concept of Varmalogy , by Dr. Shanmugam

Vol.2/2021/137

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES WITH MUD THERAPY ON PULSE RATE AND BODY MASS INDEX AMONG TYPE 2 DIABETIC WOMEN

* Dr. S. MURUGESAN ** Dr. R. ELANGOVAN, *Associate Professor, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India. E- Mail ID: murugeshyoga@gmail.com **Professor & Head, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be university), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India. E-Mail ID: relangovantnpesu@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

The present random group experimental study was designed to find out the effect of yogic practices with mud therapy on pulse rate and body mass index among type 2 diabetic women. To achieve the purpose of the study, thirty (30) type 2 diabetic women residing in Chennai aged between 40-60 were selected randomly in two groups, namely experimental group and control group of fifteen (15) subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant difference in yogic practices with mud therapy than the control group on pulse rate and body mass index among type 2 diabetic women. Training period of this study was twelve weeks. Experimental group underwent yoga practices with mud therapy practices for twelve (12) weeks, six days a week for a maximum of one hour in the morning. The control group was kept in active rest. The pretest and post-test were conducted before and after the training for both the groups. Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between experimental group and the control group. The results of the study on the selected variables proved that the Experimental Group showed significant differences than the Control Group on Pulse rate (decreased) and Body mass index (decreased) due to yogic practices with Mud therapy. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence it was concluded that yogic practices with Mud therapy are beneficial to the type 2 diabetic women to maintain healthy pulse rate and body mass index.

Key words: yogic practice, Pulse rate, body mass index, Mud Therapy, type 2 diabetic women

INTRODUCTION

The time and money spent on health-related activities is an investment and not an expense. The World Health Organization projected the world-wide increase in diabetics likely to reach 35% by the year 2035. In India, an estimated 67 million people have diabetics the highest number compared to any other country in the world and 30 million pre- diabetes. Studies show that there is an increase in type 2 diabetes in India. Research suggests that one in ten in Tamil Nadu is affected by diabetic. Diabetes mellitus is most common chronic disease, lifelong condition that affects the body ability to use the energy found in food. There are two major types of diabetes type 1 and type 2. All the types of diabetes have something in common.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on selected physiological variable such as pulse rate and body mass index due to yogic practices with Mud therapy among middle aged Type 2 diabetic women.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic practices with Mud therapy on pulse rate and body mass index among type 2 diabetic women.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant difference due to yoga practices with Mud therapy on pulse rate and body mass index among type 2 diabetic women than the control group.

DELIMITATIONS

The study was delimited to the women from Chennai city only
Age of subjects was ranged from 40 to 60 years only.
The subjects were type 2 diabetic women only.
Independent variables were yogic practices with Mud therapy only.
The dependent variables were restricted to pulse rate and body mass index only.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Kosuri, M., & Sridhar, G. R. (2009) conducted the study on the Yoga practice in diabetes improves physical and psychological outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of yoga practice on clinical and psychological outcomes in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In a 40-day yoga camp at the Institute of Yoga and Consciousness, ambulatory subjects with T2DM not having significant complications (n = 35) participated in a 40-day yoga camp, where yogic practices were overseen by trained yoga teachers. Clinical, biochemical, and psychological well-being were studied at baseline and at the end of the camp.

It was found that the reduction of body mass index (BMI) (26.514 ± 3.355 to 25.771 ± 3.40; P < 0.001) and anxiety (6.20 ± 3.72 to 4.29 ± 4.46; P < 0.05) and an improvement in total general well-being (48.6 ± 11.13 to 52.66 ± 52.66 ± 12.87; P < 0.05). It was concluded that the Participation of subjects with T2DM in yoga practice for 40 days resulted in reduced BMI, improved well-being, and reduced anxiety.

Sathyanath, (2018), conducted a study on the impact of cold mud pack on abdomen and eyes on the autonomic control of heart rate. 30 healthy volunteers were recruited for the study. All the volunteers were subjected to two sessions of treadmill run up to 10 minutes and subsequently on supine rest. Their first session was considered under Control trial, during which they were given a dry abdomen and eye pack after the treadmill run for 20 minutes. With a gap of 15 days in between, in the experimental trial they were given cold mud pack to abdomen and eyes during the supine rest after the treadmill run. HRV Assessments were done during the intervention and their BP and pulse were recorded immediate after the intervention. In the present study among the two evaluations, all HRV parameters in time domain and HF of frequency domain remain increased during the mud pack trial. Whereas LF of frequency domain, LF/HF ratio, HR and PR during mud pack trial is found to decrease. Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) also got reduced. This is suggestive of improvement in the sympatho-vagal balance reflecting. It was concluded that simultaneous application of cold mud packs on the abdomen and eyes enhances the parasympathetic activity and could have a role in maintaining the cardiac tone and preventing various cardiovascular ailments.parasympathetic domination produced among the subjects after Mud pack intervention.

METHODOLOGY

For the purpose of this random group experimental study, thirty (30) aged type 2 diabetic diabetics men in Chennai were selected at random as subjects based on their pulse rate and systolic blood pressure and their age was ranged from 40 to 60 years. Yogic practices with mud therapy were given six days (Monday to Saturday) per week for twelve weeks. All the subjects were randomly assigned to experimental group and control group each consisted of 15 subjects.

Experimental group was involved in yogic practices with mud therapy practices for twelve (12) weeks, control group kept in active rest.

The yogic practices with mud therapy given to experimental group include, prayer, Loosening the joining, Suryanamakar, Tadasana, Trikonasana, Ardhakatichakrasana, Paschimottasana, Ustrasana, Ardhamatsyendrasana, Tandasana, Bhujangasana, Salabasana, Dhanurasana, Navasana, Sarvangasana, Savasana, Nadishudhi, Kapalabati, Japa Meditation and yoga nidra (Relaxation) and Mud therapy; Red soil/black soil Techniques. Initially pre-test was taken and after the experimental period of twelve weeks, post-test was taken from all the two groups. The differences between initial and final pulse rate and systolic blood pressure were considered as the effect of yogic practices with mud therapy on selected subjects. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the difference among the experimental group and control groups. The test of significance was fixed as 0.05 level of confidence.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The data pertaining to the variables collected from the two groups before and after the training period were statistically analyzed by using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and tested at 0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS ON PULSE RATE

The Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) on pulse rate through yogic practices with mud therapy practices and control group was analyzed and are presented in Table-I.

Table-I

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF TRAINING GROUPS AND CONTROL GROUP ON PULSE RATE (in numbers)

Test	EXP GROUP	CON GROUP	SV	SS	Df	MS	F
Pre test Mean	81.66	80.53	Between	9.63	1	9.63	0.63
Pre test Mean	81.66	80.53	Within	425.06	28	15.18	0.63
Post test Mean	69.46	81.2	Between	1032.53	1	516.26	40.81*
Post test Mean	69.46	81.2	Within	354.13	28	12.64	40.81*
Adjusted test Mean	69.29	81.37	Between	1069.58	1	534.79	45.81*
Adjusted test Mean	69.29	81.37	Within	315.14	27	11.67	45.81*
mean difference	12.2	0.66

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 2 and 28 (df) =4.20, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21).

As shown in Table II, the obtained F value on post test means was 40.81, which was greater than the required table value of 4.20 the study was significances. Taking into consideration of the pre test means and post test means adjusted post test means were determined and analysis of covariance was done and the obtained F value 45.81 was greater than the required table value of 4.21 and hence it was accepted that there was significant differences among the treated groups.

Bar diagram showing the mean difference of experiment group and control group on Pulse Rate (in Counts)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 2 and 28 (df) =4.20, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21).

Table-II

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF TRAINING GROUPS AND CONTROL GROUP ON BODY MASS INDEX (in kg/m²)

Test	EXP GROUP	CON GROUP	SV	SS	Df	MS	F
Pre test Mean	29.25	28.86	Between	1.12	1	1.12	0.59
Pre test Mean	29.25	28.86	Within	52.65	28	1.88	0.59
Post test Mean	25.5	29.17	Between	101.20	1	50.60	25.61*
Post test Mean	25.5	29.17	Within	55.30	28	1.97	25.61*
Adjusted test Mean	25.38	29.28	Between	111.32	1	55.66	39.31*
Adjusted test Mean	25.38	29.28	Within	38.23	27	1.41	39.31*
mean difference	3.75	0.30

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 2 and 28 (df) =4.20, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21).

As shown in Table I, The obtained F value on posttest means was 25.61, which was greater than the required table value of 4.20 the study was significances. Taking into consideration of the pre test means and post test means adjusted post test means were determined and analysis of covariance was done and the obtained F value 39.31 was greater than the required table value of 4.21 and hence it was accepted that there was significant differences among the treated groups.

Bar diagram showing the mean difference of experiment group and control group on

Body mass index (in kg/m²)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence (Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 2 and 28 (df) =4.20, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21).

CONCULSIONS

It was concluded that there was significant reduction on pulse rate and Body mass Index among type 2 diabetic women, due to yogic practices with mud therapy than the control group.

REFERENCE

Kosuri, M., & Sridhar, G. R. (2009).“Yoga practice in diabetes improves physical and psychological outcomes”, Metabolic syndrome and related disorders, 7(6), Pp.515-518.
Sathyanath, (2018), “The impact of cold mud pack on abdomen and eyes on the autonomic control of heart rate”. The Tamil Nadu Dr.M.G.R.Medical University, Chennai.

Vol.2/2021/138

Trends of High Altitude Training in Sports: Issues for Consideration

Dr. Satish Kanaujia, IIT(BHU) , Email: skanaujia.hss@itbhu.ac.in

Prof. Archana Singh, MMV, BHU, Email:asanoushka@gmail.com

Athletes in every sport are now realizing the performance benefits that altitude training can have on strength, power and endurance. The main purpose of high altitude training is to stimulate the production of red blood cells in order to increase the efficiency of transporting oxygen to the muscles. An increase in red blood cells prevents muscle fatigue in endurance sports and helps to improve athlete’s performance in competitions. There are three main altitude exposure techniques that are utilized in sports. These are Live High- Train Low, Live High – Train High and Live Low- Train High. Typically high altitude is considered to be around 6500 to 8000 feet, while low altitude can be anywhere from sea level to up about 4000 feet. The difference between high and low altitude are significant enough to have a noticeable effect on training. Simulated altitude training is done through things like oxygen masks and high altitude tents sleeping in (live high, train low). Now these are great pieces of equipment that definitely have their benefits – but the problem is, they can be very uncomfortable and restrictive. It benefits healthier respiratory system, improved endurance and higher red blood cells concentration and allow the athletes to experience increased endurance and speed, less fatigue and improved recovery.

Altitude Training:-Altitude training as a way to improve the performance of athletes is a common knowledge. Pro athletes such as runners as well as non-professional athletes undergo this type of training to increase their capability to exercise. Altitude training is an extreme method of endurance training that athletes use to have leverage over other athletes in terms of performance in competitions. People who normally use this training are cyclists, football players and runners, among others. This training is practiced by athletes by staying and training in high altitudes, at around 8,000 feet above sea level, for several weeks. This is because in high places, there is less oxygen and the air is thinner and as a result, the body learns to adapt to the reduced amount of oxygen.

Recently, endurance athletes have used several novel approaches and modalities for altitude training including: (i) normobaric hypoxia via nitrogen dilution (hypoxic apartment); (ii) supplemental oxygen; (iii) hypoxic sleeping devices; and (iv) intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE).A normobaric hypoxic apartment simulates an altitude environment equivalent to approximately 2000 to 3000m (6560 to 9840ft). Athletes who use a hypoxic apartment typically ‘live and sleep high’ in the hypoxic apartment for 8 to 18 hours a day, but complete their training at sea level, or approximate sea level conditions. Several studies suggest that using a hypoxic apartment in this manner produces beneficial changes in serum erythropoietin (EPO) levels, reticulocyte count and red blood cell (RBC) mass, which in turn may lead to improvements in postaltitude endurance performance. Supplemental oxygen is used to simulate either normoxic (sea level) or hyperoxic conditions during high-intensity workouts at altitude. This method is a modification of the ‘high-low’ strategy, since athletes live in a natural terrestrial altitude environment but train at ‘sea level’ with the aid of supplemental oxygen (Wilber, 2001).

Live-High, Train-Low:- One suggestion for optimizing adaptations and maintaining performance is the live-high, train-low principle. This training idea involves living at higher altitudes in order to experience the physiological adaptations that occur, such as increased erythropoietin (EPO) levels, increased red blood cell levels, and higher VO2 max, while maintaining the same exercise intensity during training at sea level. Due to the environmental differences at high altitude, it may be necessary to decrease the intensity of workouts. Studies examining the live-high, train-low theory have produced varied results, which may be dependent on a variety of factors such as individual variability, time spent at high altitude, and the type of training program. For example, it has been shown that athletes performing primarily anaerobic activity do not necessarily benefit from altitude training as they do not rely on oxygen to fuel their performances.

Altitude training can produce increases in speed, strength, endurance, and recovery by maintaining altitude exposure for a significant period of time. Opponents of altitude training argue that an athlete's red blood cell concentration returns to normal levels within days of returning to sea level and that it is impossible to train at the same intensity that one could at sea level, reducing the training effect and wasting training time due to altitude sickness. Altitude training can produce slow recovery due to the stress of hypoxia. Exposure to extreme hypoxia at altitudes above 16,000 feet (5,000 m) can lead to considerable deterioration of skeletal muscle tissue. Five weeks at this altitude leads to a loss of muscle volume of the order of 10–15%(Wilber, 2001).

Exercise scientists were challenged to create the positive effects of higher altitude within an environment of normal oxygen concentration (normoxic). For endurance runners, this could be as simple as supplying oxygen while training at altitude. For dynamic athletes, it might require a more elaborate approach, such as sleeping in hypoxic tents while living and training at sea level. Either way, the concept of "Live High, Train Low" was born. This model exposes the athlete to a hypoxic environment for a number of hours per day, typically accomplished by sleeping in an altitude tent. The athlete trains normally and does not have to relocate or travel to gain either the high altitude exposure or low normoxic training. This simulated "living high" (2,500–3,000 meters above sea level) for eight to 10 hours a day and "training low" (below 1,200 meters above sea level) for 18 days has shown significant improvements, which may last as long as 15 days after exposure. A recent study shows an increase in RBC mass in as few as 10 days, but the length of time and extent of adaptation is highly individualized. Furthermore, repeated sprints in hypoxia have elicited greater training adaptations than repeated sprints at normoxia, but the gains seem to be more anaerobic in nature and may have been further improved with the Live High, Train Low scenario.

Live-High, Train-High

In the live-high, train-high regime, an athlete lives and trains at a desired altitude. The stimulus on the body is constant because the athlete is continuously in a hypoxic environment. Initially VO2 max drops considerably: by around 7% for every 1000 m above sea level) at high altitudes. Athletes will no longer be able to metabolize as much oxygen as they would at sea level. Any given velocity must be performed at a higher relative intensity at altitude.

Alternative Models to Live High and Train High to Prepare for Altitude Competitions:- There is no well-controlled study comparing the effects between the classical live high and train high concept and other combinations, i.e., live high and train low or live low and train high, to prepare for altitude endurance competitions. However, based on the presented effects of acclimatization to altitude on performance and the fact that optimal performance is achieved after acclimatization to the altitude where the competition takes place, live high and train high is very likely the optimal concept (Chapman et al., 2016). Moreover, this assumption is supported by logistic aspects and reasons of familiarization with the conditions at the competition site. Hence, living at altitude with only short interruptions for some training sessions at lower altitudes may represent, when logistically possible, an effective alternative to the classical concept. Moreover, intermittent exposures to hypobaric hypoxia may also represent an option to prepare for altitude training/competitions. Beidleman and colleagues demonstrated physiologic adaptations and improved time-trial exercise performance at altitude (4,300 m) after 7 days (4 h/day) of intermittent high-altitude (4,300 m) exposures, with or without exercise training during exposures (Beidleman et al., 2008). These researchers also showed improved muscular performance after 3 weeks of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (4 h/day, 5 days/week) which was closely related to increased resting SaO2 post exposure (Beidleman et al., 2003). In contrast, no beneficial effects on endurance performance at altitude were found after 1 week of normobaric intermittent hypoxia exposures (2 h at rest plus two 25 min of exercise) (Beidleman et al., 2009).When time for optimal altitude acclimatization is not available due to logistic reasons, short-term arrival strategies (2 – 14 h before the competition) might be a (sub-optimal) option (Chapman et al., 2013; Foss et al., 2017).

Psychological Changes in Performance:-Research on psychological factors impacting exercise performance can be classified into two categories: the influence of situational factors on exercise performance (i.e., psychological factors that vary over time and depend on environmental influences/changes of the human organism) and the connection between exercise performance and personality traits (i.e., psychological factors, which are believed to be somewhat stable over time). Although there is some research on the connection between responses to altitude (acute mountain sickness) and personality traits (Missoum et al., 1992; Niedermeier et al., 2017a), altitude is considered an environmental factor which affects mainly situational psychological aspects. Therefore, the primary focus of this section is on situational factors (Burtscher et al. (2018),

Situational Psychological Aspects

Without exposure to moderate altitude, the following situational psychological aspects have been studied with respect to endurance performance: cognitive functions, role of mood state in training and competition, overtraining syndrome/high levels of stress, use of psychological strategies.Cognitive functions were shown to be associated with performance-related variables. Impaired cognitive functions were reported with difficulties to regulate exercise intensity and an appropriate pacing (Van Biesen et al., 2016). Several aspects of cognitive functions can be negatively influenced by altitude, e.g., detection of visual stimuli, short term memory, spatial memory, motor speed/precision, complex reaction time, decision making, cerebral function (Virues-Ortega et al., 2004; Ainslie et al., 2013). Although the effects become more relevant at higher altitude (i.e., 3,500 m and above), moderate altitude has more subtle effects, out of which some are detectable, e.g., increased complex reaction time at 1,500 m (Denison et al., 1966). Furthermore, the exercise to exhaustion during a competition might amplify the adverse effects on cognitive function (Moore et al., 2012). Similarly, adverse effects on performance due to acute mountain sickness as reported in Shukitt-Hale et al. (1991) might be increased, even though acute mountain sickness plays a minor role in moderate altitudes with a prevalence of 9% at 2,850 m (Maggiorini et al., 1990). Decision making was shown to be impaired with a riskier behavior in (simulated) altitude (Pighin et al., 2012; Davranche et al., 2016). Decision making is of special importance in the pacing process during an endurance competition (Hettinga et al., 2017). It should be considered that with riskier decision making at altitude, there is the danger of overpacing during the competition. However, the peak in risky decision making occurs during acute exposure (i.e., after 3 h) to hypoxic conditions and time in hypoxic conditions showed a risk-reducing effect on decision making (Niedermeier et al., 2017b).

Mood state (including positive/negative affect, arousal, state anxiety, and in a wider sense perceived effort) affects several domains of training and competition (Raglin, 2001): Firstly, exercise performance is associated to the level of arousal/state anxiety. In general, very high and very low levels of state anxiety seem to be unfavorable for good performance Secondly, negative affect is associated with lower endurance performance (Renfree et al., 2012). Altitude levels showed an adverse effect on mood states, i.e., persons reported to feel less vigorous and more fatigued at an altitude of approximately 3,000 m compared to 2,200 m (Shukitt-Hale et al., 1990). In endurance competitions, where persevering pain discomfort is a central aspect, perceiving a higher level of fatigue during competition is a disadvantage for the athlete. There is evidence that carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation can lead to a decreased perceived effort of exercise performance at altitude (Oliver et al., 2012a). Therefore, CHO supplementation prior to the competition – beside the known physiological benefits (compare Section “Carbohydrate Requirements”) – can also result in positive psychological effects. Similar results have been found for the supplementation of caffeine at moderate hypoxia, i.e., approximately 2,500 m altitude (Smirmaul et al., 2017). Thirdly, mood state is used as an indicator for overtraining syndrome.

Use of Psychological Strategies:-Regarding the importance of psychological factors, it is not surprising that several psychological strategies exist to enhance endurance performance and for an optimal mental preparation of the athlete. The strategies include: association and dissociation, imagery training, self-talk, goal setting (Tuffey, 2000; Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011; McCormick et al., 2015), out of which association might be mostly influenced by altitude.

Association is a cognitive strategy, where athletes focus on the signals of the body including fatigue, pain, muscle soreness and use this information for pace regulation. In contrast, dissociation is a technique, where athletes use various means to distract themselves of the unpleasant sensations of the body. Means of distractions are ranging from listening to music, mentally constructing a house, to doing mathematical operations. Both approaches increased endurance performance with medium- to large-sized effect sizes (McCormick et al., 2015). Association is reported to be more effective in elite endurance athletes, whereas dissociation is effective in non-elite endurance athletes (Raglin and Wilson, 2000). Imagery training (i.e., mentally simulating situations prior to the competition), self-talk interventions (i.e., “my legs are strong and powerful” prior to and during the competition), goal setting (prior to the competition) were also shown to be effective in enhancing endurance performance (McCormick et al., 2015). Imagery training might include the sensation of the environment at moderate altitude, e.g., mild hypoxia and/or lower temperature, to be as realistic as possible. Moreover, these techniques might be less influenced by altitude compared to association.

Nutritional Aspects When Preparing for Endurance Competition at Altitude:-Nutrition can have a major impact on the physiological adaptations associated with altitude training and competition. First, because satiety hormones are influenced by hypoxia, and in further consequence, appetite and energy intake are suppressed (Karl et al., 2018). The most important prealtitude consideration may be iron status (Constantini et al., 2017). It has been shown that the risk of illness and respiratory infection is increased during altitude exposure (Walsh and Oliver, 2016). This may be due to direct effects of hypobaric hypoxic conditions accompanied by oxidative stress but may be also the result of inadequate nutrition and recovery (Ross and Martin, 2015). Key nutrition-related concerns include the need for iron, higher energy and fluid requirements, adequate protein intake for preventing body mass loss, and a higher demand for antioxidant-rich foods to maintain robust immunity.

Appropriate Iron Needs:-Iron is necessary for optimal erythropoietic adaptation to altitude exposure. Suboptimal iron status (i.e., ferritin < 30 ng/mL) may result from limited energy and iron intake, poor bioavailability, or increased iron demands due to high training loads, environmental factors (hypoxia-induced erythropoiesis, haemolysis, sweating), menstrual blood losses, and genetics (Pedlar et al., 2018). Therefore, iron status should be at a high level (ferritin > 50 ng/mL) before attempting altitude training (Clenin et al., 2015).

Energy and Hydration Needs:-Energy and fluid requirements are higher at altitude. Weight loss is a common phenomenon at altitude because of hypoxia-induced appetite suppression combined with an increase in basal metabolic rate (Butterfield et al., 1992). Within the first days of acclimatization, athletes are at high risk of dehydration due to increased respiratory water loss by enhanced ventilation, increased urinary water loss, and an increase in basal metabolic rate. Thus, athletes should be encouraged to drink sufficient fluids while at altitude. Overall, authors recommend regular monitoring of body mass and urine osmolality during altitude training to ensure proper hydration and to prevent overdrinking since both hypohydration and hyperhydration impair performance and present a risk to health (Maughan and Meyer, 2013).

Carbohydrate Requirements:-At altitude, the stress response to exercise is enhanced, and thus CHO requirements are higher than at sea level (Katayama et al., 2010). CHO consumption before exercise in hypoxia can mitigate some of the negative symptoms of high altitude, like less oxygen saturation and ventilation (Golja et al., 2008). However, the train-low strategy should be considered only before traveling to altitude and should be avoided in the days leading up to altitude. Although reduced oxygen can inhibit mTOR (Liu et al., 2006), possibly contributing to muscle deterioration during hypoxia (Debevec et al., 2018), leucine supplementation did not prevent loss of fat-free mass during a 13-day trek to Everest Base Camp in a double-blind randomized study (Wing-Gaia et al., 2014). It needs to be established whether leucine directly interacts with mTOR during hypoxic conditions, which could attenuate loss of fat-free mass during longer duration high altitude exposure.

Protein for Lean Body-Mass Retention:-Weight loss and body composition changes are an unfortunate consequence of sustained hypobaric hypoxia, with lean body mass (LBM) comprises approximately 60–70% of body weight loss during high-altitude (>5,000 m) exposure (Wing-Gaia, 2014). Possible mechanisms of altitude-induced muscle wasting include downregulation of muscle protein synthesis and suboptimal energy and protein intake. Thus, it appears reasonable that a higher protein diet at altitude may be useful to improve retention of LBM.

Antioxidant Supplements:-It has been shown that antioxidant status is impaired under hypoxic conditions and even remained impaired for 2 weeks following an altitude training camp (Pialoux et al., 2010). Although low oxygen pressure seems to be favorable to low ROS production, high altitude exposure can lead to enhanced ROS generation due to up-regulation of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, xanthine oxidase, and nitric oxide synthase (Dosek et al., 2007). High-altitude training appears to weaken both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems (Quindry et al., 2016).

Probiotics and Vitamin D to Prevent Infections:-Prolonged intense exercise is associated with a transient depression of immune function and a heavy schedule of altitude training and competition can lead to immune impairment in athletes. This is associated with an increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (Walsh and Oliver, 2016). Despite the increased UVB radiation from sunlight, vitamin D supplementation should be considered in athletes who stay at high altitude as vitamin D may influence iron metabolism and thus erythropoiesis (Smith and Tangpricha, 2015).

Suggestions for Preparation for Endurance Competitions at Altitude :-The optimum for achieving better results in endurance competitions at altitudes is to be born or at least live permanently and train at such altitudes (Fulco et al., 2007), or to move to altitude at any time over the course of the sporting carrier. With regard to sea-level performance, live high (at natural altitude) and train low seem to be the most promising protocol in athletes (Bonetti and Hopkins, 2009). However, athletes mostly compete at low altitudes with only rare competition events at higher altitudes. In such matters, the preparation period for the altitude competition depends on the time interval between competitions, the importance of the altitude competition, and prior individual experiences and may vary between some hours and about 2 weeks. In more recent time, coaches and athletes are also faced with the opportunity to use artificial altitude (normobaric hypoxia chambers) for preparation purposes offering multiple combinations of artificial and real altitude exposures with and without training. In order to accelerate the regeneration processes at altitude, inhalation of oxygen of lowland concentration can be used (via a mask or tent) Chapman et al., 2010). It is also important for successful handling of altitude for athletes to be mentally prepared for the fact that training at higher altitude will be much more demanding compared to low altitudes. Hypoxic training before going to altitude was suggested as a method potentially improving the ability to tolerate discomfort at altitude and thus improve exercise performance (Álvarez-Herms et al., 2016). Importantly, training intensity must be modified with regard for the given environment. Load can gradually be increased, but the rising intensity must be carefully monitored. Over the course of sojourns at higher altitudes there are generally three basic critical periods (Suchý et al., 2009), which should be respected when planning the training.

Benefits and Risks of Altitude Training:-Altitude training refers to exposing the body to hypoxic environments (those which limit the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues) long enough to elicit physiological adaptations. These adaptations enhance the body's ability to use oxygen and increase the athlete's aerobic capacity. The result is an athlete who can move for extended periods of time at a slightly higher pace and recover more quickly between bouts of exercise. The effects are caused mainly by the production of more red blood cells (RBC), which carry oxygen through the body. There also seems to be a dose-dependent response, or maybe even a threshold of sorts for these adaptations. Studies commonly cite 7,000 feet above sea level as the necessary "dose" of altitude to get the desired effects. Also, the process takes about two to three weeks to deliver maximum benefits. The effects are not permanent, as RBC mass returns to normal about 15 days after the athlete drops below the aforementioned altitude.

Athletes Who May Benefit:-At first glance, it may seem like only distance runners and endurance athletes would benefit from altitude training. Although these athletes benefit significantly, almost all athletes stand to reap some gains from this training. Even if the physiological adaptations don't directly carry over to their performance at sea level, athletes who compete at high altitudes from time to time should strongly consider acclimating before competition.

Drawbacks:-Altitude exposure is not without its share of issues. During altitude training, athletes may experience decreased REM sleep. The hypoxic environment can hinder breathing for some, and significantly affect sleep, which could potentially decrease the athlete's rate of recovery. The reward seems to outweigh this particular drawback, as multiple studies confirm the positive adaptations of altitude exposure. Exposure to high altitudes reduces the athlete's ability to recover between sets of anaerobic and fatiguing exercise. This may be due to a number of peripheral or central factors, but no matter the cause, the result is a gradual decline in the athlete's ability to perform an otherwise normal practice. This accelerated fatigue could lead to decreased psychological awareness during training, fewer repetitions (slowing the rate of skill acquisition or refinement) and potential overall de-conditioning, all of which support the idea of seeking normoxic training environments.

Advantages of Altitude Training:- Altitude training is not for everyone since our bodies react differently to the impacts of training in elevated grounds. During altitude training, athletes may experience decreased sleep. The hypoxic environment can hinder breathing for some, and significantly affect sleep, which could potentially decrease the athlete's rate of recovery. It is crucial to understand that not all athletes respond to altitude exposure the same way. Monitoring an athlete's heart rate, sleep, mood and training performance can prevent altitude training from causing more harm than good. It's also important to hydrate properly and increase one's carbohydrate intake, since the lack of oxygen saturation often increases reliance on anaerobic energy. Antioxidant supplementation is also an option, since exposure to high altitudes increases oxidative stress, especially when combined with exercise.

1. Higher Red Blood Cells Concentration:-The kidneys are responsible in the release of the hormone known as erythropoietin. This hormone stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells that are important in the supply of oxygen in the body. When a person trains at high altitudes, there is less supply of oxygen. This causes the kidneys to increase the release of erythropoietin and consequently, more oxygen is carried by the blood to the organs and tissues.

2. Improved Endurance and Overall Performance:-The measure of the amount of oxygen in the body that can be converted into energy from the food a person eats is known as VO2. This works through the conversion of the eaten food into adenosine triphosphate. Conversely, in terms of measuring how much an athlete has improved when it comes of performance, the term is known as VO2 max. This condition is achieved by training at high altitudes and ensures improved performance and endurance.

3. Strengthened Respiratory System:- In higher altitudes, there is a reduction in the percentage of oxygen molecules as the altitude rises due to lesser barometric pressure. When an athlete trains for several weeks at high altitudes, the body learns to adapt to the reduced oxygen supply and the respiratory muscles are strengthened.

4.Longer Effects:-Proponents of altitude training posit that by spending weeks training in high altitudes, muscle metabolism takes place and so does improved performance and endurance. This is because there is an increase in the supply of red blood cells that are instrumental to carrying oxygen to different parts of the body. What makes this effective is that even if the athlete competes in lower altitudes, the concentration in red blood cells remains high.

5.Comfortable:-Supporters of altitude training say that the cool air present above sea level offers a level of comfort for athletes. This is because exercising is mostly done in lower grounds while the athlete can spend 12 hours sleeping and resting in higher grounds.

Disadvantages of Altitude Training

1. It Affects Immunity:-One of the drawbacks of training in high altitudes is in a person’s immunity to diseases. With a weakened immune system, an athlete can be susceptible to pathogens that can lead to ailments. It is important for the body to have proper nutrition while training since it also increases the amount of nutrients needed.

2. Exposure to Stress:-Another negative effect of this extreme training method is the increase in cortisol levels in the body under stress. Training in high altitudes results to lesser oxygen supply. Because of this, the lungs and the heart have to work harder. With lower oxygen supply as elevation rises, the body needs to compensate this by increasing the production of cortisol. This can lead to muscle breakdown.

3.It Weakens Endurance:-Critics of altitude training claim that even if the body increases the production of red blood cells as oxygen is reduced, there is no assurance that the muscles will still have the same amount of oxygen it needs for performance. This is also because different people react differently to stressors and that not all can adapt to higher altitudes. It may affect the endurance of an athlete while it will not have an effect on another.

4. Negative Increase in Red Blood Cell Production:-In some cases opponents of high altitude trainings argue that lingering in places where air is thinner might increase the production of red blood cells to supply the different organs and tissues of the body. While it is helpful to familiarize the body with lower oxygen supply, the red blood cell increase can also affect the viscosity of the blood or its concentration. If this happens, flow of blood is restricted and it becomes slower, which is not also healthy. This is on top of the concern that this type of training entails expenses and can costly which might not be practical for some athletes considering that not all have access to high altitudes.

5. Possible Dehydration:-Person undergoing this extreme training is prone to dehydration. This is because as the elevation becomes higher, breathing and heart rate increase. Increased respiratory rate can result to more moisture loss. Moreover, since the athlete is exposed to cool and dry air, dehydration is more likely to occur unless fluid intake is increased. Another possibility can be the hastened evaporation of moisture from the skin since there is lowered air pressure.

Conclusion:-Altitude training is not for everyone since our bodies react differently to the impacts of training in elevated grounds. It also has benefits and drawbacks that need to be considered. It is crucial to understand that not all athletes respond to altitude exposure the same way and individual differences is there. Monitoring an athlete's heart rate, sleep, mood and training performance can prevent altitude training from causing more harm than good. To ensure an athlete or any individual interested in altitude training, it is important to undergo tests and consult a medical practitioner before subjecting the body to this type of training. In summary, physiological adaptations that occur with training at altitude can be positively influenced by appropriate nutrition. It's also important to hydrate properly and increase one's carbohydrate intake, since the lack of oxygen saturation often increases reliance on anaerobic energy. Antioxidant supplementation is also an option, since exposure to high altitudes increases oxidative stress, especially when combined with exercise. In the case of an endurance competition at moderate or high altitude, the diet in the weeks prior to altitude exposure is of utmost importance, especially from the perspective of improving iron status and overall health.

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Vol.2/2021/139

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON BODY MASS INDEX AND LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN AMONG MIDDLE AGED OBESE MEN

*M.Sivaraman, **Dr.S.Murugesan *Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), West K.K.Nagar, Chennai – 600078. elumalain1955@gmail.com **Associate Professor, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), West K.K.Nagar, Chennai – 600078. Email id: murugeshyoga@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the effect of Yogic Practices on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein among Middle aged obese men. For the purpose of the study, 30 middle aged obese men were selected randomly using random sampling method from Chennai between the age group of 35 and 45 years and they were divided into two groups I, and II with 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences among the middle aged obese men on selected physiological and Biochemical variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein than the control group. Preliminary test was conducted for two Groups on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein before the start of the training program. Group I subjects were given Yogic practices for 60 minutes, 6 days a week for a total period of eight weeks. Group II (Control Group) were in active rest. After the experimental period, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables. Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between the experimental group and the control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence. The results of the study proved that the Experimental Group showed significant differences on selected physiological and Biochemical variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI)(decreased) and Low Density Lipoprotein(decreased) than the Control Group due to Yogic practices among middle aged obese men. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence it is concluded that Yogic practices are beneficial to the middle aged obese men to maintain healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein.

Key words: Yogic Practices, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Low Density Lipoprotein.

INTRODUCTION

Obesity is a growing public health concern in modern societies. Physical inactivity and unhealthy diet have been identified as major risk factors for obesity. Ample research has highlighted the role of obesity as a risk factor for a large number of chronic health complications, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, stroke, sleep apnea and certain types of cancer, as well as in mood change and depression in obese individual .Obesity previously called as a sign of prosperity now popularly known as sign of impending diabetes or ill health. Obesity is the number one nutritional disorder in the developed world. Many research studies proved that Yogic practices are the gentle and positive approach for reducing body weight and maintain healthy lifestyle for obese people.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on selected Physiological and Biochemical variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) among Middle aged obese men.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on Body Mass Index BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein among Middle aged obese men.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein among Middle aged obese men due to yogic practices than the control group.

DELIMITATIONS

The study was delimited to 30 Middle aged obese men from Chennai city only.
The study was delimited to the obese men aged between 35 and 45 only.
The study was delimited to the independent variable yogic practices only
The dependent variables were restricted to Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein only.

LIMITATIONS

The factors like life style, body structure, and social activities were not taken in to consideration for this study.
The factors like family heredity and motivational factors were not taken into consideration for this study.
External factors like environmental and climatic conditions, economical background and also day to day work were not taken into consideration.
The factors like diet, medication and personal habits were not taken into consideration for the study.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Kennedy, E. T. et.al., (2001) studied on Popular Diets: Correlation to Health, Nutrition, and Obesity. The Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) 1994-1996 data were used to examine the relationship between prototype popular diets and diet quality as measured by the healthy eating index (HEI), consumption patterns, and body mass index (BMI). The prototype diets included vegetarian (no meat, poultry, or fish on day of survey) and non-vegetarian. The non-vegetarian group was further subdivided into low carbohydrate (less than 30% of energy from carbohydrate), medium (30% to 55%), and high (greater than 55% of energy). Within the high carbohydrate group, participants were classified as having Pyramid or non-Pyramid eating patterns. The Pyramid group was defined as 30% or less of energy from fat and at least one serving from the five major food groups in the USDA Food Guide Pyramid. Finally, the non-Pyramid group was further subdivided into low fat (less than 15% of energy from fat) and moderate fat (15% to 30% of energy from fat). In addition, a review of the published scientific literature was conducted; all studies identified were included in the review. 10,014 adults, aged 19 years and older, from the 1994-1996 CSFII were included in the analyses of extant data. More than 200 individual studies were included in the review of the literature. Diets that are high in carbohydrate and low to moderate in fat tend to be lower in energy. The lowest energy intakes were observed for those on a vegetarian diet. The diet quality as measured by HEI was highest for the high carbohydrate groups and lowest for the low carbohydrate groups. The BMIs were significantly lower for men and women on the high carbohydrate diet; the highest BMIs were noted for those on a low carbohydrate diet.

Roberts C. K., et. al.,(2006) has studied the significant debate with regard to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high-fiber, low-fat diets. The current study which was designed to examine the effects of lifestyle modification on the inflammatory/anti-inflammatory properties of HDL in obese men with metabolic syndrome factors. The selected subjects were placed on a high-fiber, low-fat diet in a three-week homely program where food was provided ad libitum and daily aerobic exercise was easily performed. When fasting blood was drawn pre- and post-intervention for serum lipids, lipid hydroperoxides, and the capacity of subject HDL to alter low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced monocyte chemotactic action (MCA) in a human artery wall coculture. Inducting MCA by control LDL in the absence of HDL was normalized Values after HDL addition indicated pro-inflammatory HDL; values as indicated anti-inflammatory HDL. Additionally, proteins involved in regulating HDL function, apolipoprotein, paraoxonase 1 and 3, and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase were clearly measured. After three-week, decreases in total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-C, triglycerides, total cholesterol-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, and lipid hydroperoxides were identified. The HDL inflammatory index decreased from pro- to anti-inflammatory. ApoA-I level and paraoxonase activity did not change; however, platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity increased. In spite of a quantitative reduction in HDL-C, HDL converted from pro- to anti-inflammatory. These data indicate that intensive lifestyle modification abnormally improves the function of HDL even at the face of reduced levels, suggesting increased turnover of pro-inflammatory HDL.

METHODOLOGY

To achieve the purpose of the random group experimental study, 60 middle aged men from the Chennai city came forward between the age from 35 and 45 years, 45 were screened and 30 subjects were selected through random group sampling method and were divided into two groups I and II. Group I was given yogic practices and the group II subjects were in active rest without any training. Preliminary test was conducted for the two groups (I and II) on the selected dependent variables before the start of the training program. The experimental group underwent training for Six days a week for the maximum of an hour in the morning for eight weeks.

Yogic practices such as Pawanmuktasana II, Surya Namaskar followed by Asanas such as Shasangasana, Padahastasana, Ardhamatsyendrasan, Trikonasana, Viparita Karani, Matsyasana, Patchimotanasana, Shavasan and Pranayama practices such as Nadishodana Pranyama, Kapalbati, Brahmari Pranayama followed by Yoga Nidra were given to group I subjects.

Group II (Control Group) subjects were permitted to undergo their routine and normal lifestyle during the course of experiment without any specific training.

After eight weeks, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

The Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) is used as a statistical technique to find out the significant differences between the groups. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 of confidence.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

TABLE I

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF TRAINING GROUP AND CONTROL GROUP ON BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) (Scores in mmHg)

TEST	EXP GROUP 1	CONTROL GROUP GROUP2	SOURCE OF VARIANCE	DEGREES OF FREEDOM	SUM OF SQUARES	MEAN SUM OF SQUARES	F-RATIO
Pre	25.61	25.41	Between	1	0.30	0.30	0.43
Pre	25.61	25.41	With in	28	19.59	0.70	0.43
Post	23.67	25.21	Between	1	17.94	17.94	18.23*
Post	23.67	25.21	With in	28	27.55	0.98	18.23*
Adjusted Post	23.61	25.27	Between	1	20.52	20.52	27.01*
Adjusted Post	23.61	25.27	With in	27	20.51	0.76	27.01*

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

The obtained F value on pre test scores 0.43 was lesser than the recommended F value of 4.2 to be significant at 0.05 level. This shows that there was no significant difference between the groups before the training period. There is significant difference between groups after the completion of training program, as obtained F value 18.23 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that the differences between the post-test means of the subject were significant. On account of adjusted pre-post-test mean scores, the obtained F value 27.01 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to eight weeks of yogic practices on Body Mass Index (BMI) in line with the study conducted by Kennedy, E. T. et.al., (2001). The ordered adjusted means on Body Mass Index (BMI) were presented through bar diagram for better interpretation of the outcome of this study in Figure -1.

Figure – 1

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) (Scores in mmHg)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

TABLE-II

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF TRAINING GROUPS AND CONTROL GROUP ON LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (Score in mg/dL)

TEST	EXP GROUP I	CONTROL GROUP GROUP 2	SOURCE OF VARIANCE	DEGREES OF FREEDOM	SUM OF SQUARES	MEAN SUM OF SQUARES	F-RATIO
Pre	119.40	122.87	Between	1	90.13	90.13	1.26
Pre	119.40	122.87	With in	28	2009.33	71.76	1.26
Post	90.13	123.27	Between	1	8233.63	8233.63	269.11*
Post	90.13	123.27	With in	28	856.67	30.60	269.11*
Adjusted Post	90.65	122.75	Between	1	7392.48	7392.48	295.58*
Adjusted Post	90.65	122.75	With in	27	675.27	25.01	295.58*

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.(Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

The obtained F value on pre test scores 1.26 was lesser than the recommended F value of 4.2 to be significant at 0.05 level. This shows that there was no significant difference between the groups before the training period. There is significant difference between groups after the completion of training program, as obtained F value 269.11 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that the differences between the post-test means of the subject were significant. On account of adjusted pre-post-test mean scores, the obtained F value 295.58 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to eight weeks of yogic practices on Low Density Lipoprotein in line with the study conducted by Roberts C. K(2006). The ordered adjusted means on Low Density Lipoprotein were presented through bar diagram for better interpretation of the outcome of this study in Figure -2.

Figure 2

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCE AMONG EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS ON LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (Score in mg/dL)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.(Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

The outcome of the study exhibits that Body Mass Index (BMI) decreased and Low Density Lipoprotein decreased significantly due to Yogic Practices for Group-I than Group II. Hence the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

The above findings were also substantiated by the observations made by experts such as Kennedy, E. T. et.al., (2001) and Roberts C. K (2006).

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Physiological variable such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Biochemical variable such as Low Density Lipoprotein due to Yogic Practices among Middle aged obese men than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on Body Mass Index (BMI) (decreased) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (decreased) due to Yogic Practices than the control group among Middle aged obese men. Hence hypothesis is accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that there were significant differences on Body Mass Index (BMI) (decreased) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (decreased) among experimental group I compared to control group II due to Yogic Practices among Middle aged obese men. Hence, Yogic practices are good for Middle aged obese men to maintain healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein.

REFERENCES

Kennedy E. T. et al. (2001) “Popular Diets: Correlation to Health, Nutrition, and

Obesity” Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101(4), 411-20.

Roberts, C. K., Ng, C., Hama, S., Eliseo, A. J., & Barnard, R. J. (2006). Effect of a short-term diet and exercise intervention on inflammatory/anti-inflammatory properties of HDL in overweight/obese men with cardiovascular risk factors. Journal of applied physiology.

Vol.2/2021/140

Effects of Different Genres on the Rate of Perceived Exertion and Heart Rate While Warming Up

Dr. Shrikant Suryakant Mahadik

Asst. Prof.

CACPE, Pune

Dr. Ameet Dattaram Prabhu

Associate Professor

CACPE, Pune

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of different types of genres (music) on Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and Heart Rate (HR) while warming up. For this purpose, 28 candidates were volunteered. The repeated measures design was used for the study by counterbalancing the treatments. The initial treatment was the control treatment (no music) and later three groups workout counterbalance by treatment. The RPE and HR after warm-up were collected as data. Statistical test of descriptive studies was done. Repeated measures ANOVA, was performed independently on RPE in HR. The results showed significant difference between treatment. Descriptive statistics show that RPE is low for Motivational Music (MM). Electronic Dance Music (EDM) has higher HR but less RPE compared to the no music condition. Silent Music (SM) has higher RPE then MM and HR are almost equal to MM and lower than EDM and no music. In generally it can be concluded that motivational songs have aerogenic capacity to reduce RPE. EDM music has higher pulse rising capacity. SM has calming capacity.

Keywords: Music, Genre, Rate of Perceived Exertion, Heart Rate, Warming Up

Introduction

Mankind has revealed the motivational role of music on performance of different moves centuries ago. Many of athletes of track and field, ice skiing, cycling etc. are occasionally observed wearing earphones or headphones while being focused on potential events (Keihani and Shariatpanahi, 2008). Results of the recent studies show that music is applied in sports in four main ways including: 1) Simultaneous with performance of activity; 2) Asynchronous with performance of activity; 3) Prior to performance of activity and while warming up and 4) Music therapy.

With respect to the great effects of warming up on performance of athletes, researchers have been continuously endeavouring to find solutions for improvement of quality of warming up. As it was mentioned, one of these methods which have been significantly employed during the past few years is using music while warming up. (Lanzino et al, 2001) used applied playing music while warming up on optimization of athletes‘ mental states prior to main events.

Different types of music differ in genre, rhythm, intensity, and pitch. However, the entire most recent studies have revealed a calming effect for music. In addition, it has been turned out that music can create a state of awareness and motivation for those who play sports that require less focus, attention and free from distractibility. Considering the motivational role of music, subjects take more joy from exercising and the former increases the athletes‘ interest in participation in exercises that require more strength and power (Crust and Clough, 2006). In spite, there are almost none researches in India, which have investigated the effects of different genres (types) of music on rate of perceived exertion and heart rate of individual while warming up for exercise or further physical activity. This trend can be helpful for development of related fields of study and therefore, the present research is aimed providing answer to this question: What are the effects of different genres (types) of music on rate of perceived exertion and heart rate while warming up.

Methods

Methodology

The study is a quasi-experimental using a repeated measures design. The treatment of different music genres (types) was given three times on same warm up routine. Between treatments there was time-period of five to seven days for washout effect. There were three groups for counter-balancing the treatment.

Sample

Population of present study consisted of students of Master of Physical Education, Bachelor of Physical Education and some interested outsiders ageing between 18 to 28 years. The sample of the study was volunteered individuals for the study (N=28). The individuals were briefed about the procedure study to be conducted.

Music preferences

There were three musical treatments in this research, Motivational Music (MM), Silent Music (SM) and Electronic Dance Music (EDM). Since musical preference is a personal issue. The music tracks selected for treatment were from personal experience of researcher and expert suggestions. Music tracks were made by mixing various music tracks according to category that is motivational and silent songs. Four to five songs were mixed approximately about 1 to 1:30 minutes of each track. Total length of track was approximately 7 minutes. For EDM a famous trance of Toni Igy, Astronomia was played.

Tools

Two tools were used in the study.

Rate of perceived exertion (RPE): The 10-point scale of rate of perceived exertion was used to describe the maximum exertion occurred while performing the warmup. The participants reported their RPE after the warmup.

Heart rate (HR): The heart rate was measured immediately after the warmup. Heart rate was measured for 10 seconds and then converted into beats per minute.

Research procedure

This research implements a counterbalanced repeated measures design. Three groups were given all treatments of music genres (types) at different sequence of genres. The briefing about RPE was done before each treatment. The gap between each treatment of music was approximately five to seven days. Volunteers were not informed about treatment to be given while warming up. The music of treatments was played using same speaker and on same volume at each treatment.

Statistical methods

Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics consist of average and standard deviation. Inferential statistics was done considering the data hypothetically as a normal distribution. Repeated measures ANOVA test was done using MS Excel software at significance of 0.05%.

Results

Results of rate of perceived exertion (RPE):

Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of RPE (N=28)

	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Deviation
Motivational RPE	5.00	8.00	5.500	0.923
Silent RPE	5.00	8.00	6.857	0.756
EDM RPE	6.00	8.00	7.000	0.544
No music RPE	6.00	8.00	7.000	0.667

Descriptive statistics of rate of perceived exertion (RPE) of individuals (N=28) while warm up with different music treatments is shown in above table. Motivational music treatment has average RPE of (mean ± SD) 5.5 ± .923 with minimum RPE of 5 and maximum RPE of 8. Silent music treatment has average RPE of 6.86 ± .756 with minimum RPE of 5 and maximum RPE of 8. EDM treatment has average RPE of 7.0 ± .544 with minimum RPE of 6 and maximum RPE of 8. No music treatment has average RPE of 7.0 ± .667 with minimum RPE of 6 and maximum RPE of 8.

Table 2: ANOVA

Source of Variation	SS	Df	MS	f	P-value	F critical
Between Groups	44.68	3	14.89	27.53	0.00	2.688
Within groups	58.42	108	0.54

Total	103.10	111

In above table 4.2 for RPE, the obtained F value (27.53) for treatments exceeds the critical F value at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the obtained F (27.53) for RPE is declared highly significant. The ‘P‘ value is 0.00, which means there is significant difference. It can be concluded that there is significant difference between the treatments.

Results of heart rate (HR):

Table 3: Descriptive Statistics of HR (N=28)

	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Deviation
Motivational RPE	120.00	156.00	136.71	9.28
Silent RPE	120.00	156.00	137.57	11.18
EDM RPE	132.00	168.00	145.50	9.60
No music RPE	132.00	156.00	143.14	8.59

Descriptive statistics of heart rate of individuals (N=28) is shown in above table. Motivational music treatment has average heart rate of (mean ± SD) 136.71 ± 9.289 with minimum heart rate of 120 beats per minute (BPM) and maximum of 150 BPM. Silent music treatment has average heart rate of 137.57 ± 11.186 with minimum heart rate of 120 beats per minute (BPM) and maximum of 156 BPM. EDM treatment has average heart rate of 145.5 ± 9.609 with minimum heart rate of 132 beats per minute (BPM) and maximum of 168 BPM. No music treatment has average heart rate of 143.14 ± 8.596 with minimum heart rate of 132 beats per minute (BPM) and maximum of 156 BPM.

We can see there is difference between the means of the treatments. To check the significant difference between the treatments repeated measures ANOVA was used for further analysis.

Table 4: ANOVA

Source of Variation	SS	Df	MS	f	P-value	F critical
Between Groups	1709	3	569.66	5.38	0.001	2.688
Within groups	11415.43	108	105.69

Total	13124.43	111

In above table for HR, the obtained F value (5.389) for treatments exceeds the critical F value at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the obtained F (5.389) for RPE is declared highly significant. The ?P‘ value is equal to 0.0017, which means there is significant difference. It can be concluded that there is significant difference between the treatments.

Result of comparison of the heart rate and rate of perceived exertion at each treatment:

Table 5: Average HR and RPE

	Motivational	Silent	MBM	No Music
HR	136.71	137.57	145.5	143.17
RPE	5.43	6.86	7	7

From above table 5 and figure 1 we can see HR and RPE for the same treatment and can compare within treatment. The heart rate and rate of perceived exertion of motivational music is less compared to EDM and no music treatment. RPE of motivational music is far less than silent music. HR of EDM music is highest and higher than no music but they have same RPE. Heart rate of silent music is far less compared to EDM and no music treatment, but RPE of silent music is slightly less than EDM and no music treatment.

Discussions

Warm up before any physical activity is a necessary activity to be performed. Warm up makes individual physically and mentally ready for further activity. Much research had been done to improve warm up. Nowadays it can be seen music in any activity. The effect of music has been researched for more than a decade by many researchers. Various genre of music has certain effect on their rhythm. As RPE can directly relate to tiredness while performing activity. HR can represent to intensity of the warmup activity performed. For this reason, the present study has tried to investigate the effects of listening to different genre (types) of music on RPE and HR. Our observations in this study related to RPE and HR showed that motivational songs have lower RPE and moderate level of HR compared to other conditions. EDM increased HR and keeping RPE equal to no music condition. (Karageorghis et al. 1996) investigated different types of predetermined music on grip strength. They used stimulative and sedative music in which stimulative music was characterized by 134 beats per min, whereas sedative music measured 90 beats per min and found stimulative music to have a positive effect on strength. (Sabaghian and Hafezi 2013) carried out a study named as effects of motivational music during exercising on performance of teenage swimmer females. They investigated the effects of motivational music on performance of 30 elite female swimmers and concluded that no significant difference existed among the experimental and control group in terms of performance.

Conclusion

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of different genre (types) of music on RPE and HR while warming up. It can be concluded that motivational music has a significant effect on RPE and HR. EDM music raises HR and somewhat reduces the RPE than control condition (no music). In generally, it can be concluded that motivational songs have ergogenic capacity to reduce RPE. EDM music has higher pulse raising capacity. Silent music has calming capacity. So, it can be suggested that motivational music can be played while warming up before activity.

References

Keihani Mahdi, Shariatpanahi, Maryam. (2008). Search for free music on concentration and attention among students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University Journal of Medical Sciences, 18(2), 101-112.

Lanzino. J.J., Burke. K.L, Joyner. A.B, & Hardy, C.J. (2001). The effect of music on the intensity and direction of pre-competitive cognitive and somatic state anxiety and state self-confidence in collegiate athletes. International Sports Journal, 5, 101-110.

Crust. L, Clough. PJ. (2006). the influence of rhythm and personality in the endurance response to motivational asynchronous music. Journal of Sports Science, 24(2), 187-195.

Karageorghis. C, Drew. K, and Terry. P. (1996). Effect of pre-test stimulative and sedative music on grip strength. Percept Mot Skills 83: 1347–1352.

Sabaghian. L., Hafezi. F. (2013). "The effect of motivational music during exercise on the performance of elite female swimmers". European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(3), 106-110.

Vol.2/2021/141

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON BODY MASS INDEX AND LOW DENSITY LIPO PROTEIN AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS SUFFERING WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME

*K. J. Sridevi, **Dr. R. Elangovan, *Full-Time Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India. E- Mail ID: janardhanasridevi.k@gmail.com, **Professor & Head, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India. E-Mail ID: relangovantnpesu@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) among adolescent girls suffering with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. For the purpose of the study, 30 adolescent girls suffering with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome were selected randomly using random sampling method from Chennai between the age group of 16 and 19 years and they were divided into two groups I, and II with 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences among the adolescent girls suffering with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome on selected physiological and Biochemical variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) than the control group. Preliminary test was conducted for two Groups on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) before the start of the training program. Group I subjects were given Yogic practices for 60 minutes, 6 days a week for a total period of 12 weeks. Group II (Control Group) were in active rest. After the experimental period, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables. Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between the experimental group and the control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence. The results of the study proved that the Experimental Group showed significant differences on selected physiological and Biochemical variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) (decreased) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (decreased) than the Control Group due to Yogic practices among adolescent girls suffering with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence it is concluded that Yogic practices are beneficial to the adolescent girls to maintain healthy Body Mass Index (BMI), Low Density Lipoprotein and to overcome Polycystic Ovary Syndrome problems.

KEY WORDS: Yoga, Adolescence, Body Mass Index (BMI), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL).

INTRODUCTION

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most alarming and common endocrine disorders seen among adolescent girls today. The population suffering with polycystic syndrome is estimated around 2.2% to 26% in India and 9.13% South Indian adolescent girls are found in the survey suffering with Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) [1]

Characteristics visible among adolescent girls with PCOS problem are
Reproductive Characteristics	Hyperandrogenism, Amenorrhea, Oligomenorrhea, Hirsutism, Over secretion of Luteinizing Hormone, Polycystic Ovaries
Metabolic Disorders	Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, impaired pancreatic cell insulin secretion, type 2 diabetes and many more unseen associated effects

Though the cause, origination and development of PCOS remain uncertain, it is seen more as a heritable tendency. Weight loss is identified as primary solution in PCOS. Studies suggest five percent reduction in weight can help the adolescent girls to restore regular menstruation and improve response to ovulation [2]

YOGA

Number of research works proved that yoga influence Neuro endocrine axis resulting in many beneficial changes physically, physiologically and emotionally among the subjects. Yogic practices improve reproductive functions by reducing stress and balancing the Neuro-hormonal profile. Regular practice of yoga also reduces urinary excretion of catecholamine and aldosterone which plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis in the blood pressure, cardiovascular health, and adrenal health there by balancing the secretion of testosterone and progesterone hormones among females. It was also noted there are variations in brain waves (Beta waves to Alpha waves) and decrease in serum Cortisol during yoga therapy indicating lowering of stress level. Yoga is a form of holistic self therapy which binds mind–body and the results showed effective reduction in anxiety symptoms also among subjects suffering with PCOS [3]

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Yogic practices on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) among adolescent girls suffering with polycystic ovary syndrome.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences due to Yogic practices on selected Physiological variable such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Biochemical variable such as Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) than the control group among adolescent girls suffering with polycystic ovary syndrome.

DELIMITATIONS

The study was confined to adolescent girls suffering with polycystic ovary syndrome from Chennai City, India only.
The age of the subject was ranged from 16 to 19 years only.
The study was confined to yogic practices as independent variable only
The study was confined to Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) as dependent variables only.

LIMITATIONS

The factors like Socio-Economical status were not taken into consideration.
The climatic conditions were not considered.
Factors like Life style habits were not taken into consideration.
Subject’s day to day activities were not taken into account.
Diet and Medication followed by subjects was not controlled.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Somayeh Abdolahian et.al., (2020) aimed to compare the effects of lifestyle interventions on anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters in adolescent girls with PCOS. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science published till Dec2019 were s systematically searched to retrieve studies investigating the effects of lifestyle modifications in adolescent girls with PCOS. The primary outcome was Body Mass Index (BMI) and secondary outcomes were all manifestations of PCOS, including clinical, metabolic, and hormonal parameters. Random effect meta-analysis was applied for significant results. Publication bias was assessed using the Egger test. The study showed significant improvements in luteinizing hormone (LH) and Free Androgen Index (FAI) levels in adolescent girls receiving lifestyle intervention compared to baseline. This study also revealed that diet modifications alone were associated with a significant decrease in Body Mass Index (BMI) and FG score. Exercise interventions were associated with significant changes in the menstrual cycles, Ferriman-Gallwey (FG) score, LH, Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) and Triglyceride (TG) levels. This meta-analysis concluded lifestyle interventions, such as diet and exercise, can improve some clinical, metabolic, and hormonal parameters in adolescent girls with PCOS.

Nidhi.R et.al., (2013) did a prospective, randomized, active controlled trial to find the effects of a yoga on endocrine parameters among adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome and compare the yoga with the conventional exercise program.90 adolescent aged between 15 and 18 years girls from a residential college in Andhra Pradesh who satisfied the Rotterdam criteria were randomized into two groups. Group I yoga, while the control group practiced a matching set of physical exercises (1 hour a day, for 12 weeks).Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH-primary outcome), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, prolactin, body-mass index (BMI), hirsutism, and menstrual frequency were measured at beginning and end of 12 weeks.The results of Mann-Whitney test showed significant difference on the selected parameters such as AMH, LH and LH/FSH between the two groups. Also, changes were observed in testosterone and Modified Ferriman and Gallway (mFG) score were significantly different between the two groups. On the other hand, changes in FSH and prolactin during post intervention were not significantly different between the two groups. Body weight and BMI showed not significantly different changes between the two groups, while changes in menstrual frequency were significantly different between the two groups. It was concluded that yoga is better than physical exercise in reducing AMH, LH, and testosterone, mFG score for hirsutism, and improving menstrual frequency with non significant changes in body weight, FSH, and prolactin in adolescent with PCOS.

METHODOLOGY

To achieve the purpose of the study, 60 came forward, 45 were screened and 30 adolescent girls suffering with polycystic ovary syndrome were selected randomly from Chennai city, between the age group of 16and 19 years and they were divided into two groups I and II with 15 subjects in each group. Preliminary test was conducted for the two groups (I and II) on the selected dependent variables before the start of the training program. Group I subjects were given Yogic practices for 60 minutes , six days in a week for a total period of 12 weeks.

Yogic practices such as Pawanmuktasana II, Surya Namaskar followed by Asanas such as Shasangasana, Baddakonasana, Ardhamatsyendrasan, Trikonasana, Viparita Karani, Matsyasana, Patchimotanasana, Shavasan and Pranayama practices such as NadishodanaPranyama, Kapalbati, Brahmari Pranayama followed by Yoga Nidra were given to group I subjects.

Group II (Control Group) subjects were permitted to undergo their routine and normal lifestyle during the course of experiment without any specific training.

After 12 weeks, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)and scores were statistically measured using Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) to find out the significant differences between the two groups. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The data pertaining to the variable collected from the two groups before and after the training period were statistically analyzed by using Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and the hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of confidence.
These are shown in the Tables below.

Table I

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF THE MEANS OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUPAND THE CONTROL GROUP ON BODY MASS INDEX

(SCORES IN Weight (Kg)/Height in m2)

Tests/ Groups	EX. GR-I		CG – II		SV		Sum of Squares		Df	Mean Squares	“F” Ratio
Pre Test		25.39		25.08		B		0.32	1	0.32	0.48
						W		18.68	28	0.67
Post Test		24.07		25.21		B		9.86	1	9.86	21.00*
						W		13.15	28	0.47
Adjusted Post Test		24.04		25.24		B		10.79	1	10.79	25.54*
						W		11.41	27	0.42

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.(Table F ratio at 0.05 level, of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.2, 1and 27= 4.21)

This proved that the differences between the post test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores were calculated and subjected to statistical treatment. The obtained F value 21.00 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to 12 weeks of yogic practices on Body Mass Index (BMI) in line with the study conducted by Somayeh Abdolahian et.al., (2020).

The ordered adjusted means on Body Mass Index (BMI) was presented through bar diagram for better understanding of the results of this study in Figure - 1.

Figure – 1

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON BODY MASS INDEX (Scores in Weight (Kg)/Height in m2)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.(Table F ratio at 0.05 level, of confidence for df 1

and 28= 4.2, 1and 27= 4.21)

Table II

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF THE MEANS OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUP AND THE CONTROL GROUP ON LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN(SCORES IN mg/dL)

Tests/ Groups	EX. GR-I		CG - II		SV		Sum of Squares		Df	Mean Squares	“F” Ratio
Pre Test		123.67		122.87		B		4.80	1	4.80	0.10
						W		1309.07	28	46.75
Post Test		89.47		124.07		B		8978.70	1	8978.70	249.24*
						W		1008.67	28	36.02
Adjusted Post Test		89.31		124.22		B		9110.17	1	9110.17	305.89*
						W		804.12	27	29.78

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.(Table F ratio at 0.05 level, of confidence for df 1 and 28= 4.2, 1and 27= 4.21)

The obtained F value 249.24 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to 12 weeks of yogic practices on Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) in line with the study conducted by Nidhi.R et.al., (2013).

The ordered adjusted means on Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) was presented through bar diagram for better understanding of the results of this study in Figure - 2.

Figure – 2

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL) (Scores in mg/dL)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.(Table F ratio at 0.05 level, of confidence for df 1 and

28= 4.2, 1 and 27= 4.21)

The results of the study showed that Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipo protein(LDL) decreased significantly due to Yogic practices for Group-I than Group II. Hence the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

The above findings were also substantiated by the observations made by experts such as Somayeh Abdolahian et.al., (2020) and Nidhi.R et.al., (2013).

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Physiological variable such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Biochemical variable such as Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)due to yogic practices among adolescent girls with Polycystic ovary Syndrome than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on Body Mass Index (BMI) (Decreased) and Low Density Lipoprotein (Decreased) due to yogic practices than the control group among adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that yogic practices decreased Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein significantly among adolescent girls. Hence, yogic practices are beneficial to adolescent girls suffering with polycystic ovary syndrome to maintain healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) and Low Density Lipoprotein

REFERENCES:

Nidhi, R., Padmalatha, V., Nagarathna, R., & Amritanshu, R. (2011). Prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome in Indian adolescents. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 24(4), 223–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2011.03.002
Goodman, N. F., Cobin, R. H., Futterweit, W., Glueck, J. S., Legro, R. S., Carmina, E., American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), American College of Endocrinology (ACE), & Androgen Excess and PCOS Society (AES) (2015). American Association Of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College Of Endocrinology, And Androgen Excess And Pcos Society Disease State Clinical Review: Guide To The Best Practices In The Evaluation And Treatment Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome--Part 1. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, 21(11), 1291–1300. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP15748.DSC
Sengupta P. (2012). Health Impacts of Yoga and Pranayama: A State-of-the-Art Review. International journal of preventive medicine, 3(7), 444–458.
Abdolahian, S., Tehrani, F.R., Amiri, M. et al. Effect of lifestyle modifications on anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr Disord 20, 71 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-020-00552-1
Nidhi, R., Padmalatha, V., Nagarathna, R., & Amritanshu, R. (2013). Effects of a holistic yoga program on endocrine parameters in adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 19(2), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2011.0868
Singla, R., Gupta, Y., Khemani, M., & Aggarwal, S. (2015). Thyroid disorders and polycystic ovary syndrome: An emerging relationship. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism, 19(1), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.146860

Vol.2/2021/142

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES WITH AND WITHOUT DIET MODIFICATIONS ON SELECTED RESPIRATORY PARAMETERS AMONG MIDDLE AGED ASTHMATIC WOMEN

* S.Srimathi, **Dr. R. Elangovan, *Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India., **Professor & Head, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India. E-Mail ID: relangovantnpesu@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of random group experimental study was to find out the effect of Yogic practices on selected respiratory parameters among middle aged asthmatic women. To achieve the purpose of the study, 45 middle aged asthmatic women were selected using random sampling method from fire-works factory at Sivakasi, Virudhunagar dist, aged between 35years and 50 years. The subjects were divided into two experimental (I & II) and one control group (III) of 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on respiratory parameters such as forced vital capacity and pulmonary function among asthmatic women fire workers due to the influences of yogic practices. Experimental Group I underwent training with yogic practices and diet modification for 12 weeks, six days a week for maximum of 75 minutes in the morning .The Experimental Group II underwent training for the same period of 12 weeks. The control group III was kept in active rest. The pre-test and post test was conducted before and after the training for all three groups. Forced vital capacity and pulmonary function were measured. The data collected from the groups before and after the training period were statistically analyzed by using Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and tested at 0.05 level of confidence. The result of the study showed that the forced vital capacity and pulmonary function increases as the result of Yogic practices. Hence the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence it is concluded that the Yogic practices helped to improve the forced vital capacity and pulmonary function among middle aged asthmatic women.

KEYWORDS: Yoga, asthma, forced vital capacity and pulmonary function.

INTRODUCTION

Asthma is characterized by a predisposition to chronic inflammation of the lungs in which the airways (bronchi) are reversibly narrowed. Asthma affects 7% of the population of the United States, 6.5% of British people and a total of 300 million worldwide. During asthma attacks (exacerbations of asthma), the smooth muscle cells in the bronchi constrict, the airways become inflamed and swollen, and breathing becomes difficult. This is often referred to as a tight chest and is a sign to immediately take medication.

Yoga Therapy is an important aspect of the multidimensional natural and metaphysical healing paradigm. Healthy life style with Yoga practices will be a great relief as well as managing asthma for the asthmatic adult women and means to promote the positive health as it helps in relieving stress as well as brings about the required physical, emotional and mental balance.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on selected respiratory parameter such as forced vital capacity and pulmonary function due to yogic practices among middle aged asthmatic women.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Yogic practices with and without diet modification on selected respiratory parameter among middle aged asthmatic women.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences due to Yogic practices with and without diet modification on selected respiratory parameters such as forced vital capacity and pulmonary function among middle aged Asthmatic women than the control group.
It was hypothesized that Yogic practices with diet modification would be slightly effective than Yogic practices without diet modification on selected respiratory parameters such as forced vital capacity and pulmonary function among middle aged Asthmatic women.

DELIMITATIONS

The study was confined to the middle aged asthmatic women.
The age of the subjects was between 35 and 50 years only.
The subjects were selected from various fireworks factories in Sivakasi only.
The independent variables were yogic practices and diet modification only.
The dependent variables were forced vital capacity and pulmonary function only.

LIMITATIONS

Various social, cultural and economic differences among the subjects were not considered.
Influence of heredity and environmental factors were not taken in to account.
The subjects’ living conditions, life style, personal habits and family were not taken into consideration.
The subjects’ routine activities were considered as limitations of the study.
Subjects were instructed to follow the dietary patterns. Personal observation on the dietary patterns of the subjects was not controlled.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Puckett J.L, Taylor R.W,et.al.,(2010) conducted the study on an elevated bronchodilator response predicts large airway inflammation in mild asthma at Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine,California. In this study, Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) is elevated in asthmatics and is a purported marker of airway inflammation. The bronchodilator response (BDR) has also been shown to correlate with markers of airway inflammation, including eNO at 50 ml/sec (FE (NO, 50)) which is comprised of NO from both the proximal and distal airways. Using eNO at multiple flows and a two-compartment model of NO exchange,the eNO signal can be partitioned into its proximal [J’aw (NO) (nl/sec)] and distal contributions [CA (NO) (ppb)]. We hypothesized that the BDR reflects the inflammatory status of the larger airways with smooth muscle, and thus would correlate with Jaw (NO). In 179 predominantly (95%) Hispanic children with mild asthma (69 steroid naïve), and 21 non-asthmatic non-atopic controls, spirometry and eNO at multiple flows were measured prior and 10 min following inhalation of albuterol. A trumpet-shaped axial diffusion model of NO exchange was used to characterize Jaw (NO) and CA (NO).The BDR correlated moderately (r = 0.44) with proximal airway NO (Jaw (NO)), but weakly (r = 0.26) with distal airway/alveolar NO (CA (NO)), and only in inhaled corticosteroid naïve asthmatics. A BDR cut point as low as >/=8% had a positivepredictive value of 83% for predicting an elevated Jaw (NO) or FE (NO, 50). We conclude that the BDR reflects inflammation in the large airways, and may be an effective clinical tool to predict elevated large airway inflammation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Mandhane PJ, et .al., (2010) conducted the study on A child's asthma quality of life rating does not significantly influence management of their asthma at Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. A randomized control trial of the Roaring Adventures of Puff (RAP) education program was completed among 287 grade two-five children with asthma. Parents and children completed a quality of life (QOL) questionnaire pre-intervention, six and 12 months post-intervention. We hypothesized that RAP altered how parent's assessed their child's QOL with a resultant change in asthma management. Pre-intervention, parents rated their child's overall QOL higher than their child (parent 5.41 [95% CI 5.24, 5.58] vs. child 4.54 [95% CI 4.32, 4.75]; P <0.001: paired t-test). For every point increase in the parent's overall QOL score, the child was 36% less likely to receive inhaled corticosteroids in the prior two weeks (OR 0.64,95% CI 0.46, 0.88; P = 0.024) and 46% less likely to have missed school due to asthma in the prior six months (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.36, 0.82; P = 0.016: logistic regression). The child's QOL assessment, beyond that provided by their parent, was not associated with the asthma management outcomes examined. They conclude, Parent's QOL perception, and not the child's, is associated with asthma management. RAP decreased the parent'sQOL symptoms assessment and was important in determining the child's asthma management. Pediatr Pulmonol. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

METHODOLOGY

To fulfil the goal of the random group experimental study, 110 came forward, 90 were screened and 45 middle aged asthmatic women were selected at random working at various fire factories at Sivakasi. The age of the subjects ranged between 35 and 50years. The subjects were assigned into two experimental groups and one control group with 15 subjects each. First experimental group was involved in yogic practices for 12 weeks with diet modification, Second experimental group was involved in yogic practices for 12 weeks only and the third control group kept in active rest.

The Yogic Practices given to the experimental group include Sitilikarana, Vyayama ,Surya Namaskar ,Vrkshasana , Padahastasana , Halasana ,Sarvangasana , Matsyasana , Bhujangasana ,Shalabasana ,Ustrasana , Sethubandha sarvangasana,Parvatasana, Savasana ,Mahamudra , Ujjai in vajrasana, Kapalapathi in padmasana, Nadishodhana in siddhaasana, and Meditation.

The selected variables such as respiratory parameters and pulmonary functions were measured by spirometer and pulmonary function test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The data pertaining to the variables collected from two groups before and after the training period were statistically analysed by using Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) on FVC (forced vital capacity) of yogic practices on and control group was analysed and presented in table 1.

TABLE – I

ANALYSIS OF CO-VARIANCE OF THE MEANS OF TWO EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND THE CONTROL GROUP IN FORCED VITAL CAPACITY

(Scores in litres)

Tests/ Groups	EX.GR-I	EX.GR-II	CG	S O V	Sum of Squares	Df	Mean Squares	“F” Ratio
Pre Test	2.43	2.46	2.44	B	0.01	2	0.00	0.02
				W	9.80	42	0.23
Post Test	3.38	2.76	2.43	B	6.98	2	3.49	9.40*
				W	15.60	42	0.37
Adjusted Post Test	3.39	2.96	2.38	B	7.01	2	3.50	9.29*
				W	15.46	41	0.38

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for

df 2 and 42 = 3.22, 2 and 41 = 3.23).

The obtained F ratio on pre- test scores 0.02 was lesser than the required F value of 3.22 to be significant at 0.05 level. This proved that there was no significant difference between the groups in pre- test and the randomization at the pre- test was equal. The post test scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups, as they obtained F value 9.40 was greater than the required F value of 3.22. This proved that the differences between the post-test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores calculated. The obtained F value was 9.29, which was greater than required F value of 3.23. This proved that there was significant difference among the means due to 12 weeks of yogic practices with diet modification and yogic practices without diet modification on selected variables as in line with study conducted by Puckett J.L, Taylor R.W,et.al.,(2010).

To find out which of the paired means had a significant difference, the Scheffe’s post-hoc test is applied and the results are presented in table II.

TABLE – II

SCHEFFE’S POST-HOC TEST FOR FORCED VITAL CAPACITY

Mean Values			MD	Required C.I
EX.GR-I	EX.GR-II	CG	MD	Required C.I
3.39	2.96		0.63*	0.57
3.39		2.38	1.01*
	2.96	2.38	0.58*

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

Table II shows that the adjusted post-test mean difference in Forced vital capacity between EX.GR-I (yogic practices with diet modification) and CG and between EX.GR-II (yogic practices without diet modification) and CG 0.63,1.01 and 0.58 are respectively, which were statistically significant at 0.05 level of confidence. At the same time that there was no significant difference on forced vital capacity between the EX.GR-I (yogic practices with diet modification) and EX.GR-II (yogic practices without diet modification). However, EX.GR-I (yogic practices with diet modification) was to be found better in reduce the Forced vital capacity than the EX.GR-II (yogic practices without diet modification).

The ordered adjusted means on Forced Vital Capacity were presented through bar diagram for better understanding of the results of this study in Figure-1.

FIGURE-1

Bar diagram showing the mean difference among Experimental Group I,

Experimental Group II and Control Group of Forced Vital Capacity

(Scores in litres)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

RESULTS OF PULMONARY FUNCTION

The Pulmonary function was measured through Spiro meter. The Table III shows the variance of pulmonary function test among EX.GR-I (Yogic practices with diet modification), EX.GR-II (Yogic practices without diet modification) and Control Group (No training) of Asthmatic women fire workers.

TABLE – III

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF THE MEANS OF TWO EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AND THE CONTROL GROUP IN PULMONARY FUNCTION

(Scores in liters)

Tests/ Groups	EX.GR-I	EX.GR-II	CG	S O V	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Squares	“F” Ratio
Pre Test	3.50	3.59	3.50	B	0.08	2	0.04	0.19
				W	8.69	42	0.21
Post Test	4.43	3.47	2.07	B	42.04	2	21.02	31.62*
				W	27.92	42	0.66
Adjusted Post Test	4.41	3.51	2.06	B	42.28	2	21.14	34.43*
				W	25.17	41	0.61

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for df 2

and 42 = 3.22, 2 and 41 = 3.23).

The obtained F ratio on pre- test scores 0.19 was lesser than the required F value of 3.22 to be significant at 0.05 level. This proved that there was no significant difference between the groups in pre- test and the randomization at the pre- test was equal. The post test scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups, as they obtained F value 31.62 was greater than the required F value of 3.22. This proved that the differences between the post test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores calculated. The obtained F value was 34.43, which was greater than required F value of 3.23. This proved that there was significant difference among the means due to 12 weeks of yogic practices with diet modification and yogic practices without diet modification on selected variables as in line with study conducted by Mandhane PJ, et .al., (2010).

To find out which of the paired means had a significant difference, the Scheffe’s post-hoc test is applied and the results are presented in table IV.

TABLE – IV

SCHEFFE’S POST-HOC TEST FOR PULMONARY FUNCTION

Mean Values			MD	Required C.I
EX.GR-I	EX.GR-II	CG	MD	Required C.I
4.41	3.51		0.90*	0.73
4.41		2.06	2.35*
	3.51	2.06	1.45*

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

Table IV shows that the adjusted post-test mean difference in Pulmonary function test between EX.GR-I (yogic practices with diet modification) and CG and between EX.GR-II (yogic practices without diet modification) and CG are 0.90, 2.35 and 1.45 respectively, which were statistically significant at 0.05 level of confidence. At the same time that there was no significant difference on Pulmonary function between the EX.GR-I (yogic practices with diet modification) and EX.GR-II (yogic practices without diet modification). However, EX.GR-I (yogic practices with diet modification) was to be found better in reduce the pulmonary function than the EX.GR-II (yogic practices without diet modification).

The ordered adjusted means on Pulmonary Function were presented through bar diagram for better understanding of the results of this study in Figure -2.

FIGURE-2

Bar diagram showing the mean difference among Experimental Group I,

Experimental Group II and Control Group of Pulmonary Function

(Scores in litres)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected respiratory parameters such as forced vital capacity and pulmonary function due to yogic practices with and without diet modifications among middle aged asthmatic women than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on forced vital capacity (Increased) and pulmonary function (Increased) due to yogic practices than the control group among middle aged asthmatic women. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected respiratory parameters such as forced vital capacity and pulmonary function due to yogic practices with diet modifications and yogic practices without diet modifications among middle aged asthmatic women. The results from the post hoc test proved that there were significant differences on forced vital capacity (Increased) and pulmonary function (Increased) due to yogic practices with diet modifications than due to yogic practices without diet modifications among middle aged asthmatic women.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that yogic practices with and without diet modifications increased forced vital capacity and pulmonary function significantly among middle aged asthmatic women. Hence, yogic practices with and without diet modifications are beneficial to middle aged asthmatic women.

REFERENCES

Puckett, J.L., Taylor, R.W., Leu, SY. et al. Clinical patterns in asthma based on proximal and distal airway nitric oxide categories. Respir Res 11, 47 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-11-47
Mandhane, P. J., Paredes Zambrano de Silbernagel, P., Aung, Y. N., Williamson, J., Lee, B. E., Spier, S., Noseworthy, M., Craig, W. R., & Johnson, D. W. (2017). Treatment of preschool children presenting to the emergency department with wheeze with azithromycin: A placebo-controlled randomized trial. PloS one, 12(8), e0182411. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182411

Vol.2/2021/143

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON BODY MASS INDEX AND STRESS AMONG MIDDLE AGED WOMEN SUFFERING FROM

VARICOSE VEINS

*K. Srividhya, **Dr. Radha Bhai, *Full –Time Ph.D., Scholar, Faculty of Yoga Sciences and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be university), No.12, Vembuliamman Koil Street, West K.K.Nagar, Chennai-78, Tamil Nadu, India. E- Mail ID: shreekha1226@gmail.com. ** Department of OBG, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Enathur, Kanchipuram.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Stress among middle aged women suffering from varicose veins. For this purpose of study, 30 middle aged women suffering from varicose veins were selected randomly by using random group sampling method from Chennai city and their age was ranged between 35 and 45 years. The selected subjects were divided into two groups i.e., experimental group I and control group II of 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences among middle aged women suffering from varicose veins on selected Physiological and Psychological variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Stress due to yogic practices than the control group. Experimental group underwent yogic practices for 60 minutes, Six days a week for a total period of 12 weeks. Practices include Loosening the Joints, Asanas, breathing and relaxation techniques. Control group did not undergo any treatment but in active rest. Pre-test and post test was conducted on selected dependent variables, such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Stress levels before and after the training. The collected data were analyzed with Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA). The level of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference on Body Mass Index (BMI) (decreased) and Stress (reduced) due to 12 weeks of yogic practices among middle aged women suffering from varicose veins. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence it is concluded that Yogic practices are beneficial for middle aged women suffering from varicose veins to maintain healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) and to overcome Stress.

Key words: Yogic Practices, Body Mass Index (BMI), and Stress.

INTRODUCTION

Varicose veins, also known as varicose or varicosities occur when your veins become enlarged, dilated, and overfilled with blood. Varicose veins typically appear swollen and raised, and have a bluish-purple or red colour. The condition is very common, especially in women. Around 25 percent of all adults have varicose veins. In most cases, varicose veins appear on the lower legs. They are often painful.

Varicose veins and spider veins are swollen, twisted veins that usually appear on the legs. Women are more likely to have varicose veins and spider veins. Pregnancy, older age, and obesity can increase your risk of varicose veins and spider veins.

Stages of varicose veins:

Stage one – spider veins. These small, reddish-purple veins – visible on the legs, ankles, neck, face, and other areas – are not necessarily related to varicose veins, but they are caused by the same underlying chronic venous insufficiency. They are more common in women than in men.
Stage two – enlarged, ropy varicose veins. These swollen veins are in many cases “stage one” of the disease, because as noted they are not necessarily preceded by spider veins. This is the stage at which people often first become aware that they have a vein disease. The swollen veins may be accompanied by itching, burning, or numbness along the veins themselves, and by tired, weak, or achy legs. This is the best stage at which to treat them.
Stage three – oedema (swelling), but without skin changes. In this stage, swelling of the legs and ankles increases because chronic venous insufficiency has impaired the circulatory system’s ability to reabsorb fluid. Elevation of the limbs may help, but will not cure the disease or reduce the swelling much.
Stage four – skin changes and discoloration. As the disease progresses, venous congestion and poor circulation can lead to changes in skin colour and texture. The skin on your legs can become reddish-brown or white in colour, and take on a more leathery texture that leaves it brittle and prone to injury.
Stage five – skin changes with healed ulceration. In this stage, scratches or injuries to the toughened skin may heal with treatment, often leaving scars.
Stage six – skin changes with active ulceration. In this final stage of CVI, injuries to the skin and leg ulcers refuse to heal even with treatment, and can leave your legs literally covered with bleeding, open sores.

Causes:

Varicose veins occur when veins aren’t functioning properly. Veins have one-way valves that prevent blood from flowing backward. When these valves fail, blood begins to collect in the veins rather than continuing toward your heart. The veins then enlarge. Varicose veins often affect the legs. The veins there are the farthest from your heart, and gravity makes it harder for the blood to flow upward.

Some potential causes for varicose veins include:

Pregnancy
Menopause
Age Over 50
Standing for long periods of time
Obesity
Family history of varicose veins

Signs and symptoms:

The primary symptoms of varicose veins are highly visible, misshapen veins, usually on your legs. You may also have pain, swelling, heaviness, and achiness over or around the enlarged veins.

Veins that are dark purple or blue in colour
Veins that appear twisted and bulging; they are often like cords on your legs

An achy or heavy feeling in your legs
Burning, throbbing, muscle cramping and swelling in your lower legs
Worsened pain after sitting or standing for a long time
Itching around one or more of your veins
Skin discoloration around a varicose vein

Spider veins are similar to varicose veins, but they're smaller. Spider veins are found closer to the skin's surface and are often red or blue.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to find out whether there would be any significant difference on selected body mass index (BMI) and stress among middle aged women suffering from varicose veins.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on body mass index (BMI) and stress among middle aged women suffering from varicose veins.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences due to yogic practices on the selected body mass index (BMI) and stress among middle aged women suffering from varicose veins than the control group.

DELIMITATIONS

The study was confined to middle aged women suffering from varicose veins only.
The age of the subjects was ranging from 35 to 45 years only.
The subjects were selected from Chennai only.
The independent variable was yogic practices only.
The study was confined to dependent variables such as body mass index (BMI) and stress only.

LIMITATIONS

The Factors like Socio-Economical status were not taken into consideration.
The climatic conditions were not considered.
Factors like Life style habits were not taken into consideration.
Subjects’ day to day activities were not taken into account.
Diet and Medication followed by subjects was not controlled.

REVIEWS ON RELATED LITERATURE

SiddappaNaragattiet.al.,(2019) found that a 39 years old married Hindu female patient working as house wife came with the following problems such as pain in both the legs due to varicosity of veins, stress, hyperacidity, weakness and decreased concentration in the last 2-3 months. While examine they found her B.P. is 100/70mm/Hg and weight 65.5kg. The expert gave yoga therapy session of one hour for 6 days per week for 45 days followed by proper diet. Regular yogic practices with proper medical counseling and guidance helped patient to regain physical and mental health. In this case patient experienced the satisfaction within one and half month of regular practice & her investigation reports supported the result. Radiologist acknowledged that the varicosity of affected veins had reduced significantly. Inverted Asanas contribute a lot to unloading the veins of lower extremities and pelvis. Combinations of upside-down poses and dynamic movements of the feet(rotation, flexion, extension in the ankle joints), performance of Uddiyana Bandha in inverted Asanas – all these are good for venous and lymphatic system of the legs. Venous system of the pelvis benefits from twisting variations of inverted Asanas, such as Sarvangasana and others. In this case patient feel the changes that yoga reduces the varicosity of vein and stress, same in naturopathy treatment improves the circulation of blood and reduce the swelling of veins and diet followed by her helped in preventing blood clots and acts like a natural blood thinner.

Deepak Kumar Semwal et.al., (2017)The present study was conducted to determine the effect of yoga practice on 64 participants (age 53.6 ± 13.1 years) (experimental group) whereas the results were compared with 26 healthy volunteers (control group). We examined the effects of yoga on physiological parameters in a 1-month pilot study. Most of the participants were learner and practiced yoga for 1 h daily in the morning for 1 month. BMI and BP (systolic and diastolic) were studied before and after 1 month of yoga practice. Yoga practice causes decreased BMI (26.4 ± 2.5-25.22 ± 2.4), systolic BP (136.9 ± 22.18 mmHg to 133 ± 21.38 mmHg), and diastolic BP (84.7 ± 6.5 mmHg to 82.34 ± 7.6 mmHg). On the other hand, no significant changes were observed in BMI and BP of control group. This study concludes that yoga practice has potential to control BMI and BP without taking any medication.

METHODOLOGY

To facilitate random group Experimental design study, 80 came forward, 50 were screened and 30 subjects were selected at random using random sampling method. Subjects are divided into two groups with each group consisting of 15 each. Among this one would be controlling group and no practice was given. The experimental group underwent yogic practices such as loosening exercise 10 mins, Suryanamaskar 3 rounds, Asanas 20 minutes which include Tadasana, Uttanasana, Navasana, Viparita karani, Sarvangasana, Matsyasana, Pawanamuktasana, Padahastasana and Pranayama for 12 min., Meditation, Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT), and finally Uddiyana bhandha, Madhyama nauli. Here initial and final test would be taken on all the two groups. And comparative analysis is made by statistical methods. The difference between initial and final scores on physiological and Psychological variables would be considered as the effect of yoga on subjects. The mean difference would be tested significance using Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) among the groups. The training period would be 12 weeks – six days a week except Sundays for 60 minutes. Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between experimental group and the control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The data pertaining to the variable collected from the two groups before and after the training period were statistically analyzed by using Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and the hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of confidence.
These are shown in the Tables below.

TABLE I

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF CO-VARIANCE OF TRAINING GROUP AND CONTROL GROUP ON BMI (SCORE)

Test	Group-A Yogic Practices	Group-B Control Group	Source of Variation	Degrees of Freedom	Sum of Squares	Mean Sum of Squares	F-Ratio


Pre	25.65	25.41	Between	1	0.43	0.43	0.32
			With in	28	37.57	1.34
Post	23.63	25.45	Between	1	24.66	24.66	26.17*
			With in	28	26.39	0.94
Adjusted Post	23.61	25.47	Between	1	25.77	25.77	28.17*
			With in	27	24.70	0.91

** Significant at 0.05 level of BMI. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of bmi for 1 and 28 (df) = 4.2, 1 and 27 (df) = 4.21)

The obtained F value on pre test scores 0.32 was lesser than the required F value of 4.2 to be significant at 0.05 level. This proved that there was no significant difference between the groups a pretest and posttest and the randomization at the pretest was equal. The post test scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups, as obtained F value 26.17 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that the differences between the post-test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post-test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores were calculated and subjected to statistical treatment. The obtained F value 28.17 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to 12 weeks of yogic practices on Body Mass Index (BMI) in line with the study conducted by Deepak Kumar Semwal et.al., (2017).

The ordered adjusted means on Body Mass Index (BMI) was presented through bar diagram for better understanding of the results of this study in Figure - 1.

Figure – 1

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE ADJUSTED POST TEST MEANS OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS ON BMI (SCORE)

* Significant at 0.05 level of BMI. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of bmi for 1 and 28 (df) = 4.2, 1 and 27 (df) = 4.21)

TABLE II

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF CO-VARIANCE OF TRAINING GROUP AND CONTROL GROUP ON STRESS (SCORE)

Test	Group-A Yogic Practices	Group-B Control Group	Source of Variation	Degrees of Freedom	Sum of Squares	Mean Sum of Squares	F-Ratio


Pre	41.27	40.80	Between	1	40.80	40.80	0.64
			With in	28	1773.33	63.33
Post	28.73	43.27	Between	1	1584.13	1584.13	41.00*
			With in	28	1081.87	38.64
Adjusted Post	28.58	43.42	Between	1	1652.02	1652.02	162.75*
			With in	27	274.07	10.15

* Significant at 0.05 level of STRESS. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of stress for 1 and 28 (df) = 4.2, 1 and 27 (df) = 4.21)

The obtained F value on pre test scores 0.64 was lesser than the required F value of 4.2 to be significant at 0.05 level. This proved that there was no significant difference between the groups a pretest and posttest and the randomization at the pretest was equal. The post test scores analysis proved that there was significant difference between the groups, as obtained F value 41.00 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that the differences between the post-test means of the subjects were significant. Taking into consideration the pre and post-test scores among the groups, adjusted mean scores were calculated and subjected to statistical treatment. The obtained F value 162.75 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to 12 weeks of yogic practices on Stress in line with the study conducted by Siddappa Naragattiet.al., (2019)

Figure – II

BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE ADJUSTED POST TEST MEANS OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS ON STRESS (SCORES IN MARKS)

* Significant at 0.05 level of STRESS. (Table F ratio at 0.05 level of STRESS for 1 and 28 (df) = 4.2, 1 and 27 (df) = 4.21)

The results of the study showed that Stress reduced significantly due to Yogic practices for Group-I than Group II. Hence the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

The above findings were also substantiated by the observations made by experts such as Deepakumar Semwal et.al., (2017) and SiddappaNaragattiet.al., (2019)

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Physiological variable such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and Psychological variable such as Stress due to yogic practices among middle aged women suffering from varicose veins than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on Body Mass Index (BMI) (Decreased) and Stress (Reduced) due to yogic practices than the control group among middle aged women suffering from varicose veins.

CONCLUSIONS

It was concluded that yogic practices decreased Body Mass Index (BMI) and reduced Stress significantly among middle aged women suffering from varicose veins. Hence, yogic practices are beneficial for middle aged women suffering from varicose veins to maintain healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) and to overcome stress.

REFERENCES:

SiddappaNaragatti et.al., (2019) Case study on patient with varicose veins, International Journal of Current Advanced Research 8(10(B)):20198-20200 DOI: 10.24327/ijcar.2019.20200.3938

Chauhan A, Semwal DK, Mishra SP, Semwal RB. Yoga Practice Improves the Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Yoga. 2017 May-Aug;10(2):103-106. DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_46_16

Vol.2/2021/144

“Vipassana Meditation as an Effective Technique of Stress Management”

Dr.Usman Ganni Jainoddin.

osmanganijainodin@gmail.com

Director of Physical Education & Sport

Kai.Vasantrao Kale senior college,

Nanded.

ABSTRACT

Meditation. Vipassana is one of the world’s most ancient meditative techniques. It was practiced 25 centuries ago by Gotama the Buddha, who said he had rediscovered a much older practice. Vipassana is a way of self-transformation through self-observation. It focuses on the deep interconnection between mind and body, which can be experienced directly by disciplined attention to the physical sensations that form the life of the body, and that continuously interconnect and condition the life of the mind Purity of Vipassana Meditation (The Tradition) Since the time of Buddha, Vipassana has been handed down, to the present day, by an unbroken chain of teachers. Although Indian by descent, the current teacher in this chain, Mr. S.N. Goenka, was born and raised in Burma (Myanmar).Vipassana, which means to see things as they really are, is one of Indias most ancient techniques The mind can purify itself. A part of the mind is always observing what is happening and it can do the task of improving the mind Pure breath is when there is only breath. The moment something else, like a word or an image, is added to the breath it becomes impure The flow of breath that happens naturally, without making any extra effort. It may be soft or hard, slow or fast, but we never try to change how it is a pure mind is full of love, goodwill and compassion for everyone Because we want to know the truth about ourselves. By meditating with only pure breath, and nothing else, we start to experience this truth Conclusion. If this law, if this nature is merely accepted at the intellectual level, or devotional level, the benefit will be minimal-it may inspire you to practise. But the real benefit accrues through the actual practice.

KEY WORDS : VIPASSANA,TRADITION,MIND,ANAPANA,PURE,

INTRODUCTION

Vipassana, which means to see things as they really are, is one of Indias most ancient techniques of meditation. It was rediscovered by Gotama Buddha more than 2500 years ago and was taughtby him as a universal remedy for universal ills, i.e., an Art Of Living. This non-sectarian technique aims for the total eradication of mental impurities and the resultant highest happiness of full liberation. Stress-management refers to the wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person’s levels of stress, especially chronic stress, for the purpose of improving day to day functioning of life. Today the term ‘stress’ refers only to a stress with significant negative consequences, or distress as advocated by Hans Selye(1936, 56),rather than positive stress, which he calls eustress. Hans Selye(1956) described Stress as a non – specific (physiological) response of the body to a demand made upon it. Most of the psychologists define stress as the physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges the individual and requires some form of adaptation or adjustment (Wood & Wood, 1999).Stress produces numerous symptoms which vary according to persons, situations, and severity. The process of stress management is one of the keys which help the person to achieve a happy and successful life in modern society (PaulSusic;2013).Stress-management is normally a coping strategy which is defined as an adaptive response to stress; a response intended to eliminate, ameliorate or change the stress producing factors or intended to modify the individual’s reaction to stressful situation in a beneficial way (Newmen&Beehr ,1979).Pestonjee (1989) has stated that effective management of stress involves directing stress for productive purposes, preparing role occupants to understand the nature of stress, helping role occupants to understand their strength and usual styles and equip them to develop approach strategies of coping with stress. Among several available practical stress management techniques, some are useful for Health- practitioners and others are for Self-help, which may help an individual to reduce stress, provide positive feelings of being in control of one’s life and promote general well-being. Because people feel difficulty in managing stress, therefore, psychologists have increasingly turned their attention on meditation to prove it as an effective technique of Stress-management that can be taught through workshop. Vipassana is one of India’s most ancient meditation techniques ,which may help an individual to reduce stress, pro vide positive feelings of being in control of one’s life and promote general well-being. It is a Self-help stress-management technique, which needs significant attention of researchers working in the area of stress management, today.Vipassana means to see clearly, to observe thoroughly, to investigate penetratingly in various ways, the true nature of things, precisely, as they really are; seeing beyond what is ordinarily observed, not superficial seeing, not seeing mere appearances, but going deeply into every aspect of the things under observation (UKO Lay 2005- Manual of Vipassana meditation p-52)], thus, Vipassana means insight to see or observe the things as they really are`, not as just they seen to be. It is a logical process of mental purification through self observation and introspection. It is a non-sectarian, scientific, result-oriented technique of truth realization. The technique of Vipassana is a simple, practical way to achieve real peace of mind and to lead a happy and stress free life.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND —VIPASSANA MEDITATION

Vipassana is one of the world’s most ancient meditative techniques. It was practiced 25 centuries ago by Gotama the Buddha, who said he had rediscovered a much older practice. After his enlightenment in 528 BCE, the Buddha spent the remaining 45 years of his life teaching the way out of suffering. Vipassana is the essence of what he taught. The Buddha’s teaching is known by the general term Dhamma (Sanskrit: Dharma). For five centuries Vipassana helped millions of people in India, the Buddha’s homeland. This era saw the matchless reign of the great EmperorAsoka (273-236 BCE) who united India and initiated a golden age of peace and prosperity.Asoka also sent ambassadors of Dhamma to all the neighboring kingdoms (including what has become Myanmar in modern times), thereby spreading both the practice and the words of the Buddha. After about 500 years the practice of Vipassana had disappeared from India. Fortunately it was maintained by a continuous chain of meditation teachers in the neighboring country ofMyanmar (Burma) until the present day.In our time, Vipassana has been reintroduced to India and to people from all over the world byS. N. Goenka, a retired industrialist of Indian heritage who was born in Myanmar. He learned the technique of Vipassana from Sayagyi U Ba Khin, the renowned lay Vipassana teacher who was the first to teach westerners in English. U Ba Khin appointed him to teach Vipassana in 1969.

WHAT IS VIPASSANA ?

Vipassana is a way of self-transformation through self-observation. It focuses on the deepinterconnection between mind and body, which can be experienced directly by disciplinedattention to the physical sensations that form the life of the body, and that continuouslyinterconnect andcondition the life of the mind. It is this observation-based, self-exploratory journey to the common root of mind and body that dissolves mental impurity,resulting in a balanced mind full of love and compassion. Scientific Law of Vipassana Meditation The scientific laws that operate one's thoughts, feelings, judgements and sensations become clear. Through direct experience, the nature of how one grows or regresses, how one produces suffering or frees oneself from suffering is understood. Life becomes characterized by increased awareness, non-delusion, self-control and peace.

PURITY OF VIPASSANA MEDITATION

THE TRADITION

Since the time of Buddha, Vipassana has been handed down, to the present day, by an unbroken chain of teachers. Although Indian by descent, the current teacher in this chain, Mr. S.N. Goenka, was born and raised in Burma (Myanmar). While living there he had the good fortune to learn Vipassana from his teacher, Sayagyi U Ba Khin who was at the time a high Government official. After receiving training from his teacher for fourteen years, Mr. Goenka settled in India and began teaching Vipassana in 1969. Since then he has taught tens of thousands of people of all races and all religions in both the East and West. In 1982 he began to appoint assistant teachers to help him meet the growing demand for Vipassana courses.

VIPASSANA MEDITATION FOR CHILDREN & YOUTH

By learning how to control the mind, we start to get rid of negative habits and develop good

mental qualities instead.

A)If our mind is Cool, We

1. Make good decisions

2. Don’t get confused

3. Make less mistakes

4. Don’t get angry or feel afraid

5. Attract respect from others

B) If our mind is Calm, We

1. Become peaceful and happy

2. Are less worried and frustrated

3. Don’t get stressed about work or exams

4. Can pay more attention to people you love

5. Find people will like you more

c) If our mind is Concentrated, We

1. Get less distracted by useless things

2. Find it easier to focus and learn

3. Perform better in sports and games

4. Make better music and art

5. Will be more trustworthy

BEGINNING WITH ANAPANA MEDITATION

You observe the breath coming in and going out, without allowing any other thoughts. Usually when pleasant thoughts come in the mind, we want something, and with unpleasant thoughts, there is dislike. But when we are simply observing the breath, even for a few moments, there are no negativities polluting the mind. As these moments of purity become longer, the mindgradually becomes cleaner. It is initially at the surface level, but this prepares you to later practise Vipassana meditation, which will clean down to the roots.

WHAT IS THE MIND?

The mind is what thinks! The mind can be helpful or harmful. If the mind has poor habits, it will have negative feelings towards others. If we make the effort to train the mind to improve itself, the thoughts will be more good-natured and loving towards others and ourselves.

HOW CAN THE MIND IMPROVE?

The mind can purify itself. A part of the mind is always observing what is happening and it can do the task of improving the mind. If it learns to observe things as they are, then it will understand that when there are negative thoughts or emotions, the mind is distressed. As this observing part of the mind becomes stronger, the reacting parts of the mind become weaker. The mind becomes more pure and the suffering is removed.How can we keep focused when the mind is full of thoughts?That is exactly why we meditate. If the mind was already able to stay focused, you would not need to meditate. The mind keeps wandering – this is its habit. All kinds of thoughts come, mostly about the past or the future. The important thing is how soon we become aware the mind has wandered. Our job is to keep bringing the mind back to observing the breath.

WHAT IS PURE BREATH?

Pure breath is when there is only breath. The moment something else, like a word or an image, is added to the breath it becomes impure. In Anapana meditation, we work only with pure breath, nothing else added.

WHAT IS NATURAL BREATH?

The flow of breath that happens naturally, without making any extra effort. It may be soft or hard, slow or fast, but we never try to change how it is. The natural breath comes in and goes out without any effort on our part. Our job is just to observe it.

DO WE OBSERVE WHY ONLY THE BREATH?

Because we want to know the truth about ourselves. By meditating with only pure breath,andnothing else, we start to experience this truth. Our breath is related to our body and also to our mind. We are observing the breath, and in the process, we begin to know our mind. When thoughts come in the mind, the mind reacts to these thoughts, and the breath changes. When weget angry or upset, we notice that the breath becomes harder and faster. As the mind calms down, the breath returns to normal. As we understand the mind through observing the breath, we are able to strengthen our good qualities.

WHAT ARE THE QUALITIES OF A PURE MIND?

A pure mind is full of love, goodwill and compassion for everyone. It does not generate anger, ill-will, hatred or greed. With a pure mind, our thoughts and actions are kind and helpful to ourselves and others.

CONCLUSION

If this law, if this nature, is merely accepted at the intellectual level, or devotional level, the benefit will be minimal-it may inspire you to practise. But the real benefit accrues through the actual practice. You may call yourself a Hindu, or a Muslim, or a Christian, or a Jain, or a Buddhist. You may call yourself an Indian, or a Pakistani, or a Sri Lankan, or a Burmese, or an American, or a Russian. But the moment you generate negativity in the mind, the law of nature is such that you are bound to become miserable. Nobody can save you from your misery. If you do not generate negativity in your mind, however, you will notice that you are not miserable. A mind that is free of defilements, a pure mind, is again by nature full of love, full of compassion, full of sympathetic joy and full of equanimity.

REFERENCES

1. Ahmad Safia., Ahmjad Hanon., & Sumboo S.S.(1988) Personality study of individualsregularly practicing transcendental meditation technique. Journal of Personality andClinical Studies,4(1), 89-92.

2. Aminabhavi Vijayalaxmi A. (1996). Effect of yogic practice on attitudes toward yoga and mental health of adults. Praachi Journal of Psycho-Cultural Dimentions, 12(2),117-120.

3. Chandiramani, K., Verma, S. K., & Dhar, P. L. (1995). Psychological effects of Vipassana on Tihar Jail inmates. Research Report, Vipassana Research Institute.

4. Chaudhary, L. (1999). Effectiveness of Vipassana meditation as a technique of stress management and reformation among adolescent prisoners. Unpublished dissertation.

5. www.MeditationNow.org

6. Al- Hussaini, A.; Dorlo, A.S.S.; Antony, S.X.; Chavan, D.; Dave, J.; Purecha,V.; Al-Aahbi, S.and Al-Adawi, S.(2001) : Vipassana Meditation : ANaturalistic, Preliminary observation in Muscut. SQU Journal of Scientific Research: Medical Sciences, 3 (2) p. 87-92. | Bhaskaran, K. (1991)Meditation from a mental health perspective.Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology

Vol.2/2021/145

EFFECT OF YOGIC PRACTICES ON HEARTRATE AND ANXIETY AMONG URBAN SCHOOL BOYS SUFFERING WITH DYSLEXIA

*V.SURESH,**Dr.P.T.KOMALA*Ph.D., Scholar (Full -Time), Faculty of Yoga Science and Therapy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research(Deemed to be University), K.K Nagar, Chennai 600078, Tamil Nadu, India. Email:sureshveera888@yahoo.com. **Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute (Deemed to be University), Kancheepuram-631552

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the effect of Yogic Practices on Heart rate and Anxiety among Urban School boys suffering with Dyslexia. For the purpose of the study, 30 Urban School boys suffering with Dyslexia were selected randomly using random sampling method from Chennai between the age group of 8 and 12 years and they were divided into two groups I, and II with 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences among the Urban School boys suffering with Dyslexia on selected physiological and psychological variables such as heart rate and anxiety than the control group. Preliminary test was conducted for two Groups on heart rate and anxiety before the start of the training program. Group I subjects were given Yogic practices for 60 minutes, six days a week for a total period of eight weeks. Group II (Control Group) were in active rest. After the experimental period, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variables. Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between the experimental group and the control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence. The results of the study proved that the Experimental Group showed significant differences on selected physiological and psychological variables such as Heartrate (decreased) and Anxiety (reduced) than the Control Group due to Yogic practices among Urban School boys suffering with Dyslexia. The hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence it is concluded that Yogic practices are beneficial to the Urban School boys suffering with Dyslexia to maintain Heartrate and Anxiety. Key words: Yogic Practices, Heartrate, Anxiety, Dyslexia.

INTRODUCTION Dyslexia

Dyslexia is a neurological processing problem can interfere with basic learning skills such as spelling and reading. The word Dyslexia is originated from the Greek word such as “Dys” meaning difficult and “Lexia” meaning language. On the whole it is called as learning disability. Dyslexic children find difficulty in reading, writing and spelling. Even their social skills are also not up to the mark.

Since difficulties in studies during the school years, dyslexias. Sign and symptoms are after diagnosed during that period. Dyslexia neither be cured nor be fixed. The appropriate support from the parents and the teachers are the easiest ways to face this lifelong challenge. Dyslexic condition is our obstacles in higher level skills like abstract reasoning, attention, memory and time planning and organisation. Even the impact of dyslexic is reflected in an individual life beyond curriculum.

Even its impact in personal and is social life.

Causes

Genetic factors.
Neurological impairment.
Brain injury and impairment in brain architecture.
Biological Dysfunction.
Other causes includes Parental, Natal and Post Natal.

Symptoms

Difficulty in reading and writing.
Difficulty in grasping the lecture and reproduce it.
Hassle in copying from the board or book.
Constant conflict between right and left. Dominance on either side usually is not established.
Difficulty in understanding the rhythm of music.
Reproducing the sequence of things and remembering more than one item at a time is difficult.
Feeling of depressed and withdrawn from the environment.

Complications

Low self Esteem and self-confidence.
Behavioral Problems
Anxiety
Aggression
Withdrawal from parents, friends and teachers.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To find out whether there was any significant difference on heart rate due to yogic practices among Urban School boys suffering with Dyslexia.
To find out whether there was any significant difference on anxiety due to yogic practices among Urban School boys suffering with Dyslexia.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on heart rate and anxiety among Urban School boys suffering with Dyslexia.

HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on Heart rate and anxiety among Urban School boys suffering with Dyslexia due to yogic practices than the control group.

DELIMITATIONS

The study would be delimited to the Urban School boys suffering with Dyslexia only
The age group of the subjects would be aged between eight and twelve years only.
The study would be delimited to Urban School boys suffering with Dyslexia residing in Chennai only.
The study would be delimited to the Independent variable Yogic practices only.
The study would be delimited to the following dependent variables only.
Heart Rate
Anxiety

LIMITATIONS

The factors like life style, body structure, and social activities were not taken in to consideration for this study.
The factors like family heredity and motivational factors were not taken into consideration for this study.
Certain factors like environmental and climatic conditions, economical background and also day to day work were not taken into consideration.
The factors like diet, medication and personal habits were not taken in to consideration for the study.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Kim S.S (2017) studied the intellectual disability of 24 men with intellectual dysfunctioning yet has the capacity to learn were randomly put into aerobic exercise, half bath and control group with each group had eight subjects. They were subjected to twelve week of training including aerobic group did treadmill and stationary bicycle, half bath group were made to sit in 39-40°C bath for 10 minutes. The pre and post-test on body composition, heart rate, respiratory and circulatory parameters. The pre post analysis collected data indicates that aerobic practise showed improvement in vascular functions among men with intellectual disabilities.

Pandey Richa et.al., (2017) found the effect of Psycho yogic ayurvedic package in handling stress among Dyslexic Children. The study emphasized the impact of combination of Yoga and Ayurveda in the life of Dyslexic boys and girls. Stress plays a major role in Dyslexic subjects as it can have negative impact on their personality and behaviour. Yoga and ayurveda on the other hand works efficiently in warding off the stress and tension among dyslexic boys and girls. It also promised the individual sense of well-being physically as well as mentally through the practise of asana, pranayama and Ayurveda drugs in addition to improving the reading speed, memory, concentration and stress level among dyslexic boys and girls.

METHODOLOGY

To achieve the purpose of the random group experimental study, 60 Urban School boys suffering with Dyslexia aged between eight and twelve years through random group sampling method and reduced to 30 subjects again through random selection and divided into two groups. One group would be of yogic practices and the other would be taken as control group. The dependent variables chosen are Heart rate and Anxiety. Random group experimental design is used. The practice of yoga techniques like Asana, Pranayama, Meditation, Mudra, etc. helps to overcome any imbalances and creates harmony in the physical, mental, psychological and spiritual aspects of human personality. The experimental groups underwent training period of Six days per week for the maximum of an hour in the morning for eight weeks. The Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) is to be used as a statistical technique to find out the significant differences between the groups. The level of significance is 0.05%.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS TABLE I COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF TRAINING GROUP AND CONTROL GROUP ON HEART RATE (Scores in beats per minute)

TEST	GROUP 1 YOGIC PRACTICES	GROUP2 CONTROL GROUP	SOURCE OF VARIANCE	DEGREES OF FREEDOM	SUM OF SQUARES	MEAN SUM OF SQUARE S	F- RATIO
Pre	97.07	96.80	Between	1	96.80	96.80	0.95
Pre	97.07	96.80	With in	28	2847.33	101.69	0.95
Post	79.93	96.60	Between	1	2083.33	2083.33	30.95*
Post	79.93	96.60	With in	28	1884.53	67.30	30.95*
Adjust ed Post	79.85	96.68	Between	1	2123.19	2123.19	66.93*
Adjust ed Post	79.85	96.68	With in	27	856.53	31.72	66.93*

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

The obtained F value on pre test scores 0.95 was lesser than the recommended F value of 4.2 to be significant at 0.05 level. This shows that there was no significant difference between the groups before the training period. There is significant difference between groups after the completion of training program, as obtained F value 30.95 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that the differences between the post-test means of the subject were significant. On account of adjusted pre-post-test mean scores, the obtained F value 66.93 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to eight weeks of yogic practices on Heart Rate in line with the study conducted by Kim S.S (2017). The ordered adjusted means on Heart Rate were presented through bar diagram for better interpretation of the outcome of this study in Figure -1.

Figure – 1 BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCES AMONG THE GROUPS ON HEART RATE (Scores in beats/min)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

TABLE-II COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF TRAINING GROUPS AND CONTROL GROUP ON ANXIETY (SCORES IN MARKS)

TEST	GROUP I YOGIC PRACTICES	GROUP 2 CONTROL GROUP	SOURCE OF VARIANCE	DEGREES OF FREEDOM	SUM OF SQUARES	MEAN SUM OF SQUARES	F- RATIO
Pre	25.87	26	Between	1	26	26	1.35
Pre	25.87	26	With in	28	371.73	13.28	1.35
Post	14.00	26.27	Between	1	1128.53	1128.53	148.40*
Post	14.00	26.27	With in	28	212.93	7.60	148.40*
Adjusted Post	14.02	26.24	Between	1	1119.77	1119.77	178.32*
Adjusted Post	14.02	26.24	With in	27	169.54	6.28	178.32*

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.(Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

The obtained F value on pre test scores 1.35 was lesser than the recommended F value of 4.2 to be significant at 0.05 level. This shows that there was no significant difference between the groups before the training period. There is significant difference between groups after the completion of training program, as obtained F value 170.79 was greater than the required F value of 4.20. This proved that the differences between the post-test means of the subject were significant. On account of adjusted pre-post-test mean scores, the obtained F value 216.07 was greater than the required F value of 4.21. This proved that there was a significant difference among the means due to eight weeks of yogic practices on Anxiety in line with the study conducted by Pandey Richa (2017). The ordered adjusted means on Anxiety were presented through bar diagram for better interpretation of the outcome of this study in Figure -2.

Figure 2 BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCE AMONG EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS ON ANXIETY (Score in Marks)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

The outcome of the study exhibits that Heart rate decreased and anxiety reduced significantly due to Yogic Practices for Group-I than Group II. Hence the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence.

The above findings were also substantiated by the observations made by experts such as Kim S.S (2017) and Pandey Richa (2017).

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences on selected Physiological variable such as Heart rate and Psychological variable such as Anxiety due to Yogic Practices among Experimental Group than the control group. The results proved that there were significant differences on Heart Rate (Decreased) and Anxiety(Reduced) due to Yogic Practices than the control group among Urban School boys suffering with Dyslexiaat 0.05 level of significance.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that Heart Rate (Decreased) and Anxiety (Reduced) among experimental group I compared to control group due to Yogic Practices among Urban School Boys suffering with Dyslexia. Hence, Yogic practices are good for Urban School boys suffering with Dyslexia to maintain healthy Heart rate and to reduce Anxiety.

REFERENCES

Kim, S. S. (2017). Effects of endurance exercise and half-bath on body composition, cardiorespiratory system, and arterial pulse wave velocity in men with intellectual disabilities. Journal of physical therapy science, 29(7), 1216-1218
Pandey, R., Rana, P., & Upadhyay, P. S. (2017). Management of stress in dyslexic children through Psycho-Yogic-Ayurvedic package. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 7(3), 302-326..

Vol.2/2021/146

EFFECT OF FENUGREEK, BITTER GOURD POWDER AND NEED OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR DIABETES PATIENTS IN CHANDRAPUR DISTRICT

Dr. Vijay E. Somkuwar

HOD, Director of Physical Education & Sports

Sardar Patel Mahavidyalay, Dist. Chandrapur

Email : ves.spm68@gmail.com

Abstract

Diabetes is a sickness that happens when your blood glucose, additionally called glucose, is excessively high. Blood glucose is your primary wellspring of energy and comes from the food you eat. Insulin, a chemical made by the pancreas, helps glucose from food get into your cells to be utilized for energy. Fenugreek and bitter gourd powder benefits the diabetes patients. Also physical activity is important for the diabetes patients to cure. Exercise benefits individuals with diabetes and those in danger for diabetes by overseeing weight, by improving glucose levels, and by improving heart wellbeing. For an individual with diabetes, practice is similarly just about as significant as diet and prescription. Truth be told, the American Diabetes Association suggests at any rate 30 minutes of active work that builds the pulse five days out of each week. The researcher done the study on effect of fenugreek and bitter guard powder on diabetes patients. Also the researcher studies the impacts of exercising daily for the diabetes patients. The researcher chose the workers of state bank of India in Chandrapur district and gave them fenugreek and bitter gourd powder daily and analyzed the sugar level in them also it was calculated. For this study the researcher chose the 10 people suffering from diabetes. Among them 5 people were given bitter gourd powder and 5 people were given fenugreek powder daily. After one week the sugar level were tested of all of them. Then till 20 days the people were given these both the powders and again their sugar level were tested. After this the values were calculated and Mean and S.D. were calculated and from this ‘T’ ratio was also calculated. After the calculation the researcher concluded the study.

Keywords: Diabetes, blood sugar, exercise, fenugreek and bitter gourd powder, physical activity.

Introduction

Diabetes Mellitus ("diabetes" for short) is a genuine illness that happens when your body experiences issues appropriately managing the measure of disintegrated sugar (glucose) in your circulatory system. It is disconnected to a comparably named jumble "Diabetes Insipidus" which includes kidney-related liquid maintenance issues. To get diabetes, it is important to initially comprehend the job glucose plays as to the body, and what can happen when guideline of glucose falls flat and glucose levels become hazardously low or high.

The tissues and cells that make up the human body are living things, and expect food to remain alive. The food cells eat is a kind of sugar called glucose. Fixed set up as they are, the body's phones are totally reliant on the circulation system in which they are washed to carry glucose to them. Without admittance to sufficient glucose, the body's cells have nothing to fuel themselves with and before long kick the bucket. Individuals eat food, not glucose. Human nourishments get changed over into glucose as a piece of the ordinary assimilation measure. When changed over, glucose enters the circulation system, causing the degree of broke down glucose inside the blood to rise. The circulatory system at that point conveys the broke up glucose to the different tissues and cells of the body.

Insulin is the basic key to the cell's capacity to utilize glucose. Issues with insulin creation or with how insulin is perceived by the cells can undoubtedly cause the body's deliberately adjusted glucose digestion framework to gain out of power. When both of these issues happen, Diabetes creates, glucose levels flood and crash and the body hazards getting harmed. There is no solution for diabetes, yet it can go into abatement. Type 1 diabetes is an immune system infection that creates when the body obliterates the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.

The three fundamental sorts of diabetes are:

• type 1 diabetes

• type 2 diabetes

• gestational diabetes

What causes diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes implies your resistant framework erroneously assaults and obliterates the beta cells in your pancreas that produce insulin. The harm is lasting. What prompts the assaults isn't clear. There might be both hereditary and ecological reasons. Way of life factors aren't thought to assume a part.

Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes begins as insulin obstruction. This implies your body can't utilize insulin proficiently. That invigorates your pancreas to deliver more insulin until it can at this point don't stay aware of interest. Insulin creation diminishes, which prompts high glucose. The specific reason for type 2 diabetes is obscure. Contributing variables may include:

• genetics

• lack of activity

• being overweight

There may likewise be other wellbeing factors and ecological reasons.

Gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes is because of insulin-impeding chemicals delivered during pregnancy. This sort of diabetes just happens during pregnancy.

2 diabetes.

Child Joseph * and D Jini (2018) Conducted an examination on Antidiabetic impacts of Momordicacharantia (harsh melon) and its therapeutic power. Diabetes mellitus is among the most widely recognized issue in created and non-industrial nations, and the sickness is expanding quickly in many pieces of the world. It has been assessed that up to 33% of patients with diabetes mellitus utilize some type of integral and elective medication. One plant that has gotten the most consideration for its enemy of diabetic properties is unpleasant melon, Momordicacharantia (M. charantia), normally alluded to as harsh gourd, karela and resin pear. Its natural product is likewise utilized for the treatment of diabetes and related conditions among the native populaces of Asia, South America, India and East Africa. Plentiful pre-clinical examinations have recorded in the counter diabetic and hypoglycaemic impacts of M. charantia through different proposed components. In any case, clinical preliminary information with human subjects are restricted and defective by helpless examination plan and low measurable force. The current audit is an endeavor to feature the antidiabetic action just as phytochemical and pharmacological reports on M. charantia and calls for better-planned clinical preliminaries to additionally clarify its conceivable remedial consequences for diabetes.

Impacts of physical activity of diabetes patients

It is essential to plan a deep rooted practice schedule that is both achievable and pleasant. Strolling is one of the least demanding and most helpful choices, yet you might need to investigate new alternatives, as well! You should practice at an agreeable speed and don't overexert yourself. On the off chance that you stick to a consistent, ordinary program, you can anticipate these results:

Increased insulin affectability (insulin works better)
Lower glucose levels
Increased energy and perseverance for the duration of the day
Weight misfortune with expanded muscle tone
A better heart and lower circulatory strain
Better rest around evening time
Stronger bones and a lower danger of osteoporosis
Better protection from disease
Improved cholesterol, heart rate, and blood pressure levels
Lower stress, anxiety, boredom, frustration and depression

Review of Literature

Prof. Donald W. Broden, "Type 2 quality" is liable for the Diabetes. The analysts of the Forest University contemplated individuals having Diabetes. While studing them the Donald told that there are many danger factors in individuals having this Diabetes. The specialists focused that how the insulin is shaped in individuals having Diabetes. Individuals having Diabetes have chemicals in significant level.

H Hirpara, (2019)The impact of bitter melon (Mormordicacharantia) in patients with diabetes mellitus: a precise survey and meta-investigation. Mormordicacharantia (harsh melon) has been researched for bringing down plasma glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Study determination, information extraction and legitimacy of each article were freely surveyed by two agents. Articles were evaluated for appropriate arbitrary arrangement age, designation camouflage, blinding, particular revealing and fulfillment of results answering to survey the danger for inclinations. The glycemic consequences of each RCT were broke down to yield weighted mean contrasts (WMDs) and 95% certainty stretches (CIs).A absolute of four RCTs, each with 40–66 members, followed somewhere in the range of 4 and 12 weeks were recognized in this meta-examination. Generally speaking danger of inclination for each article included was resolved to be hazy. Altogether, 208 members with type 2 DM (mean period of 56.5 years) were assessed. Contrasted and no treatment, unpleasant melon didn't fundamentally bring down A1C (WMD −0.13%, 95% CI −0.41 to 0.16) nor fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 47 (WMD 2.23 mg dl−1 , 95% CI −14.91 to 19.37).Bitter melon supplementation contrasted and no treatment didn't show critical glycemic enhancements for either A1c or FPG.

KaushalParmar, (2018) Conducted an examination on Effects of bittergourd (MomordicaCharantia) natural product juice on glucose resistance and lipid profile in sort l diabetic rodents Bitter melon (Momordicacharantia) or bittergourd ordinarily known as karella, (family: Cucurbitaceae), has been demonstrated for hypoglycaemic impacts. The goal of the current investigation was to assess impacts of bittergourd (momordicacharantia) organic product juice on glucose resilience and lipid profile in streptozotocininduced type-II diabetic rodent. Two days old neonatal little guys (7–10 g) were utilized and they were made diabetic by intraperitoneally (i.p.) infusion of 90 mg/kg STZ in citrate cradle arrangement. Various gatherings of creatures were treated by 25% and half harsh gourd organic product juice (BFJ) for about two months. Following two months treatment biochemical boundaries from blood serum were investigated. The huge contrasts of glucose, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, fatty oil, in 50%BFJ treated gathering contrast with diabetic gathering were found. In this way, from present examination it is inferred that Bitter gourd organic product juice effectsly affects glucose resilience and lipid profile in streptozotocin-actuated sort II diabetic rodent.

Farhan Saeed, (2017) Conducted an examination on Bitter melon (Momordicacharantia): a characteristic sound vegetable Bitter melon gives medical advantages against different illnesses for improving the personal satisfaction. It is supplement thick plant-based food containing flexibility of bioactive mixtures like alkaloids, polypeptide, nutrients, and minerals. Inferable from presence of bioactive mixtures, it can battle against different way of life related issues, for example disease insurrection, diabetes mellitus, stomach torment, kidney (stone), fever, and scabies. Among bioactive moieties, p-insulin is like insulin whose subcutaneous infusion fundamentally lower blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. It additionally contains steroidal saponins called charantin, act the same peptides and certain alkaloids that viably control sugar level in blood. The restorative viewpoints have been additionally featured as they are useful in managing blood cholesterol accordingly shielding the body from cardiovascular issues like atherosclerosis. Entire natural product, seeds and leaves of severe melon manages disabled cell reinforcement status and stifle fat amassing. Additionally, healing capability of its bioactive segments and their usage in worth added food items are likewise the spotlight of article.

ArpanaGaddam ,(2015) Conducted an examination on Role of Fenugreek in the anticipation of type 2 diabetes It is conjectured that dietary supplementation with Fenugreek regulates glucose homeostasis and conceivably forestalls diabetes mellitus in individuals with prediabetes. The target of present investigation is to decide if Fenugreek can forestall the result of T2DM in non diabetic individuals with prediabetes.A 3-year randomized, controlled, equal examination for adequacy of Fenugreek (n = 66) and coordinated controls (n = 74) was led in people matured 30–70 years with measures of prediabetes. Fenugreek powder, 5 g two times per day before dinners, was given to examine subjects and movement of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was observed at pattern and like clockwork for the 3-year study.By the finish of mediation period, total rate pace of diabetes diminished essentially in Fenugreek bunch when contrasted with controls. The Fenugreek bunch additionally saw a critical decrease in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPPG) and low thickness lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) though serum insulin expanded altogether. It was seen that controls had 4.2 occasions higher possibility of creating diabetes contrasted with subjects in the Fenugreek gathering. The result of diabetes in Fenugreek bunch was decidedly connected with serum insulin and contrarily connected with insulin opposition (HOMA IR).

Methodology

At the point when specialist used to investigate about any subject, it needs to have appropriate bearing over it. When there happens any sort of issue at that point to coordinate the examination appropriately and deal with the issue it needs to focus on the course and legitimate method of exploration. For this it is imperative to gather the legitimate information for research.

The analyst gave the fenugreek and unpleasant gourd powder to the specialists of state bank of India, in Chandrapur district day by day in morning and night.

Selection of Topic

The researcher chose this topic as to analyze the the people suffering from the diabetes, what cure they refer and what effect is done on the disease by their cure and treatments. The researcher also studied that how fenugreek powder and bitter gourd powder effect on the diabetes.

Analysis

The researcher chose the workers of state bank of India in Chandrapur district and gave them fenugreek and bitter gourad powder daily and analyzed the sugar level in them also it was calculated. For this study the researcher chose the 10 people suffering from diabetes. Among them 5 people were given bitter gourd powder and 5 people were given fenugreek powder daily. After one week the sugar level were tested of all of them. Then till 20 days the people were given these both the powders and again their sugar level were tested. After this the values were calculated and Mean and S.D. were calculated and from this ‘T’ ratio was also calculated. After the calculation the researcher concluded the study.

Formulae:

Mean = Sum of terms / Number of terms

Standard Deviation

= n−1∑i=1n?(xi?−x)2?

The sugar level before and after giving the fenugreek powder

Analysis

Total patients

Mean

S.D.

‘T’ Ratio

The sugar level before giving the fenugreek powder

126.04

27.35

2.001 significant

The sugar level after giving the fenugreek powder

97.04

18.48

The above table study found that the sugar level before giving the fenugreek powder, were high as compared to the sugar level after giving the patients, the fenugreek powder.

Graphical representation

The sugar level before and after giving the bitter gourd powder

Analysis

Total patients

Mean

S.D.

‘T’ Ratio

The sugar level before giving the bitter gourd powder

162.3

31.17

1.79 significant

The sugar level after giving the bitter gourd powder

129.32

26.83

The above table study found that the sugar level before giving the bitter gourd powder, were high as compared to the sugar level after giving the patients, the bitter gourd powder.

Graphical representation

Conclusion

The scientist subsequent to giving the patients the fenugreek and unpleasant gourd powder and the investigation of sugar level in the patients of diabetes advised to focus on the accompanying things

If the individual is experiencing the diabetes and having high sugar level at that point ought to counsel the specialist and furthermore take the fenugreek and harsh gourd powder day by day, and furthermore have the legitimate eating regimen. Regular physical activity helps patients to be physically fit.
The scientist contemplated and presumed that there is a bit of leeway of fenugreek and unpleasant gourd powder for the diabetes patients.

References

G. Padma Vijay, "Jayko distributing house", New Delhi, since 2003 page no 7.
Sunita Pant Bansal, " Diet in Diabetes", Pustak mahal distribution, 2004, Delhi page no 88.
Dr. A.K. Shrivastav, "Aahar aur swasthya shiksha" Diabetes self consideration establishment, New Delhi: sports 2004,page no 2
Prof. Donald W. Broden , "Type 2 quality of Diabetes" Forest college, America, Dainik bhaskar December 200

5. H Hirpara, (2019)The effect of bitter melon (Mormordicacharantia) in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

6. Baby Joseph * and D Jini (2018) Conducted a study on Antidiabetic effects of Momordicacharantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency.

22021

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2 Understanding Cholesterol

2.1 types of cholesterol

2.2 Preventing Cholesterol

2.2.1 Quitting smoking as a preventive measure

2.2.3 Health Check-Up

2.3 Treatment of cholesterol

2.3.1 Adopting Healthful Lifestyle

2.3.2 Medications

3 Conclusion

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

HYPOTHESIS

DELIMITATIONS

LIMITATIONS

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

CONCLUSION

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Table-I

Table-II

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TABLE-II

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Causes

Symptoms

Complications

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

DELIMITATIONS

LIMITATIONS

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. (Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

TABLE-II COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF TRAINING GROUPS AND CONTROL GROUP ON ANXIETY (SCORES IN MARKS)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.(Table F-ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 1 and 28 (df) =4.2, 1 and 27 (df) =4.21)

Figure 2 BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIFFERENCE AMONG EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS ON ANXIETY (Score in Marks)

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESIS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

EFFECT OF FENUGREEK, BITTER GOURD POWDER AND NEED OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR DIABETES PATIENTS IN CHANDRAPUR DISTRICT